ImpiloUmdlavuza

Kungani lokhu usosayensi izingcingo ukukhwabanisa, ucwaningo kakhulu umdlavuza?

"Wonke umuntu kumele azi ukuthi ucwaningo kakhulu umdlavuza ngokuyinhloko - ukukhwabanisa ukuthi izinhlangano ezinkulu wahlanganyela ukutadishwa yale nkinga, musa ukwenza imisebenzi yabo okungukuthi abantu abasekela kubo."

Umbono isazi ogunyaziwe

Lesisho ngenhla is owned by Linus Pauling (1901-1994), PhD kanye ezimbili-time uMklomelo KaNobel Chemistry. Lo muntu ubhekwa omunye ososayensi onethonya elikhulu kakhulu emlandweni. Futhi umsunguli we-mbono eziningi kwamakhemikhali quantum ezinto eziphilayo nasemkhakheni wezinto.

Usosayensi bekakulwela ukuthula Emhlabeni. Yena wacelwa ukuba ahole umnyango ukwakheka kwezinto Manhattan Project, kodwa wenqaba. Uphinde nombhali msebenzi omkhulukazi kubuchwepheshe lempi, kuka edlale indima enkulu emhlabeni yesayensi. A Ukucinga Okusheshayo-Google luyoba olwanele, uma ufuna lo muntu ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi.

Iqhaza kwenziwe usosayensi endaweni isayensi nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Futhi akulona uchwepheshe kuphela emhlabeni, ezwakalisa zokungabaza izinkolelo ngocwaningo umdlavuza.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhwabanisa kuqinisekisiwe

Nakhu esinye isibonelo esikhulu izingcaphuno kube lukhuni uma kuziwa ukukhwabanisa yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni zokukhwabanisa. Ivela Dr. Marcia Angell, udokotela osenesikhathi eside ekhonza njengoba Umhleli oyinhloko wephephandaba New England Medical Journal (NEMJ). Lo magazini kungokwalabo izincwadi ohlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni wezokwelapha.

"Kuyinto ayisekho nje kungenzeka ukholelwa kuZiqu-izifundo zokwelapha, imibiko okuyinto ekhishwa, noma ukwethembela umbono wezokwelapha odokotela izincomo elihle futhi omethembayo. Ngifuna bayavuma ukuthi akuyona into abalusizi kakhulu nalesi siphetho. Mina esefinyelela kulesi siphetho kancane futhi ngokungathandi iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili njengoba umhleli we-New England Journal of Medicine », - uthi usosayensi.

Uhlu njalo olusha kanye abagxeki

Ohlwini ososayensi obusolisayo abe nasiphelo. John Bayler wasebenza iminyaka engu-20 e isimo National Cancer Institute. Umcwaningi ubuye umhleli nalowo owabe eyinhloko ye umagazini wakhe siqu. Usosayensi wenze mazwi obala: "Umbono wami jikelele wukuthi uhlelo lesizwe ekulwisaneni nomdlavuza kufanele kuncishiswe. Konke ucwaningo lwethu umdlavuza iminyaka engu-20 iye yaba nohide ukwehluleka okuqhubekayo. " Wachaza nokuthi wokwelapha isifo somdlavuza sisonke kumelwe zibhekwe njengezindawo okungamelwe uyisehluleki.

izifundo Animal ungakakwenzi ulwazi

umphakathi ngezinga elifanayo iqiniso lokuthi eziningi imali enikelwe nocwaningo umdlavuza, ichithwa ekutadisheni izilwane. Lo msebenzi yesayensi abaningi abacabanga ezingenamsebenzi.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1981, uDkt Irwin Bross, owayengumqondisi we Research Institute Cancer Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre (kwekulu ucwaningo centre emhlabeni) wathi: "Ubuze iningi oluye lwenziwa ku izilwane, hhayi laziwe kabanzi ngakho. Ngokwesibonelo, ekutholakaleni ejenti chemotherapeutic for wokwelapha isifo somdlavuza engabantu isebangeni kwezesayensi njengoba ukunqoba ngenxa ukusetshenziswa sekulingisa izinhlelo ezilwaneni. Nokho, ngisho lapha kukhona belindele lukhulu. Imiphumela babeyifunda kulo evunywe iqembu labantu abathola Izimali federal ucwaningo ezilwaneni. Kukhona esincane kakhulu ubufakazi obusekela la nezimfundiso. Cishe wonke amanxusa chemotherapeutic ziye zatholakala endaweni umongo emitholampilo kunokuba ngokuhamba ucwaningo olwenziwe izilwane. "

Yini embi ngalo

Namuhla, ukwelapha izifo kunemithelela zezimali. Lena umkhakha inzuzo kakhulu, kodwa kuphela uma siqondiswe ukuphathwa kunokuba izindlela zokuvimbela noma zokwelapha, futhi kuba impela liphuzu lelibalulekile.

