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Kakhokho lwamaSlav. Inguqulo kanye mpikiswano ngomsuka kakhokho lwamaSlav

Likuphi kakhokho lwamaSlav? Yini izinguqulo ososayensi ukubeka phambili kule ndaba? Funda isihloko futhi uyofunda izimpendulo zale mibuzo. LwamaSlav ethnogenesis yinqubo kumiswa umphakathi lasendulo lwesiSlavic yobuhlanga, okwaholela ukwehlukana abantu abangelwa yisisindo zezizwe Indo-European. Namuhla abukho okufushane owamukelwa nokuvuthwa leqembu yobuhlanga Slavic.

Ubufakazi bokuqala

Kakhokho lwamaSlav of interest ochwepheshe abaningi. Lesi sizwe yaqale kufakazelwa kumadokhumenti WaseByzantium kwekhulu VI. Uma ebheka emuva, le mithombo yisho lwamaSlav ekhulwini IV. Imininingwane Ngasekuqaleni iphathelene izizwe owaba nengxenye etnogeneze Slavic (Bastarnians), kodwa ngokwezinga yokuhileleka kule nokubuyiselwa zomlando ezahlukene kuyehluka.

isiqinisekiso esibhalwe phansi mayelana abalobi bekhulu VI kusukela eByzantium ekhuluma isizwe esungulwe, ihlukaniswe Antes futhi sklaviny. Venedy okukhulunywa njengoba okhokho Slavic emva isiqondiso. Ubufakazi abalobi zangenkathi yamaGreki namaRoma (I-II isenti.) Kulaba Wends ungavumeli ukuba baxhumane ezinye isiko elidala lwamaSlav.

definition

Kakhokho lwamaSlav Namanje hhayi ngokunembile echaziwe. abavubukuli Russian shayela izikripthi ezinye isiko zakudala, kusukela ekhulwini V. Lezi zifundiswa akukho iphuzu elilodwa ekubukeni yobuhlanga lozalo abezindaba impucuko ngaphambili kanye nobuhlobo babo ne Slavic kamuva. Izazi zolimi futhi banemibono eyahlukene mayelana nesikhathi ulimi, okusenzeka yayingase ibizwe ngokuthi u Slavic noma lwamaSlav. Yamanje yesayensi umsolwa Ukukhetha version inkulumo Russian kusukela PIE limile omkhulu 2nd yeminyaka BC. e. angekhulu lokuqala. e.

Umlando wemfundo, imvelaphi kanye endaweni zokutadisha izindlela lasendulo Ruthenian ekhethekile at kwalapho wesayensi ahlukahlukene: umlando, yezilimi, izakhi zofuzo, paleoanthropology imivubukulo.

Indo-baseYurophu

kakhokho lwamaSlav namuhla obusa izingqondo zabaningi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Bronze Age eYurophu Ephakathi kwakuvamile umphakathi Ethno-kwezilimi uhlanga Indo-European. Isabelo nalokho amaqembu ahlukene lwenkulumo impikiswano. Uprofesa German G. Krae baphetha ngokuthi kuyilapho Indo-Iranian, Anatolia, exhumanisa i-Greek nezilimi Armenia kakade behlukaniswe futhi ithuthukiswe ngokuzimela, Celtic, I-ithalikhi, Illyrian, zamaJalimane, Baltic noma Izilimi zesiSlavic belimane ezilimini ngolimi olulodwa Indo-European. BaseYurophu sidilizwa abahlala laseYurophu ephakathi enyakatho ye-Alps, wadala amagama ezazivamile endaweni yakubo kwezolimo, inkolo, kanye nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana.

East uhlanga

Uphi kakhokho wawusegunjini empumalanga lwamaSlav? Ngakho izizwe zakwa-lesisizwe, okuyinto ephethwe ukuze uhlangane ukuze zibe yisikhungo esisodwa (ngokubona ososayensi abaningi), wenza wonkana yasendulo ephakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlukana okwalandela zezombusazwe kulaba bantu, kuya kweleshumi XVII kwamiswa abantu abathathu: Belarusian, Russian futhi Ukraine.

Bobani Rusyns empumalanga? Lo mphakathi amasiko nokuphathelene nezilimi Russian ezisebenzisa enkulumweni yakhe ngezilimi East Slavic. Abanye abacwaningi ekuseni futhi wasebenzisa igama elithi 'Russian lwamaSlav. " East Slav ... Umlando wako omncane owaziwa. Isizathu akuyona kuphela ukungabi khona ngolimi lwabo elotshiwe, kunalokho remoteness sezikhungo eziphucuzekile kwesikhathi.

East Slav ezichazwe imithombo WaseByzantium, Arab kanye Persian ebhaliwe. Ezinye ukwaziswa okukuyi-ke ngosizo a Luhlatiyo izilimi Slavic nedatha bemivubukulo.

ukunwetshwa

Kakhokho lwamaSlav futhi isiphetho sabo kuxoxwa abacwaningi abaningi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukwanda okuye kwenzeka ngenxa ukwanda komphakathi, okubangelwa Ukushisa kwesimo sezulu, noma obhekwe ubuchwepheshe besimanje yokulima, nabanye - ukuthi iphutha Ukufuduka Okukhulu, ezibhuqiwe e ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD, ngxenye yeYurophu phakathi zithi Sarmatian, amaJalimane, Avars, Huns, Bulgar futhi Russian.

