Izimiso kanye namagugu liberalism

Isakhamuzi yanoma yimuphi umphakathi wanamuhla yeningi Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi iminyaka engu-100 kuphela edlule, okhokho bakhe azange abe nengxenye ezinhle amalungelo namathuba ukuthi manje siluthathe kalula yibo bonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazi zonke wukuthi eziningi kwenkululeko yombango, okuyinto siyaziqhenya ngakho namhlanje, kukhona izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu liberalism. Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani onjani umkhuba zefilosofi futhi yiziphi imibono yawo ebanzi.

Liberalism - Iyini?

Ngokusho izwi ngokuthi mkhuba zefilosofi, eyasebenza njengodonga ngesisekelo ukuze kwakhiwe i imfundiso yokuthi ibheka ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wabantu, khona amalungu eziningi amanye amalungelo nenkululeko.

Amalungu lawa imibono bakholelwa ukuthi ukuzimela yomuntu kufanele kudluliselwe nakulabo zonke izici zokuphila. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isehlane kwamasiko, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho nezombusazwe liberalism.

Ukuziphatha okubalulekile imibono evamile kubhekwe aluhlosile nje inhlalakahle nomphakathi wonkana futhi omele ngamunye. Ngakho, Liberals bakholelwa ukuthi kusizakale zonke izakhamuzi ngeke ngokuzenzakalelayo kuholele ukuchuma lonke lelo zwe, hhayi okuphambene nalokho.

I etymology kwethemu ingemuva umlandvo lomfishane

Igama elithi "liberalism", Isimanga siwukuthi, lifana amagama brand abakhiqizi owaziwa imikhiqizo kwenhlanzeko - Libero futhi Libresse. Konke lokhu lezi zinkulumo zisuselwa Latin izwi mahhala - "khulula" futhi libertatem - "inkululeko".

Kamuva bafika ngezilimi eziningi igama elithi "inkululeko." Ngo-Italian ke liberta, English - inkululeko, e-French - Liberte, iSpanishi - libertad.

Umsuka imibono ngaphansi ukucabangela kungatholakala eRoma yasendulo. Ngakho, kuwo wonke umlando umbuso phakathi patricians (izikhulu okulingana) kanye plebeians (izakhamuzi Lokudabuka othobekile, babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli lesibili ekilasini) babelokhu Ziphikisana ngamalungelo alinganayo kanye nezibopho phambi komthetho. Kulokhu, omunye zefilosofi bababusi (Marku Avrely) emibhalweni yakhe mayelana nesakhiwo ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi kuyinto isimo ekahle njengoba omunye lapho zonke izakhamuzi bayalingana kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo.

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka alandelayo, ngezikhathi eziningi osopolitiki okuqhubekayo nezazi zefilosofi wafika nomqondo wokuthi isidingo reorient umphakathi kumanani ovulekile. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuza ngesikhathi lapho izakhamuzi badumazeke e kwamakhosi ngokuphelele (wonke amandla kumalungelo yezikhulu) noma abaphathi umphakathi yisonto.

Ongqondongqondo kunazo owaziwa, ekugqugquzeleni wamagugu nemiqondo yokuhle liberalism - is Niccolò Machiavelli, Dzhon Lokk, Sharl Lui de Lakho, Jean Jacques Rousseau, uBenjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Devid Yum, U-Immanuel Kant futhi u-Adam Smith.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke lezi izibalo bekungakabhekwana ngazwilinye ekuqondeni lokho ncamashi kufanele kube imibono okusakazwa kubo njalo.

Ngokwesibonelo, omunye izikhubekiso kwakuyiyona mpikiswano kwempahla yangasese. Iqiniso lokuthi ukuba khona yayo kubhekwa elilodwa lamanani eyinhloko emphakathini. Nokho, e-XVIII-XIX eminyaka. iningi isakhiwo kunoma isiphi isimo abangu bagxila iqembu elibusayo, okusho ukuthi kuphela yena ungakwazi ukujabulela ngokugcwele wonke lamalungelo nenkululeko liberalisticheskoy yekuphila. Nokho, lokhu kuphambene isimiso amathuba alinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

By the way, nezingxabano ayefana emhlabeni ngamunye amagugu liberalism. Ngakho, imibuzo eminingi kubangele imisebenzi yamandla. Abanye ongqondongqondo wayekholelwa ukuthi kufanele ukuthotshelwa komthetho kuphela, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa nganoma iyiphi inqubo.

