I-Shakespeare yeshashalazi "Globe". Enye yezemidlalo yasendulo eLondon: umlando

I-Shakespeare yeshashalazi "Globe" ibhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu hhayi kuphela e-UK, kodwa naseYurophu. Namuhla akuyona nje isikhungo samasiko esidumile lapho ungabona khona abaqondisi abadumile futhi ubukele ukusebenza kwezinkanyezi zendawo yaseshashalazini yomhlaba, kodwa kungenye yezinto ezidume kakhulu eLondon.

Umbhalo wokuqala

Konke kwaqala ngokuthi ngo-1576 inkundla yaseshashalazini yokuqala yaseLondon yakhiwa eShoredich, okuyinto wonke umuntu ayemane ebiza ngokuthi "Theatre". KwakukaJames Burbage, owayesebenza njengombazi ebusheni bakhe, kodwa kamuva waba umlingisi futhi waqoqa iqembu lakhe. Le ndawo yaseshashalazini yaba khona kuze kufike ngo-1597, lapho umninimhlaba ayemi khona, wayefuna ukuphuma esakhiweni noma ukukhokha intela kabili. Khona-ke amadodana omnikazi wesakhiwo - uRichard noCuthbert - banquma ukusungula isikhungo esisha kwelinye ibhange laseThames futhi bathuthelwa khona lapho beqhwaqha izakhiwo zokhuni eziqhekekile zendawo - umgodi ngemuva kwesigxobo.

"I-Globe" yokuqala

Ukwakhiwa kwendawo yaseshashalazini entsha kwaphela iminyaka emibili. Ngenxa yalokho, izindlalifa zeBerbage zaba abanikazi besiqingatha sakhiwo futhi zathatha amaphesenti angu-50 amasheya esikhungo esisha. Ngokuqondene nezibambiso ezisele, zahlukanisa phakathi kwamalungu amaningana adumile kunazo zonke zenkampu yasendulo, omunye wabo owayengumdlali nomlobi wemidlalo eminingi eyenza i-Globe repertoire - uWilliam Shakespeare.

Le midlalo entsha yaseshashalazini yahlala iminyaka engu-14 nje kuphela, ngesikhathi isikhalazo cishe cishe yonke imisebenzi ebhaliwe yi-playwright enkulu eyayibanjwe khona. "I-Globe" yayikuthandwa kakhulu, futhi phakathi kwababukeli kwakuvame ukubonwa izicukuthwane ezibalulekile nabahlonishwayo. Ngolunye usuku, lapho umdlalo othi "uHenry VIII" ukhona esiteji, ibhuloho lezemidlalo lahla, okwenza ukushiswa kwephahla olugxotshwe, futhi isakhiwo sokhuni sishiswe phansi amahora amaningi. Ngenhlanhla, akekho omunye umbukeli owathola ukushisa ukukhanya, kepha i-Glokes Theatre kaShakespeare, ebhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezidumile kakhulu eNgilandi ngaleso sikhathi, yabhujiswa.

Umlando kusuka ngo-1614 kuya ku-1642

Ngokushesha ngemva komlilo indawo yaseshashalazini yakhiwe kabusha endaweni efanayo. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube yimanje, abacwaningi abanombono ovamile ngokuthi ngabe uWilliam Shakespeare wayehlanganyele ekuxhasweni kwephrojekthi entsha. Njengoba lo mdwebi wezithombe zezingcweti zezemidlalo, ngalesi sikhathi wayenenkinga enkulu yezempilo, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kancane kancane waqala ukuhoxisa ezindabeni. Kungakhathaliseki, uShakespeare udlule ngo-Ephreli 23, 1616, ngenkathi indawo yaseshashalazini yesibili yaba khona ngo-1642. Ngaleso sikhathi i-Globe ivaliwe, futhi ingxube yayo yaqedwa, ngoba eNgilandi kwavela impi yombango, futhi amaPuritan afika emandleni athola ukuvinjelwa kwanoma imiphi imisebenzi yokuzijabulisa njengokungahambisani nokuziphatha kwamaProthestani. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, ukwakha kwendawo yaseshashalazini kwaqedwa ngokuphelele, ngaleyo ndlela kukhululeka indawo yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuhlala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhiwo zakhiwe ngokuqinile kangangokuthi kwakungekho ngisho nokulandelana kwe-Globus Theatre.

