Han Ahmat, le zidlamlilo Omkhulu. Umlando Ase-Asia Ephakathi

Han Ahmat kubhekwa umbusi wokugcina ayesekelwe izikhulu Russian. inqubomgomo yakhe yayihloselwe ekuhlanganiseni Tatar uthi. Emizamweni yayo ukwamukela umthetho endaweni, elalikade ebanjwa zidlamlilo Omkhulu, wenza kwaba baphumelele eside. A indima ebalulekile ekuphathweni umbusi kwakungekaNkulunkulu beklerbeku Timur (umzukulu Edigei).

inqubomgomo Eastern

Territory, okuyinto kanye ephethwe Big zidlamlilo, ithola uzibuse. Kubonakala sengathi umgomo oyinhloko inqubomgomo Eastern umbusi wokugcina kwaba ukubuyisela igunya lawo Khorezm. Han Ahmat amangalelwe ezweni okungenani ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, wayefuna yokuhlanganisa insimu ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvumelana akhawunti lasendulo, amazwe asempumalanga babe udade isipho Husayna Baykary (ayeyinzalo ka Timur) - umkakhe Badi-al-Jamal. Kulesi simo, izithakazelo Akhmat waphikisa inqubomgomo Abu al-Khair. Lesi sakamuva ngaleso sikhathi umbusi onamandla Uzbek we shaybanids bohlobo. Han Ahmat akazange alinge ukugxambukela naye. Ngakho nje ngalinda kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1468, kusho u-Abul Khair kwahluka unya futhi imperiousness. Lokhu kwabangela sengqondo esingafanele, yena nenzalo yakhe kusukela kokubili omakhelwane nalabo abane- Uzbek. abameleli lokugcina iziphathimandla kwaholela ekubeni Yadgar-Khan, nabo Ahmad wenza umfelandawonye. Ngo 1469, umbusi omusha Uzbek wafa, amandla kwaba ezandleni indodana Abu al-Khair - Shaykh Haidar. Nokho, ukulwa naye, ukwakha siphikiswa kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1470-1471 GG. Shaykh Haidar balahlekelwa impahla yabo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, eSiberia umbusi Ibague wambamba lingaqaphile wambulala. Khan Ahmad wenza isivumelwano sokuthula nezitha Shaykh haydar, udade oshadile Nogai ababusi Yamgurchi noMusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi wayenza kubo uthembisa ukuthi ngeke aphazamise nokusebenza kwawo zizodla Khorezm. Kodwa kwahlelwa yokuvinjelwa ukufa womfowabo eVolga esifundeni.

ukuzimela eCrimea

umzalwane ongasekho Akhmat kwesokunxele eziningi izinkinga. Esinye sazo kwakungu-kutimela eCrimea. Peninsula ngesikhathi sako kwaba injongo zidlamlilo Omkhulu. Ngo 1476 umbusi sinquma ukungenela e isimo eCrimea. Ngo-1475, Haidar futhi Nur Devlet egumbuqela umfowabo Mengli Giray. Kugcine ziphephela Cafe (Feodosia), wayeseyitholile bathunjwa abaseTurkey. Ngo-1467 nomunye umuntu owayephila Akhmad Khan - Khadjiko abakutholanga kanye nomfowabo futhi ngokuthi Tartar umbusi. Enye inzuzo isimo, ohlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi eCrimea, umshana wayo Djanibek. Waqiniswa isikhundla salo, Han Ahmat baqala ukuzikholwa ukuthi amandla yangaphambili amaMongol isimo abuyiselwe.

Ubudlelwano ne Russia

Lo mkhankaso wokuqala Akhmad Khan, ngokuvumelana zemihla lasendulo, kwaba nomhlangano emuva 1460 umbusi wathumela ibutho lakhe ku Pereslavl Ryazan. UMbusi wafuna ukubuyisela ukwencika wangempela Russia. Nokho, akazange abe amandla. Ngo 1468 amaTatar atheleka endaweni Besputa River (ibhange kwesokudla eMfuleni Oka) kanye Ryazan ubukhulu. Ngo 1471 Akhmat wamukela umnikelo ovela Casimir IV (Polish-Lithuanian King) ukuphetha ubuhlobo yalwa Ivan III, wayeka ekhokha intela. Ngo-July 1472 futhi wayephethe epequlula impumelelo kuzo eMoscow. Phakathi umbusi wakhe Tartar ubengase ashise Aleksin. Ngalesi sikhathi, mina ehlaselwa ihlukane uluses Akhmat Muhammad Sheibani (Uzbek Khan). Ngakho-ke, le AmaTatar baphoqeleka ukuba ashona.

iqhaza Venice

Lesi simo Kwenziwa izenzo asebenzayo zamanxusa ngokumelene Tatar khan. inqubomgomo Venice, kodwa inhliziyo yayibukhuni kuhloswe ngazo ukuthi kutholakale umlekeleli ezinkulu, ngawo kwakunokwenzeka ukuyeka Mehmed II - umbusi Turkish. Ngo 1470, phambi kweSigele isinyathelo owenza Giovanni Battista Della Volpe (ehlanganisa i-Russiisevisi ohlakaniphile Ivan Fryazin - livela Italy). Embikweni wakhe, waveza ukuthi Ahmad anganikeza ayizinkulungwane 200. Amasosha. Ngo 1471 kumbusi Tatar wathunyelwa Giovanni Battista Trevisano. Nokho, eboshelwe eMoscow iminyaka engu-3. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, Volpe ephinde ehambela lesi Ahmat. Ngo 1472, waya iSigele mayelana ekuzimiseleni kwakhe ukuya empini ne-Turks badabula leyo ndawo yeHungary enikeziwe isamba semali esingango 6 ayizinkulungwane. Ducats futhi inkokhelo yonyaka ka ayizinkulungwane 1. Ducats. Ngo 1476 Treviziano wabuyela Venice nge amanxusa evela Akhmat. Umkhandlu Wezigele evunyiwe isiphakamiso ukuqala ukulwa phezu iDanube. Nokho, Against umkhankaso, wenza Casimir.

