Izwe Turkey. umnotho eTurkey. Flag of Turkey - isithombe

Esikhathini ntshonalanga ye-Asia abe zwe elihle. Turkey (obizwa ngokomthetho ngokuthi Republic of Turkey) kwamiswa ngo-1923, ngemva kokuwa koMbuso WaseTurkey. Kwamakhosi uyekwa kanye ndawo yabizwa ngokuthi isimo sezwe nge predominance we-Turkish isizwe.

Iningi ezweni okukhulunywa kuyinto ezinkangala Armenia futhi enhlonhlweni Anatolia kanye ezincane - phakathi kweMedithera namazwe Sea (in the Balkans).

emazweni angomakhelwane

Chaza kafushane imingcele Turkey. Ngakho, empumalanga isimo ezakhelene Azerbaijan Armenia, entshonalanga - eGrisi, eningizimu - Iran, e-Iraq, eSiriya. Futhi baphi emngceleni osenyakatho-Turkey? Map lisikisela ukuthi wandise kuze kube oLwandle Olumnyama. Izwe ubizwa wageza ngu nezilwandle ezintathu: iMedithera, Marmara kanye Aegean.

amabutho ahlomile

ibutho eTurkey imelelwa iqoqo amabutho, ogama njongo iwukuba ivikele nenkululeko, isithunzi sendawo futhi ukuzimela yezwe. Kusukela ngomhla ka-2011 abantu bakhona aba yizinkulungwane 720. Abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo linenani reserve aqeqeshwe ayizinkulungwane ezingu-90. Pers., Ngawo 38.000 esigabeni sokuqala esiqiwini.

ibutho Turkish unomsebenzi ngokusebenzisa uhlelo wekuhlanganisa. ayimpoqo lempi isikhathi inkonzo zingaba phakathi eziyisithupha kuya nanhlanu izinyanga. Okusalungiswa yobudala - engamashumi amabili. Ngemva osenyameni yakhe kusuka ibutho, izakhamuzi kukhona in isitokwe kuze kube minyaka engamashumi amane nanhlanu. Ngokusho umthetho wendawo, ngesikhathi sempi kungenziwa ngokuthi hhayi kuphela amadoda iminyaka 16-60 ubudala, kodwa owesifazane oneminyaka engamashumi 20-46.

ukuphathwa zokusebenza amabutho ahlomile wenziwa ngaphansi kobuholi induna Jikelele Abasebenzi, abakhethwe nguMongameli. Yena izinduna ongaphansi zamabutho ezweni, amabutho asolwandle, le gendarmerie kanye Coast Guard.

Isimo somnotho

Okwamanje, izwe ubuswa ubudlelwane emakethe. Umnotho eTurkey njalo liberalized: ezizimele ukukhathazeka isimo, okuyinto kuvula amathuba amasha for zimali angaphandle emakethe yasekhaya.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, kube khona tinkinga tetemnotfo kuleli zwe. Ochwepheshe bakubiza ngokuthi olusindayo phakathi naso sonke isikhathi isimo intuthuko kulengxenye nemibandela nokukhululeka esibanzi. Ngakho, GDP amanani fixed yawela 9.5%. Nokho, ngo-2002-ke wakwazi ukubuyisela komnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, GNP wavuka 7.1%.

abakweletwayo main wezwe kukhona neBhange Lomhlaba kanye IMF. Umnotho eTurkey njalo ikhuthazwa credit. Ngakho, nje kusuka 2000 kuya ku 2005, izwe wathola 30 dollar ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane.

Hhayi angaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili abantu baphile ngaphasi kwelizinga lebuphuya. Amaholo ngo-2013 zaba 405 euro.

umkhakha wezwe

umsebenzi asebenzayo ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni ukunwetshwa yendwangu, yokusansimbi, ukudla ukucubungula zamakhemikhali, ubunjiniyela kanye nezimayini umkhakha olwenziwa e-Turkey.

umkhiqizo kawoyela kuleli zwe ayikwazi zibhekwe ezanele ukuze asetshenziswe ezindlini. bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni, ngokusekelwa dolobha angaphandle ukwenza izinjini umsebenzi. Eliphawuleka kakhulu kule ndaba esifundeni eNingizimu-Eastern Anatolia. Ngenxa yokuthi ezifakwa zitholakala ezindaweni ezikude, izindleko zokuthutha futhi ukukhiqizwa njalo ziyanda.