Nokho, lesi sikhundla odlale ezandleni zababusi kuphela ngoba khansela noma yiluphi usizo kuhulumeni ukuze emalunga emphakatsi langanakuvikeleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wadala inhlabathi evundile ukuze monopolization lebhizinisi, owawungumnyaka okuphambene nesimiso we khulula emakethe umnotho. By the way, e-United States (lizwe lokuqala emhlabeni, banquma ukwakha umphakathi zabo owesekelwe phezu ovulekile) non-ukuphazamiseka umbuso ukuthuthukiswa izinqubo zezomnotho kuye kwaholela Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Ngemva kwanqunywa ukuba aphinde acabange lesi simiso futhi kuvumele uhlelo iziphathimandla ukuba afeze umsebenzi zokulawula in the sphere kwezomnotho. Kuyindida kancane eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-70, ukuhlukunyezwa lelilungelo ukuvela lenkinga 2008

Kungani eMbusweni Russian igama elithi "ovulekile" kwakungandile isetshenziswe ngomqondo ongathandeki

Njengoba kubonakala kahle etymology ukuthini igama elithi "liberalism", lokhu imibono yokungabi nandaba esivuna ukuhlinzeka inkululeko ngabanye. Kungani-ke, ngolimi Russian igama elithi has a isetshenziswe ngomqondo ongathandeki?

Iqiniso lokuthi ongqondongqondo ovulekile cishe bonke ubudala waphikisana nababusi kokuvinjwa kwesokudla futhi waphoqelela zonke izakhamuzi kwakufanele alingane ngaphambi komthetho kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sabo nengcebo.

Bona uphinde wagxeka abanye abantu babhekwe njengabezinye kwendlela uNkulunkulu asungula ngayo amandla, bekholelwa ukuthi inhloko yezwe kufanele kube ukuze kuzuze abantu bayo hhayi ukuyisebenzisa ukwanelisa izifiso zabo siqu futhi emkhayeni.

Ngokwemvelo, ukuba nesimo sengqondo esinjalo ukuba iqembu elibusayo emazweni amaningi monarchical nje ayikwazanga Uboné kahle. Ngenxa yalokhu, ekhulwini XVIII. eMbusweni Russian futhi umbuso waseBrithani omubi waqonda imibono nesandla esivulekile, futhi leli gama kahle ngokwaso njengoba eyingozi khulula-ukucabanga.

Kuyindida kodwa iminyaka engu-100 kamuva, uMbuso WaseBrithani abangu elibuyekeziwe ukubukwa kule emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni yabo ethemini usezuze value esihle, kanye emhlabeni wonke.

Kodwa eRussia, naphezu inguquko ka-1917 futhi ushintsho olukhulu isakhiwo wezwe kwezenhlalo, igama imisinga zefilosofi imibono zisathwala ngomqondo ongathandeki.

Amanani Core liberalism

Bengekho nencazelo futhi umsuka wenkulumo ethi kokubuyekezwa, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izimiso eziqondile kusekelwe:

• Freedom.
• Wokuziqambela.
• kwamalungelo wobuntu.
• bunyenti
• Nomokratiya.
• Egalitarianism.
• Rationalism.
• Progressivism.

inkululeko

Ukuzicabangela ngamunye wabo osezwile mayelana amagugu eyisisekelo liberalism ngaphezulu.

Okokuqala kuyinto nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke amalungu umphakathi unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa ukukhetha ngokungadingekile umsebenzi, inkolo, indlela yokuphila ingubo, ukukhetha olala nabo, isimo somshado, liyehla inani lezingane, nokunye. N.

Ilungelo ukuzimela babe ngokuphelele bonke abantu, ngaphandle sokuhlukanisa kubo uhlanga kanye ekilasini. Ngamanye amazwi, nenkululeko ngamunye inquma nenkululeko emphakathini wonke, hhayi okuphambene nalokho.

Kulesi theorists ovulekile kanye nodokotela babazi ukuthi umehluko phakathi ukuzimela kanye nomqondo ovulekile umncane kakhulu. Futhi ngokuvamile ukuziphatha ukuthi umuntu ethola ke kuvunyelwe, kungabangela umonakalo ongalungiseki ezinye. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubhekwe imibono kusho inkululeko yabo ngaphakathi komthetho.

wokuziqambela

Phakathi kwezinye amagugu ovulekile efakwe ohlwini wokuziqambela. Ngokungafani ndawonye, indlela umphakathi owakheke ngayo hhayi lagxila ukuhlanganisa bonke abantu amaqembu (uzama ukwenza kunazo zonke efanayo). Umgomo wakhe - isifiso ukukhulisa ukuthuthukiswa kwabanye okudala ngamunye.

amalungelo

Futhi, umphakathi ovulekile, isakhamuzi inebanga sasivumela ebanzi amalungelo. Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ithuba lokujabulela yangasese futhi ibhizinisi.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uma umuntu enza okuthile kwesokudla - akusho ukuthi kwadingeka ngempela ukudla.