Han Ahmat no-Ivan 3

Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Sekuqaliswe exchange evamile ye zamanxusa, isiTatar umbusi akakwazanga ukufeza kusuka eMoscow yokukhokha nokuvulwa inkokhiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wehluleka ukuvimbela ukwakheka umfelandawonye eMoscow-YaseCrimea nge Mengli Giray. Emuva ngo-1467, ngemva kokuhlasela kanye bamba, inhlonhlo ye-Ahmad ethunyelwe eMoscow ngemva Buchuk. Umbusi yafuna hhayi kuphela resumption ekukhokheni intela, kodwa futhi wathi ufuna ukungenzela ukufika isikhulu Russian kuye. Ngaleso sikhathi, abazalwane babeba abaqaphile kodwa ezingezinhle kakhulu Ivan III. Kule ndaba, njengoba kufakazelwa kweminye imithombo, wabonisa ngokuhlakanipha nangokuqonda nobungane. Mhlawumbe yena uncome. Kodwa ngo-1479 izinto zashintsha. Ivan III wakwazi ukuba ngahlule Novgorod, Ahmad laphelelwa ithonya eCrimea. Yingakho inxusa eduze eMoscow wayethunjiwe demonstratively nobutha. umbusi Russian ngadabula incwadi, owawuke ekhishwe Han Ahmat. 1480 waba unyaka wokugcina we uhulumeni odlule. Casimir IV wathembisa ukusiza umbusi lwesiTatar. Kokuba esethole ukusekela kwakhe, u-Ahmad enquma ukwenza ayehlasela emikhulu yamazwe eMoscow. Nokho, waphelela kabi kakhulu.

Lapho umuntu emi Ugra (1480)

Septhemba 30 eMoscow isikhulu wabuya esuka Kolomna ebhodini ne boyars kanye namaphethelo. Ngenxa yalokho, wanikwa isigamu ukwamukelwa ngazwilinye kwavukelwa ngokumelene amaMongol. Ngalezo zinsuku Izithunywa zafika isikhulu kusukela Boris no-Andreya Volotsk Greater, yamemezela ekunqanyulweni yokuhlubuka. umbusi Russian wabanikeza intethelelo futhi watshela ukuqoqa eshalofini ukuya Oka. Okthoba 3, Ivan waya Kremenets edolobheni. Ukushiya naye ibutho elincane, iningi amabutho ayebathumele ukuba umbokwane. AmaTatar Okwamanje ezazihlupha umhlaba kanye sifinyelela engenhla Oka. Ngemva umuzi lapha, kulindeleke ukuba kuqedwe ukuhlasela okuvela labaqaphi elingemuva. Okthoba 8 Tartar umbusi bazama ukuphoqelela wesifunda. Ugra. Nokho, amabutho Russian wacasulwa wokuba kuhlaselwe Prince. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezizayo AmaTatar izikhathi eziningana bezama ukuwela phesheya. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sebefike endaweni ababezolala wezikhali waseRussia. Ngenxa yalokho, kwadingeka baleka 2 imayela futhi ume eLuze. isikhulu Russian wathatha ngebhange okuphambene ukuzivikela. Yaqala kanjalo-ke le "simi Ugra" e 1480 ngezikhathi ezithile, uqale skirmish, kodwa ukuhlaselwa sina ingathathwa akekho noma olunye uhlangothi.

Ukuphela ngxabano

izingxoxo zaqala phakathi kwezinhlangano. Tatar Khan yafuna kuye kwaba isikhulu Russian noma yindodana yakhe (noma okungenani umfowenu), esichaza kuhanjiswa, azisa iminikelo iminyaka 7. Ivan wathumela njengoba inxusa Ivan Tovarkovo - indodana boyar - ngezipho. Kulokhu, imfuneko ukuba ikhokhe intela sinqatshelwe. Ngakho, Russian izipho isikhulu awazange yokutholwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi u-Ivan waya ukuxoxisana ukuze uthole isikhathi esengeziwe. Isimo waqala ukushintsha umusa wakhe - Kulindeleke azowalekelela Borisa Volotskogo futhi Andrei Bolshoi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Mengli Giray wasigcwalisa isithembiso sakhe futhi ehlaselwa ezindaweni eseningizimu Duchy of Lithuania. Akhmad, yalokho engalali noma yimaphi amathemba alowo usizo Casimir.

Bethonya isikhulu Russian

Tatar umbusi luphumelele bonke abakhileyo isimo futhi abashiyanga ukulwa amabutho ngomumo. Ivan wathumela unala Akhmat lamabutho encane eholwa Basil ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Okthoba 28 isikhulu Russian unquma ukuhoxisa amasosha ayo kuya Kremenets ke ukugxila e Borovsk. Lapha wahlela ukulwa indawo eyeseka. Ahmad, esikhundleni salokho, ngafunda ukuthi ihlukane isenzo ukungena nakwamanye amazwe esikhundleni sakhe. Ngenxa kokuhlala isikhathi eside endaweni eyodwa, ibutho Tartar waqala bantule izimpahla. Iqiniso ukuthi badle izimvu, ezingezona ayesezithendeni kuye. Ngemva nokuma eside baqede konke amasheya ukudla. Ngakho-ke, ngo-November 11, u-Ahmad wanquma ukuphindela abo ezintweni zabo. Ngemva kokubuyela e-ngemva kwesikhathi esithile wabulawa ukumangala ukuhlasela nomfelandawonye wayo wangaphambili.