Kucatshangwa imvelaphi kakhokho lwamaSlav elihlobene ne labantu Przeworsk isiko. Lesi sizwe Umncele kuya entshonalanga ne Celtic emhlabeni tribal zamaJalimane, empumalanga - ne Finno-ugortsami kanye namazwe aseBaltic, eningizimu-mpumalanga nangaseningizimu - ne Sarmatians. Abanye abafuna ucabanga ukuthi kule nkathi kwakukhona ungaphazanyiswa ngaphezulu Slavic-Balt ngokuphelela, okungukuthi, lezi zizwe ungakabi ngempela wahlukana.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho Krivichy ukwandiswa Smolensk Dnieper esifundeni. Endaweni ngaphambilini yayikhona tushemlinskaya impucuko lapho uhlanga, abavubukuli bheka ehlukile. Yathatha indawo elidala luyingxenye Slavic isiko kanye tushemlinskie isiphetho kwabhujiswa, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi lwamaSlav nasemizini wahlala.

okutholakele

endala I izizwe Slavic watadisha sezilimi esidumile Academician O. N. Trubachov. Yena bacubungula Slavic ulimi Blacksmithing, zobumba kanye nezinye yezandla futhi waphetha ngokuthi abathwali lasendulo lwamaSlav zezigodi (noma okhokho bawo) ngesikhathi lapho kwakhiwa buyafaneleka amagama ngenkuthalo nabo amaNtaliyane namaJalimane, okungukuthi Europe Indo-Central. Yena okholwa ukuthi izizwe zakwa-Rus lasendulo wayehlukile umphakathi Indo-European ekhatsi iDanube esifundeni (enyakatho ingxenye Balkans), bese sahamba futhi ihlanganiswe ne nezinye izizwe. Trubachev uthi akunakwenzeka ukuhlonza izindlela wesayensi yezilimi mzuzu ukwehlukana lwesigodi Proto-Slavic we Indo-European ngenxa besondelene zakudala.

zezilimi eziningi baphikisa ngokuthi lolo limi olusetshenziswa Slavic waqala elasungulwa ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD. e. Abanye bakubiza ngokuthi phakathi mina yeminyaka BC. e. Ngokusho glottochronology, ulimi lwesiSlavic ukuthi bathinteka phakathi II Millennium BC. e. Ezinye izazi zezilimi shayela ngaphambili.

ukuhlaziywa lucebe

Inguqulo ka-kakhokho lwamaSlav kunezinhlobo ezahlukene. Abaningi baye bazama ukuchaza ezweni of Rus lasendulo ngokuhlaziya ulwazimagama lwabo ubudala. F. P. Filin ukholelwa ukuthi lesi sizwe ithuthukiswe ibhande ihlathi inala emaxhaphozini namachibi, ukusuka olwandle, izintaba emaqeleni.

Ngesisekelo edumile beech agumenti sezitshalo Polish J. Rostafinsky wazama ukuthola praotechestvo lwamaSlav ngo-1908: "Indo-European igama beech lwamaSlav iyiswe willow, willow futhi wayazi beech, * nomthidari, larch." Igama elithi "beech" kubolekwe ulimi German. Namuhla, Umngcele osempumalanga irradiation kwezinkuni imayelana Odessa - Kaliningrad, kodwa ukuhlolwa impova izinsalela zibonisa ke indawo ebanzi ngaphezulu ezikhathini zasendulo.

Esikhathini Bronze Age, le beech wakhula cishe kuwo wonke amazwe athile aseMpumalanga Yurophu (ngaphandle enyakatho). Esikhathini seSimbi, ngesikhathi kumiswa iqembu yobuhlanga Slavic (ngokubona izazi-mlando eziningi), Beech izinsalela ezitholakala ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia, Carpathians, eCaucasus, eCrimea nesifunda Black Sea. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenzeka indawo Slavic ethnogenesis kungase kube eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeRussia, ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ne ephakathi ye-Ukraine, eBelarus.

Esikhathini Russian enyakatho-ntshonalanga (Novgorod izinto) Beech esekhulile emuva eNkathini Ephakathi. Beech amahlathi babe namuhla Northern naseNtshonalanga Yurophu, ePoland, Carpathians, aseBalkan. Ngo zemvelo olwenzeka endaweni fir yabo engakhuli ku amazwe Carpathians kanye emngceleni osempumalanga ePoland iya iVolga. Nale lenkaba ehilelekile Rusyns zingafakwa endaweni ethile e Belarus noma Ukraine, uma zezilimi baqagela isichazamazwi Botanical laba bantu zilungile.

Kuzo zonke izilimi Slavic (kanye Balt) igama elithi "lime" esisho esihlahleni esifanayo. Ngakho kwakukhona umbono mayelana nendawo ukugqagqana nge Linden lenkaba izizwe isiRashiya, kodwa ngenxa yokwanda kwalo isitshalo umxhwele, kwakungadingeki kunakwe.