Izwe kuyinto isithekelisi ezinkulu-chrome emkhandweni wensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa senziwa zethusi, tungsten uranium, futhi imikhando manganese, mercury nesibabule, borates, igolide nesiliva.

Okuphawulekayo ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa electronics umkhakha eTurkey. Ngakho, izwe esungulwe ekukhiqizweni umsakazo, ithelevishini kanye imishini yocingo, amakhompyutha kanye namanye amadivayisi amaningi. Indawo ehamba phambili phakathi imikhiqizo akhishelwe khona hlala thermometer electronic.

Isimo sezombusazwe

Okwamanje, in the kwezepolitiki yezwe kungabonwa inqubo egqamile futhi ashukumisayo kakhulu umzabalazo phakathi efuna anesikhundla olukhulunywa kulelo amaqembu. Bonke balwela ukuthola ilungelo lokunquma vector inqubomgomo yayo angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo.

Umphakathi wanamuhla iyona Turkish matasa ezijulile ngemibono rethinking zamagugu, ushiye Kemal Ataturk - umsunguli kanye umongameli wokuqala we-republic. Izinso ezandleni amalungu elibusayo Wezobulungiswa Nokuthuthukiswa Party (AKP). Bathi ume ukuvikelwa izimiso Islamic futhi yenze izinguquko ukuze ihlangabezane inqubomgomo kanye namazwe angaphandle. izimbangi zabo eziyinhloko amaqembu elandelayo: People Republican (uthi nemigomo ka Kemal Ataturk) kanye wobandlululo Action Party (iholwa Devlet Bahçeli).

inqubomgomo eTurkey (kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle) ngokuya nesithakazelo emphakathini wonke. Isizathu Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uMbuso ikhula ngesisindo enkundleni ngamazwe futhi ine isikhundla kwezomnotho asebenzayo.

uMongameli Turkish

Manje izwe libuswa Dzhumuh Abdullah Gul. Uyena Doctor of Economic Sciences. Gul wazibonakalisa njengoba usomaqhinga yimpumelelo sezombusazwe. Uthatha isinyathelo kahle, ngaleyo ndlela ngokushesha safakwa esiguquguqukayo unaphakade wesibhakabhaka kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Ngo-August 28, 2007 Gul - kokuqokwa njengomholi we-Turkey. Manje izwe ekulungiselelweni ukhetho ngo-August 10, 2014.

izimpawu State

Ngokwemvelo, ifulegi layo njengophawu, isibonakaliso neculo lesizwe futhi has kulelizwe libalele. Turkey ifulegi ebomvu nge ucezu futhi inkanyezi okuyizinto izimpawu yamaSulumane. Umlando ukuvela ifulegi akuyona incazelo eyodwa. Okuwukuphela Eqinisweni obungenakuphikwa wukuthi izwe njengefa izimpawu yoMbuso wase-Ottoman Empire, owawungumnyaka umbala obomvu. Inkanyezi kuqale ukuvela ifulegi kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Okokuqala, sasimelela nge imikhawulo eziyisikhombisa noma eziyisishiyagalombili. Futhi indlela ifulege Turkish libukeka manje? Izithombe ziboniswa indwangu ebomvu ngenkanyezi emihlanu eziqondile inhlendla. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphambi nje kuka wokugoqa yoMbuso WaseTurkey, izinkanyezi ifulege kwadingeka ezintathu. okufushane Modern sivunyiwe ngo-1923. iminyaka eyishumi nantathu kamuva ngokusemthethweni waqinisekisa isilinganiso 2: 3.

