Oxygen ifomula. ithebula Periodic --mpilo

Chemical isici -mpilo egcinwe eqenjini isikhathi sesibili VI-th eyinhloko akusebenzi inguqulo amafishane Periodic Table. Ngokusho nemithetho emisha izinombolo - kuyinto iqembu 16. Isinqumo elihambisana esenziwa IUPAC ngo-1988. Oxygen uyinto okulula ifomula - O _2. Cabanga impahla yayo esemqoka, indima ngokwemvelo futhi umnotho. Thina siqale incazelo lonke iqembu kohlelo gqwa, okuyinto iholwa umoya-mpilo. Elementi iyahluka kwenye congeners yayo kokuba chalcogen, namanzi kuhlukile hydrogen zezakhi sulphur, selenium futhi tellurium. Ukuchazwa wonke kuyizimpawu ukuze kutholakale, kuphela ukuze ufunde mayelana nesakhiwo kanye izakhiwo ye-athomu.

Chalcogens - izakhi ahlobene umoya-mpilo

izakhiwo Okufanayo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu akha iqembu elilodwa ohlelweni gqwa. Oxygen iholwa ozala chalcogens, kodwa uhluke eziningi izakhiwo.

Ungqimba athomu umoya - iqembu amadlozi - 16 a. .. E m chalcogen compounds lapho kumiswa i-hydrogen nezinsimbi abonise isimo sabo esivamile sokuphila namachibi -2. Ngokwesibonelo, eyakhiwa amanzi (H ₂ O) inombolo namachibi umoya-mpilo kuyinto -2.

Ukubunjwa ejwayelekile hydrogen chalcogen compounds formula jikelele: H ₂ R. nokonakala yalezi izinto akhiwa acid. Kuphela hydrogen kunenze nisondelane umoya - amanzi - anezakhi ezikhethekile. Ngokusho okutholakele ososayensi, lokhu ketshezi kuyinto engavamile futhi ebuthaka kakhulu acid, futhi isisekelo enganamandla kakhulu.

Sulphur, selenium futhi tellurium babe ejwayelekile isimo namachibi omuhle (+4, +6) e compounds zihlangana nomoya-mpilo namanye-non-izinsimbi kokuba electronegativity okusezingeni eliphezulu (EO). Ukwakheka chalcogen oxides kubonise ifomula jikelele: RO _2, RO _3. Banezinhliziyo Ukwakheka elihambisana acid: H ₂ RO _3, H ₂ RO _4.

Elements zivumelana izinto ezilula:-mpilo, isibabule, selenium, tellurium futhi polonium. Amalungu amathathu wokuqala abonise izakhiwo metallic. Oxygen Formula - Babalelwa _ku-2. ukuguqulwa Allotropic timphawu efanayo --ozone (O _3). Zombili izinhlobo amagesi. Sulphur kanye selenium - Solid okungezona izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Tellurium - metalloid izidakamizwa, wokuba umbhidisi kagesi, polonium - metal.

Oxygen - element ngobuningi

Okuqukethwe Imininingwane zama-athomu ezakhi sakhi uqweqwe eMhlabeni imayelana 47% (ngesisindo). Oxygen itholakala ifomu mahhala, noma njengengxenye uxhumano amaningi. izidakamizwa Simple, ogama formula O ₂ uku umkhathi, akha 21% emoyeni (by volume). umoya-mpilo kwamangqamuzana akusekelwe ziyoncibilika emanzini, kuba phakathi izinhlayiya inhlabathi.

Sesiyazi ukuthi kukhona olunye uhlobo ukhona efanayo element kwamakhemikhali ngendlela into elula. Lokhu-ozone - igesi ukwakha at km mayelana 30 kusukela ungqimba ebusweni, i-ozone ngokuvamile ngokuthi esibukweni. umoya-mpilo Bound ingena amangqamuzana amanzi edwaleni eziningi namaminerali, organic compounds.

Ukwakheka umoya-mpilo-athomu

ithebula Periodic iqukethe ulwazi oluphelele mayelana nomoya-mpilo:

1. Inombolo ye-serial element - 8.
2. icala yenuzi - +8.
3. Inombolo ephelele electron - 8.
4. Electronic-mpilo ifomula - 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2P ^4.

Emvelweni, kukhona isotopes ezintathu ezinzile, okuyinto abe namaswidi alingana ukulandelana ku Periodic Table, i Ukwakheka ezifanayo proton ne-electron, kodwa eziningi ezahlukene neutrons. Isotopes kuthiwa yi- lomfanekiso ofanayo - O. Ukuze uqhathanise eshadini elibonisa ukubunjwa isotopes ezintathu-mpilo:

Izakhiwo i-oksijini - isici chemical

On 2P athomu sublevel has electron ezimbili ayibhangqiwe, echaza ukubukeka namachibi -2 kanye +2. electron ababili abhanqiwe ayikwazi unqamula, ngezinga namachibi anda ezine njengoba e-sulphur nezinye chalcogenides. Isizathu - yokuntuleka sublayer khulula. Ngakho-ke, zezakhi timphawu chemical akusho abonise umoya-mpilo Valence kanye nenombolo isimo namachibi iqembu lingana ukulandisa okufutshane kohlelo gqwa (6). inombolo namachibi Isilinganiso kuyinto -2 ngaye.

Kuphela sasekhaya compounds ubukisa-mpilo uncharacteristic isimo namachibi omuhle ka +2 ngaye. EO ukubaluleka ezahlukene izimfanelo nonmetals ezimbili: EA (D) = 3.5; EE (F) = 4. Njengoba isici electronegative ngaphezulu, fluoro namandla azigcina Valence yayo electron futhi ikhanga izinhlayiyana ukuze sangaphandle amandla ezingeni kuyi-athomu ye-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, ukusabela nge sasekhaya ke mpilo ekunciphiseni ejenti ilahlekelwa electron.