Ukucwaninga

IBrithani enkulu ibizwa ngokuthi yizwe lapho iminyaka engama-500 eyedlule beyilalelisise amadokhumenti nezinqolobane zomlando. Ngakho-ke, kuyamangalisa ukuthi kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-80 ekhulwini lokugcina, akekho owakwazi ukusho indawo ngqo lapho i-Shakespeare edumile ye-Globus yaseshashalazini yayisenkulungwane ye-17. Ukukhanya kulo mbuzo kwachithwa ngemvubukulo, okwenziwa ngo-1989 endaweni yokupaka i-Anchor Terrace, e-Park Street. Khona-ke ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola izingxenye zesisekelo kanye nomunye wemibhoshongo ye "Globe". Ngokusho kososayensi, kule ndawo namuhla kuyoba usizo ukuqhubeka nokufuna izingcezu ezintsha zenkimbinkimbi yezemidlalo. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo alukwazi, ngoba izikhumbuzo zekhulu le-18 ziseduze, okuyinto, ngaphansi komthetho waseBrithani, ayikwazi ukuhlaziywa.

Kwakunjani ukwakha inkundla yaseshashalazini eShakespeare

Ubukhulu be-"Globe" yesibili alisaziwa ngokuqinisekile, kodwa ososayensi bangakwazi ukubuyisela uhlelo lwayo ngokunemba okukhulu. Ikakhulukazi, bakwazi ukuveza ukuthi yakhiwa ngendlela yokudlala yamahhashi amathathu avulekile aphakathi kwamamitha angu-97-102, okwakungabelana ngezivakashi ezingaba ngu-3 000 ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sasiyindilinga, kodwa ukucwaninga kwesinye isisekelo kubonisa ukuthi kufana nesigxobo se-18 noma 20 futhi kwakunombhoshongo owodwa okungenani.

Ngokuqondene nokuhlelwa kwangaphakathi kwe "Globe", i-proscenium ehlanganisiwe yafinyelela phakathi kwegceke elivulekile. Isimo esine-hatch, lapho abadlali bevela khona lapho kunesidingo, kwakuyizingalo ezingu-43 ububanzi, ubude obungamamitha angu-27 futhi yaphakama ngaphezu komhlaba kuze kube ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-1.5.

Izindawo zokuhlola

Incazelo yenkundla yezemidlalo ethi "Globus", eyasinda kuze kube yilolu suku, ifakazela ukuthi izindawo zokulala ezikhululekile ze-aristocracy zitholakala odongeni ohlangothini lokuqala. Ngaphezu kwazo, izakhiwo zemizila zakhiwa ngabantu abacebile abahlala emadolobheni, futhi bebancane kakhulu, kodwa abahlonishwayo baseLondon kanye nabantu abasha, abanemali, bebukele ukusebenza, behlezi phansi, bahlala ngqo esiteji. Kwakukhona futhi okuthiwa umgodi enkundleni yaseshashalazini, lapho abantu abampofu bevunyelwe ukukhokha ukubuka ukunikezwa kwe-penny engu-1. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lesi sigaba sinomkhuba wokudla amantongomane nama-oranges ngesikhathi sokudlala, ngakho-ke izinqwaba zezingxenye zegobolondo nezinhlamvu ze-citrus zatholakala ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwesisekelo se-Globe.

Amaphiko nezindawo zabaculi

Ngaphambi kwesiteji kwakhiwa uphahla olwesekelwa ngamakholomu amakhulu. Ngaphansi kwalo ekude ekukhuleni komuntu kwakuyisilenge esinophahla, eqoshiwe ngamafu, lapho, uma kunesidingo, abalingisi behlela phansi ngezintambo, bebonisa onkulunkulu noma izingelosi. Lapho, ngesikhathi sokudlala, kwakukhona izigcawu ezisebenzayo ezenza ukunciphisa noma ukuphakamisa indawo.

Ngenxa yezigcawu, lapho amalungu enkampanini ashintsha izingubo zawo nalapho abuka khona ukusebenza ngokulindela ukuphuma kwawo, iminyango emibili noma emithathu yaholela esiteji. Umklomelo wawuseduze kwamaphiko, lapho abaculi be-orchestra bemahholo behlezi phansi, futhi ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izinto, ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-Romeo noJuliet, isetshenziswe njengesiteji esengeziwe lapho isenzo salo mdlalo senziwa khona.