Turkey elingenamikhono izingalo kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili yayimelelwe umbuthano oluhlaza kanye nenyanga zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo inkanyezi. Ngaphansi yokugcina has a isihlangu elalihlotshiswe ngegolide nasenyangeni nasezinkanyezini, kanye ebekiwe umqhele sultan headgear - nomshuqulo. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi sejazi kwakulwiwa amabhanela. Omunye wabo - abomvu (lwamakhosi WaseTurkey), omunye - oluhlaza (Islam). Ngaphezu kwalokho, elingenamikhono izingalo ukuboniswa Trophies Empire limbiwa impi.

Ngokuqondene banamuhla Turkey, esemthethweni isimo isibonakaliso, enendawo cha. Kunalokho, kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe i-uwuphawu - a okusaqanda ebomvu thwi wahlela ucezu white kanye inkanyezi. Lolu phawu is kwahambisana by igama olusemthethweni lwezwe abhalwe Turkish.

Njengoba ngoba kudlala iculo lesizwe enesihloko esithi "Istiklal Marsi" ( "Ukuzibusa Mashi"), kwakuthiwa yaqashelwa ngokomthetho njengezwe kazwelonke ngo-1921. Amagama eyalotshwa Mehmet Akif Ersoy. Ekuqaleni, umlobi we umculo kwaba Ali Rifat Kagatay. Ihubo yakhe isetshenziselwe iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. umculo lashintsha kamuva. Okwamanje, ukusebenza eculweni Melody Zeki Ungor - umbhidisi kaMongameli Symphony Orchestra.

Kufanekisa lihlonishwa kakhulu izakhamuzi. Itholakala hhayi kuphela izikhungo ezimele kanye nekahulumeni, kodwa futhi izindlu izakhamuzi.

umthetho

Going eholidini, qiniseka ukubuza, yini ngokuya enqabelo nezimvume usunike leli zwe. Turkey - ezweni wokungenisa izihambi, kodwa umthetho owodwa waso sonke. Ngokwesibonelo, muva nje uvinjelwe ukubhema ezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nezokuthutha (ngisho itekisi, ingasaphathwa amabhasi). Ngokwephulwa lokhu kubusa bazohlawuliswa e inani mathandathu anamihlanu, anamibini liras Turkish (ngamatshumi amathathu amadola).

imithetho eTurkey ngenhlonipho kusitoreji, ezokuthutha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ufuna zilandelwe ncamashi. Ngakho, ngenxa yokwephula enqabelo lungatholakala ejele isikhathi ezine kuya eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nane.

Akuvunyelwe ukuthekelisa kusukela kwakudala zwe. Ingozi main izivakashi abavamile ukuthi lokhu mqondo ngempela ezibanzi. Indlela yokuzivikela? Kunconywa ukuba athathe ngisho izinto komncane kuya komkhulu kunabo zemivubukulo futhi uthenge izinto eziyizikhumbuzo kuphela ezindaweni ogunyaziwe. Ukuthengwa noma iyiphi imikhiqizo enjalo kufanele kuhambisane Ukukhishwa isitifiketi efanele. iphepha Iyatholakala kuyodingeka ubonise izikhulu umngcele uma izwe lakubo. Asikho isitifiketi kuyinto yisigwebo iminyaka engaze ibe yishumi ejele, ekuphucweni elula akwanele.

Ngu ubugebengu e-Turkey, akhiwa inhlamba ifulege lesizwe, ilimaze imali zendawo ukwedelela izithombe umsunguli wezwe, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.

Noma ngabe ukuphi, wena kudingeka ukuba baphathe isithombe ukuhlonza. Ukwesaba ukuphepha kwemibhalo is uqondakala kahle, ngakho-ke, bavunyelwe ukwethula, isibonelo, akusiyo ipasipoti ifothokhophi yalo.

Ngaphambi bethwebula abantu bendawo, kufanele uthole imvume yokwenza lokho. Umthetho wezwe akusho alawule indlela yokugqoka, kodwa wephula imithetho akufanele amiselwe eminyaka. It is hhayi Kunconywa ukuvula imilenze namahlombe.

