Kagesi nokuxhumana izinhlayiya

Lesi sihloko sizosisiza sibheke lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amandla emvelo - ayisisekelo nokuxhumana kagesi kanye nezimiso ku kuso. Kube nakho kuyokhulunywa ngakho njengento mayelana kungenzeka abe khona izindlela ezintsha ekutadisheni lesi sihloko. Esikoleni physics amakilasi, abafundi babhekana incazelo umqondo wegama elithi "amandla". Zifunda ukuthi amandla angaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu - amandla kokukhuhlana, amandla adonsela phansi, kuyaqina kanye namandla amaningi afanayo. Akubona bonke babo kungenziwa ngokuthi eliyisisekelo, njengoba ngokuvamile kakhulu lo mkhuba amandla yesibili (amandla kokukhuhlana, isibonelo, ukuxhumana yayo yezinhlayiya). Ukuxhumana kagesi nakho kungaba yesibili - njengoba phetho. Yamamolekhula Physics unikeza isibonelo UVan der Waals force. Futhi inikeza izibonelo eziningi futhi aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana physics.

Emvelweni,

Ngingathanda ukuthola okushiwo izinqubo ezenzeka ngokwemvelo, njengoba kwenza sizikhandle ukuxhumana kagesi. Siyini ngempela amandla eliyisisekelo lokuthi inquma zonke eyakhelwe amabutho ayo yesibili? Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukuxhumana kagesi, noma, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo, amandla kagesi kubalulekile. Lokhu kufakazelwa ngumthetho Coulomb sika, okuyinto has nje okungaqondile ayo ezivela Maxwell zibalo. Kwakamuva ukuchaza zonke zemvelo amabutho kazibuthe kagesi kanye. Yingakho-ke is wafakazela ukuthi nokuxhumana Amasimu kagesi - namandla ayisisekelo emvelo. Isibonelo esilandelayo - amandla adonsela phansi. Ngisho nezingane zesikole ukwazi umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele Isaaka Nyutona, naye usanda nje okungaqondile okufanele of zibalo Einstein, futhi, ngokuvumelana umbono wakhe wamandla adonsela phansi, amandla ukuxhumana kagesi kubalulekile emvelweni, futhi.

Kwasukasukela kukholakala ukuthi kukhona kuphela la mabutho amabili ayisisekelo, kodwa yasondela isayensi, kancane kancane efakazela ukuthi akunjalo. Isibonelo, nge kokutholakala nucleus yama-athomu saba ukwethula umqondo amandla enuzi, noma kanjani ukuqonda isimiso nokugcinwa izinhlayiya ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus, kungani musa ngimuke kuzo zonke izindawo. Ukuqonda indlela ukuxhumana kagesi endalweni, iye yasiza ukukala amabutho zenuzi, ukufunda futhi uchaze. Nokho, kamuva, ososayensi wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi amabutho zenuzi zihlale yesibili futhi ukubonakaliswa eziningi ezifana UVan der Waals force. Empeleni, amabutho kuphela eyisisekelo ngempela ukuthi unikeze quark nihlanganyele. Khona - nomphumela yesibili - kuyinto budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye Amasimu kagesi we-proton kanye neutrons nucleus. ayisisekelo ngempela nokuxhumana quark gluons umklomelo. Ngakho latholakala imvelo ungamandla lwesithathu eliyisisekelo ngempela.

Kuchubeka indaba

Elementary izinhlayiya kwamazinyo, esindayo - on the ilula futhi kwamazinyo abo uchaza amandla entsha ye nokuxhumana kagesi, okuyinto yethiwe kahle - amandla ukuxhumana ababuthakathaka. Kungani abampofu? Ngenxa nokugxambukela kagesi endalweni Sinemandla. Futhi, kwathi-mbono yokuziphendukela ekuxhumaneni ababuthakathaka, ngakho kamnandi waqhamuka esithombeni zezwe futhi ekuqaleni kahle uchaza kwamazinyo izinhlayiya aphansi, engahambisani postulates efanayo, uma amandla luyanda. Yingakho le nkolelo-mbono ubudala ibilokhu kabusha komunye - umbono nokuxhumana ababuthakathaka, kulokhu wazibonakalisa jikelele. Nakuba yayakhiwe kwaba ku izimiso ezifanayo lonke theory echaza nokuxhumana kagesi izinhlayiya. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, kukhona wafundelwa futhi kungase kutholakale ekuxhumaneni amane ayisisekelo, eyesihlanu - endleleni, ngaye lizofika. Bobane - okudonsa, eqinile, ababuthakathaka, kagesi - bakhelwe phezu isimiso esisodwa: force elakhiwe phakathi izinhlayiya kuwumphumela ukwabelana Kwasetshenziswa yenethiwekhi, noma ngenye indlela - thobeka ukuxhumana.