Enye lesisho sigcwalisa zonke isitatimende esingenhla senziwa nguDkt Dean Burke, i ezinto American wemithi elisesikhundleni esiphezulu National Cancer Institute: "Uma une amandla, awudingi ukutshela iqiniso. Lo mthetho siyasebenza ezizukulwane eziningana. Ithola ukuziphatha eziningi abantu bathanda ukuba uvule wonke amakhadi lapho ahlala izikhundla zokuphatha. "

Umsebenzi wakhe "Ukunqunywa constants dissociation enzyme," kuyi-"Journal of the American Chemical Society", ingenye njalo kunazo yayisemngceleni isibonelo umsebenzi emkhakheni wokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo. Usosayensi wabuye wathi: "I-fluoride, ubulala abantu okuningi kusuka umdlavuza kunanoma isiphi esinye zamakhemikhali. Lena ngenye yama-ubufakazi obunamandla kakhulu isayensi engihlangane nalo emkhakheni ucwaningo umdlavuza iminyaka engu-50. "

Isayensi iyazula ebumnyameni

Ukukhululwa Januwari 15, 2015-Lancet iphephabhuku, lapho kubhekwa ehola ukushicilelwa wezokwelapha e-UK, umhleli omkhulu Richard Horton wathi: "Ngiqinisile nezincwadi zesayensi Kungaba okungalungile. Isayensi waphendukela ebumnyameni. "

Ngo-2005, Doktor Dzhon PA Ioannidis, okwamanje UProfesa Izifo Prevention at Stanford University, yashicilela isihloko butholakale sokufunda archive Library Yomphakathi (PLoS). Yena kwakufanele isihloko sokuqala "Kungani enyatheliswa kunazo ocwaningweni zingamanga."

Lo mbiko uthi usosayensi: "Kukhona kuyanda ukukhathazeka ngokuthi iningi imiphumela eshicilelwe ekuhloleni umdlavuza zingamanga."

weenhlahla izithakazelo busa

Comprehensive Cancer Center e Michigan State University eshicilelwe ekuhlaziyweni ezazibonisa ukuthi ucwaningo ethandwa emkhakheni umdlavuza pathologies zingamanga nokuthi eziningi imiphumela bhila. Leli qiniso alichaza ephathelene nokungqubuzana kwezinhloso zenzuzo.

Ososayensi baye basikisela ukuthi oqanjiwe imiphumela zakwazi ukwenza lokho okulindelwe izinkampani ngobukhulu ezithaka imithi. Ekugcineni, iningi ucwaningo umdlavuza bushoshozelwa imali ngqo kubo.

Kukhona inani elikhulu inani eliqinisekisa ukuthi lo mbono, nokunye kuvela abantu ababesele abahileleke ngokuqondile lezi izinqubo. Eqinisweni, akukho ukuntuleka imithombo obuphathekayo bokuthi ongathanda ukukusho ukuthi siphila ezweni lokukhwabanisa yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni zokukhwabanisa.

Konke lokhu kungenziwa ashiwo "corporatocracy" lapho sizithola namuhla, lapho izinkampani giant lenye kumaqembu wabantu akhethiwe "elite" olawule iplanethi futhi yonke ingcebo yayo.

Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi ezinye iziguli bathambekele izindlela abangelashwa ngazo, kanye ukulalelisisa ekhethekile nokuvimbela umdlavuza. Izinto eziningi esikhathazeka ngazo ezisizungezile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ngenxa yomdlavuza. Phakathi umdlavuza provocateurs zihlanganisa zinambuzane, GMO, abanye izimonyo, ukudla okuthile, ukubhema, notshwala nokuningi. Kuyinto neze kugcizelelwe ngempela. Singabantu njalo iphutha ngokucabanga ukuthi imali ukunikelela izinhlangano ezisiza abahluphekayo ukuthi ucwaningo umdlavuza, uyosinika ithuba ukuba ubalekele inkinga, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umkhuba wabo kungabazeka kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa insangu akuyona neshaya

Nokho, abantu abaningi baye baphumelela e izindlela zokwelapha ezikhona. Ngokwesibonelo, insangu akuniké imiphumela emihle lihambisana uwoyela Ukudla ongahluziwe. Abanye abantu ulifake enkambweni yakho emibi yokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali.

Isikhundla asemthethweni insangu - isibonelo esicace kakhulu nenkohliso okukhulunywe ngazo kulesi sihloko. anti-isimila wayo izakhiwo ziye zabonisa amashumi eminyaka, kodwa zokwelapha sezenziwe.

Isihloko kusenza sicabange abanye. Lolu lwazi kungenziwa indiva, kodwa akufanele ashalazele amaningi amaqiniso.

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