Amasiko

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iRussia futhi Turkey ngokwendawo eseduze nomunye, phakathi Emasikweni kula mazwe kwalasha. Ngakho, iningi labantu bendawo (hhayi ngaphansi kuka ayisishiyagalombili per cent) Muslim. Lokhu isiko is ngokoqobo ayegcwele zonke izici zokuphila. Inkolo ichaza izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke futhi ukuxhumana.

Into yokuqala ukuthi kusimangaze izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe, ke ladvwetjelwe zokuxhumana nangesizotha. -Turks basenemibono ukubukwa yamasiko ukubonakaliswa enesimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha abanye. I You enza surely ukuzwa ku lot nekheli izincomo, futhi baphendule kangcono nabo ukubuya, musa skimp on amazwi amnandi.

amasiko lomshado-Turkish mangaza izivakashi Ubukhosi bayo kanye solemnity. Rite Connect izinhliziyo ababili abanothando ngokuqinisekile ephelezelwa ukuthandana futhi isithembiso. Kulesi ukugubha luthatha izinsuku okungenani ambalwa. Ezinye ngamasiko asendulo, abaseTurkey zanamuhla baye balandela kuze kube manje. Phakathi kwabo kukhona "Umelusi ka Henna" (izandla bakamakoti embozwe amaphethini elimangalisayo, usebenzisa zehena upende) kanye "ubuthina Belt" (the uyise wengoduso ubopha phezulu ingubo yomshado ebomvu iribhoni).

Kwalona iholide Turkish akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange ngaphandle ukunyakaza Rhythmic ngaphansi imiculo kazwelonke. Nokho, kukhona izinhlobonhlobo ezingaphezu kuka anamabini amawaka, besina. Kuye esifundeni, bahlukile futhi izingubo, kanye nobuciko bokusina nesigci.

isiko

Cabanga ezindaweni ezifana izincwadi, ubungcweti, imidlalo yaseshashalazini, umculo, i-internet ne-cinema.

Izimpande izincwadi Turkish iphindela endulo. Ngakho, imisebenzi bokuqala sangomhla ngokunembile kukhona okudaliwe Ahmeda Fariha, bavele ngekhulu weshumi nantathu. Akumangalisi ukuthi lezi zincwadi WaseTurkey uhlamvu ezahlukene zenkolo futhi ukunamathela nezidingo Islam. I abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa yayo ngesikhathi babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu emasikweni Arabhu nezincwadi WasePheresiya.

Kuyinto uhlobo okuyingqayizivele ngempela kokuphila enkantolo izinkondlo kwesikhathi yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Phakathi izici isici Turkish zamagama isehlane abantu namasiko. Ngokukhethekile kule ndaba, phawula zamaqhawe Nasreddin Hodja futhi Epos nobuqhawe (kokubili ngekukhuluma noma ngekubhala). Njengoba izincwadi zanamuhla Turkish, sibangelwa ngaphansi kwethonya entshonalanga.

izakhiwo

Umlando bokwakha Turkish ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu: Seljuk (XII-XIII cc.), WaseTurkey (XIV-XIX eminyaka.) Futhi yesimanje. On isiko ngokwakha izakhiwo ngesikhathi bathonya sesakhiwo Iran, eByzantium neGibhithe. Njengamanje izici eziyinhloko isitayela Turkish ngendlela elula ukusebenza. Iningi izakhiwo elakhiwa ngo isitayela yesimanjemanje. Phakathi abasunguli lesikole yesimanje bokwakha ukwaba Clemens Holtsmayera Sedat Onat futhi Hakim Eldema.

yaseshashalazini

Ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha abakhileyo uMbuso WaseTurkey ukufunda ngalokho yaseshashalazini izithunzi. Lo mdlalo kwakuqala ukwanda elikhulu. Esikhathini kudlala isetshenziswe kuphela onodoli nabantu abalawulwa, kodwa indawo imiphumela ekhethekile ukukhanya. Zonke yalezi zindlela uvumele ukuze bawakhohlise ukuthi isikhala isigaba multidimensional. Kusukela yaseshashalazini Maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye eba nethonya esibanzi impucuko yaseNtshonalanga. Umuntu owasungula le idrama Turkish bakholwe Ibrahim Şinasi kanye yaseshashalazini - Gullu Agop.