Hlobo luni umsizi? Lokhu i-albhamu yezithombe - ngaphandle kuyizinhlayiyana mass, kodwa nokho ngempumelelo yakha ukuphazamiseka kagesi ngenxa ukushintshanisa quantum amagagasi kagesi noma quantum ukukhanya. Ukuxhumana kagesi Kwenziwa izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya emkhakheni izinhlayiya icala, lapho ukuxhumana ibutho elithile, njengoba isikhathi futhi ephatha umthetho Coulomb sika. Kukhona eyodwa massless kuyizinhlayiyana - gluon, it has izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili, kuyasiza ukuxhumana quark. Lokhu kusebenzelana kagesi ukhangwa phakathi amacala, futhi wathi kufanele ngiqine. Yebo, futhi ukuxhumana ababuthakathaka akuyona ngaphandle labalamuli, ngawo steel izinhlayiya ngongqimba bathola okungaphezu kwalokho, zingabantu omkhulu, okungukuthi esindayo. Lokhu Lesisemkhatsini Vector bosons. Isisindo sawo kanye isisindo kungenxa yobuthakathaka nokuxhumana. Gravity ungamandla Ukuhwebelana quantum ensimini okudonsa izinto. Lona Luhambo nokuxhumana kagesi izinhlayiya, kusenzima akwanele wafunda, ngisho Graviton Ucwaningo okwamanje itholiwe, namandla adonsela phansi quantum thina akuzona ngempela lapho, futhi nje ngoba sinawo ukuchaza it can okwamanje.

amandla yesihlanu

Sicabangele izinhlobo ezine ekusebenzisaneni eliyisisekelo: eqinile, ababuthakathaka, kazibuthe adonsela phansi. Ukuxhumana - kuyisenzo exchange izinhlayiya, futhi singenalo noluncane ulwazi lokuthi wesimethri Awukwazi ukwenza, ngoba akukho ukuxhumana ongakaphathelani nalo. Ithola inombolo izinhlayiya futhi mass yabo. Nge wesimethri esiqondile mass uhlale zero. Ngakho, i-albhamu yezithombe futhi ungqimba gluon akuyona, kuba ilingane no-zero, i-Graviton - kakhulu. Uma wesimethri siphukile, mass eyeka ukuba zero. Ngakho, Lesisemkhatsini Vector inyathi ube mass, ngoba wesimethri siphukile. I ekusebenzisaneni ezine eziyisisekelo wachaza konke sibona futhi uzizwe. Amabutho asele bathi elihlangana yabo kagesi kulandela. Nokho, ngo-2012 kwaba khona intuthuko kwezesayensi kwatholakala elinye kuyizinhlayiyana, kanye Yaduma. A revolution emhlabeni yesayensi uye wahlela kuvulwa Higgs Boson, okuyinto, njengoba kwenzakala, ikhonza njengombonisi othwala ekuxhumaneni phakathi quark futhi leptons.

Yingakho ososayensi-zesayensi manje zithi Kwakukhona ibutho yesihlanu, umxhumanisi we okwathi kamuva laba kube Higgs Boson. Kufanane sinqamukile lapha: kusukela Higgs Boson inobungako. Ngakho inani ekuxhumaneni (izwi e yesimanje kuyizinhlayiyana physics esikhundleni igama elithi "amandla") ifinyelele ezinhlanu. Mhlawumbe silindele izinto ezintsha, kusukela asazi kahle uma kukhona ngisho nangaphandle kwalezi zinto ekuhlanganyeleni. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi sekwakhiwe, futhi namuhla le imodeli, kubonakala kahle uchaza zonke izenzakalo nasemkhakheni, futhi akayena ngempela ephelele. Futhi mhlawumbe, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile kuzoba ekuxhumaneni ezintsha futhi amandla amasha. Amathuba anjalo kukhona okungenani ngoba thina kancane kancane ngafunda ukuthi kukhona aziwa ekusebenzisaneni ayisisekelo - eqinile, ababuthakathaka, kazibuthe adonsela phansi. Phela, uma kukhona uhlobo izinhlayiya supersymmetric, zazo kuxoxwa ngazo emhlabeni yesayensi, kusho ukuba khona wesimethri entsha, futhi wesimethri njalo luhambisana nomthwalo ukuvela izinhlayiya omusha sokulamula phakathi kwazo. Ngakho, sizwa webutho ezazingaziwa eliyisisekelo, njengoba kanye kwammangaza ukuzwa ukuthi kukhona, isibonelo, kagesi, ukuxhumana ababuthakathaka. Ulwazi mayelana nesimo sethu siqu ziba yizingxenye ezincane kakhulu.