"Globe" kaShakespeare namuhla

I-England ibhekwa njengenye yamazwe okubambe iqhaza kulo mdlalo womhlaba kunzima ukugcizelela. Futhi namuhla odumile, kuhlanganise nomlando, emidlalweni yaseshashalazini yaseLondon, lapho kukhona khona abangaphezu kweshumi nambili, abahlupheki ngenxa yokuntuleka kwababukeli phakathi nonyaka. Intshisekelo enkulu yi-"Globe" yesithathu, njengoba ukuhambela kwayo kufana nokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi ziyakhangwa yi-museum esebenzayo esebenza ngayo.

Ngo-1990, kwavela umqondo wokuvuselela i-Globe yase-English yaseshashalazini. Futhi umqondisi wephrojekthi, umqondisi owaziwa kakhulu waseMelika noSam Wenamaker, uqinisekise ukuthi isakhiwo esisha sakhiwe ngendlela efana neyokuqala ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukubuyekezwa kwabavakashele abaye basebenzela imisebenzi ye-Globus Theatre, kubonisa ukuthi iqembu elikhulu kakhulu labakhiqizi abadumile, onjiniyela kanye nabacebisi abahlanganyela emsebenzini wokuvuselelwa kwesinye sezikhungo zamasiko ezidume kakhulu emlandweni waseLondon, kwakungenzeka ngokugcwele. Baze bahlanganisa nophahla ngotshani, beligcwalisa ngokubunjwa okungenakuqothulwa komlilo, nakuba izinto ezinjalo zokwakha enhlokodolobha yaseBrithani azizange zisetshenziswe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-250. Ukuvulwa kwenzeka ngo-1997, futhi cishe iminyaka engaba ngu-18 lapho ungabona ukusebenza kweShakespeare eminingi edlala ngemvelo kanye nezingubo zokuqala. Futhi, njengoba ngaphansi kokubusa kukaJakobe Wokuqala noCharles the First, akukho ukukhanyisa okufakelwayo emidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nemidlalo eyenziwa kuphela ntambama.

Imisebenzi

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, isisekelo se-repertoire ye "Globe" evuselelwe yimidlalo kaWilliam Shakespeare. Okuthandwa kakhulu yizinto ezinjengokuthi "Ukulunywa KweSikhumbuzo," "iNkosi Lear," "uHenry IV," "uHamlet," nabanye abadlala njengoba benza esikhathini sekhulu le-17. Ngenxa yobulungiswa, kufanele kuthiwe akuzona zonke izithethe zeShakespearean ezigcinwe "kwiGlobe" yanamuhla. Ngokuyinhloko, abadlali besifazane namuhla abadlali, hhayi abadlali abasha, njengoba kwenziwa eminyakeni engu-250 edlule.

Iningi lwakamuva, inkundla yaseshashalazini yafika ngezokuvakasha eRussia futhi yiletha ukukhiqizwa komdlalo "Iphupho LikaMoya WaseMidsummer". Akukhona kuphela amaMuscovites, kodwa futhi izakhamuzi zase-Ekaterinburg, i-Pskov kanye neminye imizi eminingi yezwe lakithi zingayibona. Izimpendulo zabaseRussia zazingavamile, nakuba ababukeli abaningi belalela umbhalo ngesikhathi sokuhumusha kanyekanye, okungeke kwenzeke kodwa kuphazamise umbono ophelele womdlalo wabadlali.

Lapho ungathola khona nokuthi ungafika kanjani

Namuhla, i-Globe Theater kaShakespeare itholakala ku: New Globe Walk, SE1. Indlela elula yokufika lapho i-metro iyifinyelela esiteshini sase Cannon St, House House. Njengoba lesi sakhiwo singenasisekelo, kungenzeka ukuba umbukeli ekusebenzeni kwe-Globus Theatre kusukela ngoMeyi 19 kuya kuSeptemba 20. Ngesikhathi esifanayo unyaka wonke, hlela izinkambo zesakhiwo, okuvumela ukuba ungaboni isiteji kuphela kanye nehholo, kodwa nokuthi uhlelwe kanjani indawo nokubuyiselwa emuva. Futhi, izivakashi ziboniswa izingubo ezenziwe ngokusho kwemidwebo yekhulu le-17 kanye nezindawo zasendulo zaseshashalazini. Intengo yokuvakashela indawo yaseshashalazini njengamamyuziyamu wezobuciko beshashalazi kaShakespeare ingamakhilogremu angu-7 ebantwaneni kanye namapounds angu-11 kubantu abadala.

Manje uyayazi umlando wezemidlalo "Globe", futhi uyazi ukuthi ungafika kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinto ongazibona lapho.