umculo

Umsuka amasiko zomculo okutholakala ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, lapho Seljuk abaseTurkey, besuka e-Asia Ephakathi, yi-peopled nhlonhlo. Ngokwemvelo, ezindaweni entsha namasiko ukuze ukuhlanganyela Armenia nesiGreki. Isici nobuntu emasikweni zomculo langaleso sikhathi laliwumfuziselo esikalini pentatonic - ekhethekile pyatistupennaya isikhawu uhlelo. Yonke imisindo ke kungenziwa esisogwini Quanta net kanye / noma amalitha.

Ngesikhathi uMbuso WaseTurkey ke kwamiswa uhlobo olusha - wezempi umculo wezinsimbi, ephelezelwa eziningi izintaba umkhankaso nolaka futhi. Modern umculo nesiko Turkey lilawulwa kwezincwadi eNtshonalanga. Ngakho, intsha idwala athandwa kakhulu futhi pop kanye jazz. singers Abaningi Turkish eyaziwa ngaphandle kwezwe, phakathi kwawo ikakhulukazi ukwaba Mustafa Sandal, Hande Yener, Tarkan futhi Sertab Serdar Ortaç Ernera.

World Wide kuwebhu

Ukusabalala kwe-Internet kuye kwaba negalelo elikhulu empilweni yamasiko yezwe. Ngakho, inani labantu emadolobheni amancane, nasemizaneni izifundazwe eziqhelile kwadingeka ukufinyelela ulwazi lokufundisa nokuzijabulisa. Emasayithini eziningi ungathola imisebenzi abalobi Turkish kanye izimbongi, amaphephandaba futhi nezisetshenziswa zabo electronic. Inani labasebenzisi Inthanethi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule lande ngamaphesenti izikhathi 10. Okwamanje, amathuba World Wide Web million 26,5 nabaseTurkey.

cinema emhlabeni

Mayelana namabhayisikobho eTurkey yesimanje wayaziwa ngisho nangaphambi wokugoqa yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Ngakho, documentary ifilimu wokuqala wethulwa izilaleli ngo-1914. Umbhali wayo - Fuat Uzyknay. I amafilimu okufutshane ukukhombisa ekubhujisweni oseduze lesikhumbuzo, efakwe endaweni yabadla izambane likaPondo waseConstantinople yokudumisa San Stefano ukuthula sivumelwano. Ukuthwebula ngowokuqala sici ifilimu ( "Ukuhlanganiswa Himmeta Aga") laqedwa ngo-1918.

Okwamanje, kungashiwo wagomela ukuthi Turkey uye waphumelela hhayi kuphela e cinema kodwa futhi ithelevishini ensimini. Transmission ekhiqizwa kule wombuso, athandwa kakhulu futhi nangale.

ukudla Local

I mnandi ezweni okukhulunywa? Turkey ushaya abahambi amasiko engavamile Culinary, futhi zonke ngoba lokho inqubo ukupheka ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene ukuthonywa nabaseTurkey, Armenia, amaGreki, ama-Arabhu kanye Italy.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke izitsha zendawo - kababpchis futhi shish-kebab (ithole kwi namathe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, Turkey pizza ethandwa kakhulu. Ebalulekile izitsha eziningi kuba amafutha omnqumo. ngendlela ekhethekile abendawo kophudingi kanye amaswidi. Ngokuvamile, lezi okukhona egcwele amantongomane nezithelo. Phakathi iziphuzo ngokuyinhloko ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana ikhofi Turkish. Ayikho ethandwa kancane itiye, iwayini, ugologo (yamagilebhisi ugologo anise ukunambitheka).

isiphetho

I-Turkey yizwe elimangalisayo elinomlando onzima. Iheha izigidi zabantu abahamba ngezinyawo nabathandi bezinsuku zakudala. Futhi sonke sibonga ngezinsiza eziyingqayizivele zokuzilibazisa kanye nezinto eziningi zomlando.