- Inkululeko ... Freedom isakhamuzi. Law and Freedom

Ukuchaza umqondo wenkululeko ubelokhu yabangela impikiswano phakathi abameli, zefilosofi, izazi-mlando, izazi zefilosofi nalabo abalobi. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhona ezintathu ukutolika: kwansuku (historical), zefilosofi futhi zomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akunakwenzeka ukuba ucabangele lo mqondo esimweni esithile.

Umqondo inkululeko zomlando

Kumuntu lonke isikhathi ukhona, abafisa ukukhululeka okuthile noma othile noma into ethile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kwencika abantu ngezimo, kungaba umphumela uhlobo noma isimo, ibonwa njengoba komkhawulo isikhala ephilayo futhi kuholela wenkululeko ngakulahla nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ososayensi ichaze nenkululeko njengoba isici eyinhloko entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe nezinto zezombusazwe. Esikhathini ukuqonda nenkululeko mlando - yinqubo wenkululeko ekucindezelweni umthelela esidlule. Ngisho Homer akuqonda njengoba abahlala enkabeni yabo, nokuthola is asikabi yinoma ubani. UPlato kubonakala intando bezama ukuthola okuhle kangcono, hhayi bazihlukanise umphakathi. Ngo ukucabanga kwakhe, yena ichaza inkululeko esiphezulu - ubungani. Ngokumelene le ncazelo Aristotle ngokuphathelene umusa, esishoyo ukuthi umuntu - sibalo libhekene ilungelo lokuzikhethela, ngokungafani nezinye izidalwa.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi ngomhla nenkululeko yokwenza ukujika entsha, futhi intando siqondwa njengoba esilinikwe uNkulunkulu okuthile. Futhi enjalo Motifs zenkolo usukela cishe kulo lonke lesi sikhathi. Kwathi ngesikhathi sokushona kwelanga, Ephakathi ngemisebenzi Martina Lyutera ilandelana ukubeka umthetho, amanye amalungelo nenkululeko.

I Renaissance libhekene ematfuba anthropocentric, okungukuthi, inkululeko - kugxilwa ngakulona, isibambiso lokuhlengwa izono kanye nokwenzeka singasondeli kuNkulunkulu. Ngu ekupheleni New Age emlandweni definition kwethu umqondo sandile umuzwa yesimanje, okungukuthi, njengoba ukuntuleka imikhawulo ngentando yomuntu, ne ukukhetha okufanele.

I nomqondo wefilosofi enkululeko

Ukuqonda ifilosofi inkululeko nhlobo sihluke bezibona mlando. Kodwa Democritus wagomela ukuthi umthetho - ke yafika ezimbi, abahlakaniphileyo abaphila khona ngenkululeko, hhayi balalele imithetho. Le ncazelo, kunalokho, has a umthwalo esiwusizo futhi ethola izici isiphithiphithi ngaphandle kwencazelo inkululeko yangempela. Kodwa nezinxushunxushu kuyalimaza ngokwemvelo isimo futhi yonke imiphakathi. Spinoza esichazwa ngokuthi ukuhlukunyezwa yokungalaleli nokwenqaba ukuba siphile ngokuvumelana nezidingo imithetho kaNkulunkulu ngenxa yokuthi ukuzinikela, ukuthobeka, abantu kubhekwe njengomthwalo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, Hegel kwesikhashana yabonisa ukusiqonda yakhe kunquma ukuthi inkululeko - kuyinto isifiso abstract ukukhululwa ukulinganiselwa kanye iloli ngaphakathi isimo. Kodwa ikakhulukazi ifilosofi umqondo umsuka esikhathini yendlela ebukeka ngayo futhi institutalizatsii. Ngenxa yalesi sikhathi libhekene kuvisisa ukukhululeka umbono inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umthetho wemvelo, owawuthi bonke abantu ekuqaleni kanye kuphela, khona-ke lo mbono kwakheka isisekelo komthetho we-civil komthetho wamaRoma. izazi zefilosofi zasendulo bona ngokucacile noma inkululeko, ngeke kube angenamkhawulo. Le ndlela esiqonda ngayo abamele elihlanganisiwe wefilosofi classical isiJalimane, okuyinto ke kwakheka isisekelo ifilosofi Marxism. uhlangothi subjective uyasiqonda nenkululeko njengoba yinto edaliwe umqondo womuntu, ekuphenduleni umkhawulo efanayo engokomfanekiso. Kusukela nefilosofi Kant sika ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa ohlangothini umgomo kokuba ukulinganiselwa, kodwa ngumbuso ngesimo umthetho. Ngenxa yalokho yokuqonda zefilosofi wukuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko - yinto buyamphunyuka yimiphi imikhawulo, kungakhathaliseki imingcele engqondweni noma izwi yomthetho, kodwa awekho imingcele futhi akukho bomele intando.