Interconnectivity

Into ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthi iyiphi ukuxhumana entsha kumelwe nakanjani kuyoholela into engaziwa ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma thina ababengakaze bazifunde mayelana nokuxhumana ababuthakathaka, ngabe asizange wathola wokugoqa, futhi uma bekungenjongo ongenalo olwazini lwethu zokuwohloka, akukho Ukutadisha-imeyli engahlonziwe kwakungenakwenzeka. Futhi uma thina babengakuqapheli ukusabela zenuzi, ngeke baqonde indlela ilanga likhanya kithi. Phela, uma akazange kukhanye, futhi ngeke kwakhiwa eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngakho ukuthi ukuba khona ukuxhumana ibonisa ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu. Uma ukuxhumana namandla alikho futhi nuclei-athomu besingeke sizinze. Ngenxa ukuxhumana kagesi Umhlaba uthola amandla amaningi avela elangeni, nemisebe ukukhanya zivela kuye, zikhulisa iplanethi. Futhi konke ukuhlanganyela eyaziwa kubalulekile. Lapha Higgs, isibonelo. Higgs Boson inikeza kuyizinhlayiyana mass ngokusebenzisana ne zasendle, asinazo kwakungeke ezisekhona. Futhi indlela, ngaphandle ukuxhumana okudonsa ukuhlala phezu planethi? Kungaba nzima ngathi nje kuphela, kodwa lutho.

Kasibili zonke ekuxhumaneni, nalawo asikabi ukwazi, kumelwe ukuba konke esintwini uyazi, uyakuqonda futhi uyakuthanda khona. Yini esiyaziyo? Yebo, okuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, siyazi ukuthi i-proton uzinzile nucleus. Kakhulu, kubaluleke kakhulu kithi, kusimama yayo, ngaphandle kwalokho ngendlela efanayo ngabe azikho izinto eziphilayo lapho. Nokho, ucwaningo basikisela ukuthi ukuphila proton - isikhathi ayanele. Long, yebo, iminyaka engu-10 ^34. Kodwa-ke kuchaza ukuthi ngesinye liphuke, futhi i-proton, futhi lokhu kuzodinga athile entsha, ukuthi kuyinto nokuxhumana entsha. Against kwamazinyo proton kakade theory okuyinto Kusolwa ngezinga entsha, okuningi ephakeme wesimethri Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana entsha engase ibe khona lapho asazi lutho.

ukuhlanganisa Grand

Ubunye imvelo isimiso kuphela yokwakhiwa konke ukuhlanganyela ayisisekelo. kuphakama imibuzo eminingi maqondana nenani nabo bachaza izizathu lokhu ubuningi ethile. Lwakamumva eyakhelwe lapha eziningi ezinkulu, sihluke kakhulu kule Iziphetho esifinyelela kuzo. Chaza khona nje isibalo esingangaleso kokusebenzisana ayisisekelo zonke izindlela, kodwa isimiso esisodwa ekwakheni ubufakazi. Njalo izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu ekusebenzisaneni, abacwaningi ozama ihlangana zibe munye. Ngakho-ke imibono enjalo nemibono okuthiwa Enobunye Grand. Njengoba uma amagatsha esihlahla izwe: sebuningini amagatsha, futhi isiqu ihlale ifana.

Lokho kungenxa yokuthi kukhona zonke lezi zinkolelo-mbono lokuhlanganisa umqondo. Iyimpande ekusebenzisaneni eyaziwayo olulodwa ukusuthisa ipotimende, okuyinto ngenxa yokulahlekelwa wesimethri waqala azikhandle kwakhiwa ekuxhumaneni ahlukahlukene ayisisekelo, amandla nezinto zethu esingazisebenzisa ukugcina Ucwaningo. Lo mbono ayikwazanga ukuqinisekiswa okwamanje, ngoba idinga eliphezulu ngokwedlulele amandla i-physics, ucwaningo ezingafinyeleleki namuhla. Kungenzeka kakhulu, futhi lokhu kuyinto inketho ukuthi alikaze hhayi uma bephethe lezi amandla. Kodwa emhlabeni lesi sithiyo kungenzeka.

ngaphandle

Sine yonke, namafutha zemvelo, futhi zonke izinqubo ezenzeka kuwo, enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba uhlole ngisho nemibono kwakwakhiwa kakhulu mayelana izimpande ezivamile konke ukuhlanganyela ezaziwayo. Omunye umsebenzi ezithakazelisayo ukuqonda basebentisa imvelo mhlawumbe eziyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu. Kuyadingeka ukuba baqonde indlela zilandise adonsela phansi nabanye amandla emvelo. Lena nokuxhumana eliyisisekelo imele njengoba eceleni, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngokuvumelana nesimiso yokwakhiwa kwalesi theory iyafana bonke abanye.