Bika Philologists Soviet

Kakhokho lwamaSlav futhi ethnogenesis zabo ezibangela isithakazelo ongoti abaningi. Zomhlaba enyakatho Ukraine futhi Belarus basonta endaweni yokudlanga ebanzi Balt amagama endaweni. cwaningo eqondile academicians Soviet Philologists O. N. Trubachova futhi V N. Toporova wabonisa ukuthi Balta hydronyms Elingenhla Dnieper esifundeni tijobelelo avame ukuhlotshiswa lwamaSlav. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu kwabonakala kamuva Balts. Lokhu lokungafani siqedwa, uma siwavume ngokucabangisisa zezilimi angawodwana ku ukwabiwa Proto-Slavic lwesigodi of obschebaltskogo.

Umbono V N. Toporova

VN Toporov wacabanga Balt ke esiseduzane original Indo-European, kuyilapho bonke nezinye izilimi Indo-European ekhatsi inqubo ukuthuthukiswa kude isimo primordial. Uthi Proto-Slavic lwesigodi kwaba eningizimu Baltic lwesigodi neuropathy, okuyinto iyiswe Proto-Slavic emhlabeni BC V leminyaka. e. bese ngokuzimela siguqulelwa ulimi Rusyns lasendulo.

izinguqulo

Impikiswano ngemvelaphi kakhokho lwamaSlav futhi uyaqhubeka namuhla. Ngo nenkathi yamaSoviet, ezimbili izinguqulo ezinkulu ethnogenesis Rusyn ziye lalikhona:

  1. Polish (inquma kakhokho lwamaSlav endaweni phakathi Oder kanye Vistula).
  2. Autochthonous (umsuka bedle ukubukwa theory usosayensi Soviet Marr).

Bobabili kabusha pre-wavumelana umsuka Slavic asekuqaleni isiko zakudala Emhlabeni, Ephakathi lalihlala Rusyns, futhi abanye wakudala Ezikhathini zasendulo, wathi abantu, ngokuzimela kwakhiwa kusukela PIE.

Ukuthola ulwazi locwaningo kanye okuholela Ukuhamba kusuka incazelo yokushisekela izwe kwaholela ukuvela izinguqulo ezintsha esekelwe Kwabiwa igxile umnyombo iqembu Slavic ngokobuhlanga yokuvuthwa nokusatshalaliswa ngokusebenzisa kufuduka layo ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane.

Kuvele isiyalo zezemfundo akenzanga iphuzu elilodwa ekubukeni indawo kanye nesikhathi ethnogenesis lwamaSlav. Namuhla abukho imigomo lamukelwa endaweni yonke yenkomba ngamasiko ubudala kulesi sizwe. Ezithembisa kulesi sici kungase kube uphawu bezdialektnosti ulimi Ruthenian lasendulo.

It kuhlulekile ukudala inguqulo obukholisayo ethnogenesis Russian ngesisekelo Imininingwane yomuntu kuncike yesayensi kuphela. eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma yamanje zama sihlanganise ulwazi lwabo bonke eyala zomlando. Ngokuvamile, kucatshangwa ukuthi uhlanga Slavic wabonakala ngenxa nokuhlanganiswa emiphakathini ehlukene Indo-European yobuhlanga ekuqa- phakathi umSkithe-Sarmatian futhi aseBaltic, iqhaza Finnish, Celtic nabanye abajwayele substrates.

umbono lososayensi

Ososayensi ungaqiniseki ukuthi Slavic uhlanga BC. e. Mina ayekhona. Lokhu kuboniswa eminingana ziyangqubuzana zezilimi. Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi lwamaSlav bavela Balts. Ukusebenzisa imithombo ehlukene, uprofesa ukwakha umbono ezimpandeni Russian. Nokho, kungukuthi ehlukile kuphela ukucacisa indawo ye-Slavic kakhokho, kodwa futhi wabhekisela ezahlukene isikhathi ukwabiwa lwamaSlav ezivela emphakathini Indo-European.

Kukhona yemibono eminingi ecatshangelwayo, owawuthi Rusins futhi praotechestvo esase sikhona kakade kusukela ngasekupheleni III yeminyaka BC. e. (O. H. Trubachev) kusukela ekupheleni II yeminyaka. e. (Polish izifundiswa Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński T., K. Yazhdzhevsky, Yu Kostshevsky nabanye), kusukela maphakathi II Millennium BC. e. (Polish Uprofesa F. Slavskii), nge VI. BC. e. (L. Niederle, M. Vasmer, P. J. Safarik, S. B. Bernshteyn).

Bokuqala izibikezelo yisayensi ngezingozi lwamaSlav praotchizne ingatholakala imisebenzi mlando Russian of XVIII-XIX eminyaka. V. O. Klyuchevskogo, S. M. Solovova, N. M. Karamzina. Ezifundweni zabo, bathembela ezikhangisweni "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" futhi waphetha ngokuthi ezweni Rusyns lasendulo babengene emfuleni iDanube futhi aseBalkan.

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