Kumiswa inkululeko zomthetho

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, isisekelo umqondo wegama elithi "inkululeko zomthetho" sabekwa ingxenye incazelo zefilosofi. Nakuba inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umthetho wemvelo futhi ubiza zonke alinganayo, kodwa uMbuso mumbe ilawulwa nguMthethosisekelo ucacisa imingcele amakhodi ehlukahlukene lobugebengu.

kwamalungelo wobuntu

Umqondo kwamalungelo wobuntu, kanye nokuchazwa kwencazelo inkululeko awunakuhlukaniswa nemfundiso kwemithetho yemvelo. Ngemva kwe-nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana kwamalungelo wobuntu ilungiswe amathuluzi zomthetho ngamazwe nezikazwelonke. Isici eziyinhloko kube amalungelo wedemokhrasi kunye inkululeko. UMthethosisekelo uthola ilungelo, kodwa uma umthetho ngandlela-thile kwephula amalungelo zemvelo, isithunzi, inkululeko, emphakathini obuswa ngentando yeningi uguqulwe wobushiqela noma kobushiqela.

Omunye imibhalo yokuqala, ahlele aphinde actualize amalungelo wabantu oye Declaration e 1776, kamuva savela zibe soMqulu wamaLungelo US uMthethosisekelo. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, phakathi French Revolution, ke wethulwa 1789, i-Declaration of Human Rights.
Kufinyeta futhi ngokuhlanganisa yonke inkululeko namalungelo anzulu,-UN General Assembly bamemezela Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Amalungelo esintu livikeleke umthetho nganoma yisiphi isimo inzuzo ukubaluleka amalungelo yisakhamuzi.

amalungelo isakhamuzi

Setha amalungiselelo livikeleke iyiphi idokhumenti yezomthetho, kukhona amalungelo nenkululeko isakhamuzi. sawo lufinyelela kubo bonke abahlali, yibhange futhi evikelwe nguMthethosisekelo koMbuso. Umthethosisekelo kufanele isiqinisekiso bangasephula umuntu, ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma kanye imizwa kanye lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela isakhamuzi, ngisho ngaphandle kwezwe. Lamalungelo kukhona jikelele ngenxa yokudlanga kokuxhashazwa yaso ephezulu nomthelela ezicini eziningi zokuphila komuntu at esiteji samanje zokuphila.

Umehluko kwamalungelo wobuntu civil

amalungelo yisakhamuzi njengoba kwamalungelo wobuntu, bebelokhu test wakudala isikhathi, kodwa kunomehluko obalulekile: kwamalungelo wobuntu - yilokhu kunikezwa kusukela ekuzalweni, kanye ngamalungelo angokwemvelo, kuyilapho amalungelo isakhamuzi abelwe ngokuhambisana nomthetho okuzuziwe ngemiPhumela ebudaleni obuthile kuphela, bangase zingashintsha ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi. kwamalungelo wobuntu civil - kuyisisekelo kunoma yimuphi umphakathi kanye nesimo yesimanje. Awakwazi ukhansele noma kakhulu ukushintsha ngesikhathi bethanda lomuntu oyedwa olungelo noma ukuze kuzuze iqembu elibusayo.

isisekelo esingokomthetho nenkululeko yokukhuluma

Umuntu kunoma yimuphi umkhakha ivame ukuba intando, futhi ezicini eziningi ngokuzijamela imisebenzi ehambisana nenkululeko yokukhuluma njengoba oluthile ukuhlanganiswa emphakathini wanamuhla yeningi. Liberalism akusho yizizathu ezinqala zodlame e izitatimende, ukunyundela futhi waphathwa ngesihluku, nakuba nenkululeko yokukhuluma - kuba kwamalungelo wobuntu civil esingokwemvelo ayingqalasizinda. uthi abaningi bazama ukuba alawule nenkululeko yokukhuluma ukuze avimbele izingxabano zobuhlanga kanye nokuzonda ngezizathu zenkolo, okungaholela ubudlova nenzondo. Izimiso ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela yalolu hlobo kufanele njalo kuvikelwe nguMthethosisekelo, kodwa akuzange kuholele ukubukeka ukucwaninga eqinile aphazamisa amalungelo ezincane uluhlanga luni noma unasiphi. Kungase kubonakale sengathi lezi izitatimende kungqubuzane, nendlela yokukhuluma kungenziwa ezilungisiwe elawulwa. Kodwa isimo yeningi ubophekile ukuba aqhubeke egxilile, ukuvikela kanye nokuzithuthukisa lezo akuvumeli izitatimende ukuthi kuhilelani ukusabisa, ubudlova nenzondo ngaphakathi ezweni.

I ngokomthethosisekelo ilungelo lenkululeko engokwenkolo

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla kutimela zitatimende nolimi kusukela isimiso nokungabandlululani ngezizathu zenkolo zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuzikhethela esizimele inkolo. Ungakwazi bazibiza futhi ukufundisa amahlelo kanye nezinye noma kumuntu ngamunye, noma ekholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu akekho. Leli lungelo kusho inkululeko yokuguqula inazo izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, ikhono basabalalise futhi isenzo esekelwe ezinkolelweni zabo. Kodwa ukuntuleka imikhawulo ekwazi ukulimaza live lentsandvo yelinyenti, njengoba eminyakeni yamuva kukhona inani elikhulu izinhlangano zenkolo namahlelo abangagcini nje ukushumayela imibono yabo, kodwa futhi zilimaze umphakathi, wahlanganyela izidakamizwa ngokufunjathiswa nokuphamba.