Einstein wafunda imfundiso yokuziphendukela amandla adonsela phansi, ukuzama usixhumanise ne umugqa wemiyalo. Naphezu ngokoqobo lokho okubonakala kuwukuphikisana ukuxazulula le nkinga, khona-ke inkolelo namanje awenzekanga. Manje abantu uyazi kancane, okungenani siyazi mayelana nokusebenzisana abanamandla nababuthaka. Futhi uma manje ukwakhiwa ephelele kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela enobunye, ngokuqinisekile kuthinte futhi ngenxa yokuswela ulwazi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke lehluleka adonsela phansi belingana omunye ekuhlanganyeleni, ngoba wonke alalela imithetho nje isuke ibangelwa quantum physics namandla adonsela phansi - akukho. Ngokusho theory quantum, zonke izinhlayiya kukhona Quanta ensimini ethile. Kodwa amandla adonsela phansi quantum alikho, okungenani okwamanje. Nokho, inani ekuxhumaneni kakade wathola iphindwa kwezwakala ukuthi akukwazi yiluphi uhlelo olulodwa.

emkhakheni kagesi

Emuva ngo-1860 omkhulu nesishiyagalolunye physics ekhulwini James Mabhalane uMaxwell aphumelela ukwenza umbono ukuchaza lokungeniswa kagesi. Lapho ushintsho kazibuthe e esithile isikhala inkambu kagesi. Uma ngabe le ensimini kutholakala umqhubi avaliwe, lamanje lokungeniswa ageleza emkhakheni kagesi. inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela Amasimu kagesi uMaxwell kufakazela ukuthi kungenzeka reverse inqubo: uma ushintsho esikhathini emkhakheni kagesi e esithile isikhala kuyodingeka kazibuthe. Ngakho noma ikuphi ukushintsha kungabangela obuhlukahlukene ensimini kagesi, futhi bengathola ushintsho kushintshana kagesi kazibuthe e magnetic isikhathi ensimini. Lezi eziguquguqukayo, ukukhiqiza nomunye Amasimu ihlelwe emkhakheni esihlanganisiwe - kagesi.

Umphumela ezibaluleke kakhulu elandelayo kusukela amafomula theory Maxwell sika - isibikezelo ukuthi kukhona amagagasi kagesi, isb lokusakaza ensimini kagesi ngesikhathi nendawo. Umthombo emkhakheni kagesi kuthiwa kuhamba amacala ukusheshisa kagesi. Ngokungafani acoustic (nokunwebeka) amagagasi kagesi kungaba asakaze kunoma iyiphi impahla, ngisho vacuo. ukuphazamiseka kagesi e vacuo Ukhuthaza nge ngejubane lokukhanya (c = 299 792 amakhilomitha ngomzuzwana). Nombono zingase zihluke. amagagasi kagesi kusuka ngamamitha izinkulungwane eziyishumi 0.005 kwamamitha - lena amaza omsakazo ezisetshenziswa ukudlulisa ulwazi thina, okuwukuthi isignali ibanga elithile ngaphandle izintambo. Wadala amaza omsakazo at high ifrikhwensi eliya e-antenna.

Yiziphi amagagasi

Uma ubude emisebeni kagesi zokhahlamba kusuka 0,005 micrometer ukuba 1 imitha, isb labo okuyizinto kubanga eliphakathi ebonakalayo ukukhanya umsakazo amagagasi - kuyinto amaza okushisa. ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana yonke imigwamanda yakhe evuthayo: amabhethri, izitofu, izibani incandescent. amadivaysi Special ukuguqula amaza okushisa ku ngokukhanya okubonakalayo, ukuthola izithombe lezinto ukuthi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana, ngisho ebumnyameni ngokuphelele. ukukhanya Kubonakala Likhipha wavelength ka-nanometer angu-770 kuya ngo-380 - umbala uphendulela kusuka obomvu ngokunsomi. Le ngxenye bohlu has ukuphila komuntu libaluleke, ngoba ingxenye enkulu ulwazi mayelana nezwe esikuthola umbono.