Amanani core liberalism futhi egalitarianism nomokratiya

Naphezu sobala ubuhlobo connivance yokuziphatha ezakhamuzi zayo, imfundiso ovulekile kulinganiswa ngempela. Ngaphezu eziningi lamalungelo nenkululeko (eyakhelwe kwezindlu kusekelwe kuyo), abantu emphakathini unesibopho phambi komthetho. Futhi phambi kwalo kukhona ngokuphelele yonke into kusuka inkosi / umengameli / umbusi abampofu isakhamuzi abangenamakhaya.

Okunye zimiso ezibalulekile kanye namagugu liberalism - ukungabikho esigabeni sika-umphakathi zibe amakilasi (egalitarianism). Ngokusho lokhu umqondo, ngokuphelele zonke izakhamuzi hhayi kuphela babe namalungelo alinganayo futhi imisebenzi, kodwa futhi amathuba.

Ngakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhaya umntwana azalelwa khona, uma unalo ithalente futhi sifuna kutfutfukisa ke - akakwazi ukufunda futhi basebenze kuleli izikhungo best of the state.

Uma inzalo ka-umndeni ephezulu ozalwa nezicebi - ezingasebenzi akanakuzazi esihle high school diploma futhi uthathe isikhundla ebalulekile ngaphansi kwesivikelo abazali kuyodingeka kuphela kumfanele lokho.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ekuqaleni egalitarianism zaziseza wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. Khona-ke, lesi simo wabizwa ngokuthi "amakhasimende". Isiphetho sendaba kwaba ukuthi abantu rootless, kodwa abanethalente (babizwa ngokuthi "amaklayenti") angazuza ukusekelwa imikhaya esihle ngisho ukungena Ukwakheka kwabo yindaba nokuwumisa alinganayo. Ephetha nge abashisekeli inkontileka lokuvunyelenwe ngato ku ukwesekwa, izakhamuzi ezinjalo zinikezwa ithuba lokwenza ezombangazwe noma ezinye umsebenzi. Ngakho, izakhamuzi abanamakhono banikwa ithuba ibone amakhono ayo ukuze kusizakale isimo.

izikhulu Roman (the patricians) kuwo wonke umlando baye baba nenkinga nge amakhasimende, yize uye waba negalelo ekuchumeni umbuso. Lapho amalungelo amaklayenti wakwazi nomkhawulo, isizwe sakwa eziqine kakhulu emhlabeni uwile amashumi eminyaka.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umkhuba efanayo laligujwa kamuva kwesisodwa emlandweni. Uma umphakathi nhlobo noma okungenani ingxenye angavezwa abayizicukuthwane - sakhula. Futhi lapho walile egalitarianism - yokujama tsi zaqala ukuhlasela, kwathi ngemva ukwehla.

bunyenti

Uma ucabangela amanani zezombusazwe zalo liberalism, kufanele sinake bunyenti. Leli gama yilona isikhundla lokho kunoma isiphi inkinga kungaba kanyekanye imicabango yabantu eziningana, futhi akekho kubo has akaphakeme ngalutho.

Ngo ezombusazwe, lesi simanga kunomthelela uhlelo multi-party; enkolweni - kungenzeka nokuhlalisana ngokuthula bezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene (bunyenti yenkolo).

Rationalism futhi progressivism

Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, liberalism abasekeli bakholwe ekunqobeni intuthuko kanye nethuba lokushintsha izwe, usebenzisa indlela enengqondo.

Ngokusho kwabo, amathuba isayensi umqondo womuntu ephakeme kakhulu, futhi uma ngokuhlakanipha esetshenziselwa ezuzisa umphakathi - iplanethi uyohluma ngisho nezinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo kanye nalokho okusemqoka okutholakala liberalism, singaphetha ngokuthi lo amafilosofi ngemcondvo, omunye lesichubekako kakhulu emhlabeni. Nokho, naphezu ubuhle imibono, ukuqaliswa ezinye zazo, empeleni akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi kuholele elamukelekile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ezweni lanamuhla imibono lesichubekako kakhulu umphakathi intando yeningi nesandla esivulekile, nakuba namanje sikude kakhulu nokuphelela.