Uma emisebeni kagesi has a nombono esingaphansi umbala onsomi kuyinto ultraviolet esibulala amagciwane. X-ray awabonakali iso. Kuba- ukuncela ebonakalayo ukukhanya izingqimba opaque material. -X-ray kutholakala ukuthi uphethwe yini izifo yezitho zangaphakathi nezilwane. Uma emisebeni kagesi is eyenziwe nokuxhumana izinhlayiya aphansi wukukhanya nuclei ujabule etholwe gamma emisebeni by. Lona ezahlukene kakhulu ububanzi e bohlu kagesi ngoba akugcini amandla aphezulu. Gamma emisebeni kungaba soft futhi ezinzima: amandla ukuhwebelana phakathi nuclei-athomu - soft, futhi ukusabela yenuzi - eqinile. Lezi imisebe kalula nidilize ama-molecule nezici begazi. injabulo Omkhulu ukuthi umoya-gamma rays hhayi ungathola ngokusebenzisa. Qaphelisisani gamma rays kusuka isikhala kungaba. Ngezinye amandla kakhulu ukuxhumana kagesi Ukhuthaza ngesivinini eduze ukukhanya: gamma Quanta wayichoboza nucleus athomu, breaking shí izinhlayiya, bahlakaze bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Lapho braking, Zikhiphela ukukhanya, ibonakale ku izibonakude ekhethekile.

Kusukela esikhathini esidlule - Ngokuzayo

amagagasi kagesi, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, babebikezele Maxwell. Watadisha ngokucophelela futhi wazama ukuba bakholwe izibalo kancane ukuzikhohlisa izithombe Faraday, lapho izenzakalo kazibuthe kagesi kanye bachazwa. Kwaba Maxwell wathola ukuntula wesimethri. Futhi wakwazi ukufakazela eziningi zibalo ukuthi kushintshana Amasimu kagesi ukukhiqiza kazibuthe kanye okuphambene nalokho. Lokhu amholele ekubeni akholelwe ukuthi amasimu ezinjalo bese ukhipha kusukela babashayeli sishukumiseleka ngokusebenzisa cleaner nabanye ijubane elikhulu. Futhi waphetha ke. Speed kwakuthandeka trohstam izinkulungwane amakhilomitha ngomzuzwana.

Yilokho nokuxhumana theory kanye ukuhlola. Isibonelo salokhu ukuvulwa lapho safunda mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu amagagasi kagesi. Kuyo lwabuthana ngosizo physics imiqondo ngokuphelele heterogeneous - uzibuthe futhi ugesi, njengoba iyisici ezingokwenyama ukuze efanayo, nje izinhlangothi ezahlukene ke kukhona ekuxhumaneni. Eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ahlelwe elilodwa ngemuva nezinye, futhi bonke bangabafundi eduze ahlobene komunye nomunye: imfundiso yokuziphendukela nokuxhumana electroweak, isibonelo, lapho isikhundla esifanayo esachazwa namandla alinganiselwe enuzi kanye kagesi, njll Konke lokhu ihlanganisa chromodynamics quantum, esehlanganise ekuxhumaneni eqinile futhi electroweak (lapha, ukunemba ngenkathi ephansi kodwa ukusebenza uyaqhubeka). Uye wakwenza wafunda izindawo zesayensi ezifana amandla adonsela phansi quantum kanye string theory.

okutholakele

It kuvela ukuthi isikhala elisihaqileyo kwakwande ngokuphelele emisebeni kagesi: izinkanyezi ilanga, inyanga kanye nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini, kuba Umhlaba ngokwawo, futhi zonke ifoni wezandla zomuntu, futhi iziteshi antenna - konke lokhu likhipha amagagasi kagesi amagama ahlukene . Kuye ukuvama oscillations, okuyinto obusuka into kuhluke infrared, umsakazo, ukukhanya ebonakalayo, imisebe bio-ensimini, X-ray kanye nokunye okufana nalokho.

Lapho inkambu kagesi kwasakazwa, iba wave kagesi. Imane umthombo ongashi amandla, dlidliza amacala kagesi molecule ama-athomu. Futhi uma icala oscillates, ezinyakazayo yayo yanda, futhi ngenxa yalokho likhipha amagagasi kagesi. Uma kutholakala amandla kazibuthe izinguquko emkhakheni, insimu ezazivuswa vortex kagesi okuyinto yena, ekujabulisayo magnetic vortex ensimini. Inqubo egcina isikhala, bangane iphuzu ngemva kwenye.