Oxygen - into elula

umcwaningi D. IsiZulu uPriestley ngo-1774 ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo ezikhonjwe igesi ngu noqhekeko mercury oxide. Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, athi unesimo esifana injalo emsulwa kwaba K. Scheele. eminyakeni embalwa kuphela kamuva, usokhemisi French Antoine Lavoisier wathola ukuthi i-gas siyingxenye ye emoyeni, futhi wafundelwa izakhiwo. Chemical-mpilo ifomula - O _2. Veta ukuqopha Ukwakheka kwendaba electron iqhaza ekwakhiweni non-polar covalent isibopho - O O ::. Miselela ngamunye kunenze nisondelane electron bhanqa umugqa owodwa: O = O. umoya-mpilo ifomula okunjalo kubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ama-athomu e-molecule axhunyaniswa ngu amabili namabhuzu ezivamile electron.

Yenza izibalo ezilula futhi ukuthi liyini isihlobo mass yamangqamuzana-mpilo: Mr (O ₂₎ = Ar (O) x 2 = 16 x 2 = 32. Ukuze uqhathanise: (. Air) Mr = 29. Oxygen Chemical ifomula iyahluka kwenye i-ozone eyodwa yomoya-mpilo-athomu. Ngakho, Mr (O ₃₎ = Ar (O) x 3 = 48. Ozone-oksijini kusinda izikhathi 1.5.

izakhiwo

Oxygen - gas ngaphandle umbala, zokunambitha nokuhogela (ashisa ejwayelekile futhi ingcindezi esilingana umfutho womoya). Ingqikithi kancane ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho emoyeni; oncibilikayo emanzini, kodwa izinto eziningi ezincane. Ukuma-mpilo alivumi futhi -218,3 ° C. Iphuzu lapho umoya-mpilo liquid ukushintshwa ube igesi - kuyinto lokushisa yayo ukubila. O ₂ molecule Inani lale ubuningi ngokomzimba ifinyelela -182,96 ° C. Lolu ketshezi futhi okuqinile-mpilo iba nombala esiluhlaza.

Ukuthola i-oksijini endaweni yokucwaninga

Lapho ukufuthelana, umoya-mpilo-equkethe izinto ezifana potassium permanganate, lwabelwe igesi kungenambala okuyinto ingalandwa ku negabha noma tube. Uma wenza Okumsulwa-mpilo ithoshi ovuthayo, kushe akhanye kakhudlwana kuka emoyeni. enye indlela ezimbili laboratory-mpilo esikhiqiza - yokubola i-hydrogen peroxide kanye potassium chlorate (potassium chlorate). Cabanga kudivayisi wesifunda, isetshenziselwa noqhekeko ezishisayo.

Ngo ngamapayipi yokuhlola noma negabha round bottomed kuyadingeka ukuze uthele potassium chlorate kancane, ukuvala ngesivalo ngokudla ngamapayipi igesi yokuxhuma. Ekupheleni kwalo okuphambene kufanele ithunyelwe (kwamanzi) nabokhulumile sibheke phansi e umfuma. Intamo kufanele ezingekho ingilazi noma isikhunta wawugcwalisa ngamanzi. Lapho umoya-mpilo evuthayo ukhululeka usawoti tube chlorate. Njengoba singena tube umusi ku umfuma, displacing amanzi kuwo. Lapho isibani ligcwele igesi, kwamanzi alo avaliwe stoppered kanye nabokhulumile. Etholwe kule experiment laboratory, umoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa ukutadisha nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali efana elula.

esivuthayo

Uma elabhorethri ayisebenzisa ngayo amandla omlilo of izinto e-oksijini, kubalulekile ukuba bazi futhi benze ngokuvumelana neziqondiso umlilo. Hydrogen is combusted owavele emoyeni, exutshwe oksijini isilinganiso 2: 1, kuba evuthayo. izinto amandla omlilo-oksijini okumsulwa okukhulu kakhulu kunalokho emoyeni. Lokhu kuchazwe lo mkhuba emoyeni kwengoma. Oksijini emkhathini umane nje 1.5 izingxenye (21%). Amandla omlilo - a izinto ukuphendula umoya-mpilo, futhi umphumela waba imikhiqizo ehlukene, ikakhulukazi oxides of izinsimbi kanye nonmetals. ingxube Oxidising O ₂ izinto ezingase zibambe umlilo, ngaphezu, zezakhi okuholela kungaba anobuthi.

Amandla omlilo ikhandlela ezivamile (noma ukufana) ephelezelwa ukwakheka kwe-carbon dioxide. Ukuhlolwa okulandelayo engenziwa ekhaya. Uma imfuyo ukuba ashise ngaphansi embizeni ingilazi noma inkomishi ezinkulu, amandla omlilo kuyophela uma zonke oxygen yokuqothulwa. Nitrogen ayisekeli okumelwe uphefumule futhi ukhulume amandla omlilo. Carbon dioxide - namachibi umkhiqizo - awube usakwazi ukusisola nomoya-mpilo. Esobala limewater angathola khona -carbon dioxide phezu elivuthayo. Uma udlulisa imikhiqizo amandla omlilo ngokusebenzisa hydroxide calcium, ikhambi iba esinamafu. ukuphendula Chemical kwenzeka phakathi amanzi lime ne-carbon dioxide, etholwe zingaxazululeki-calcium carbonate.

Ukulungiselela i-oksijini ngezinga ezimbonini

Inqubo eshibhe, lapho ama-molecule etholakala mahhala umoya O _2, ongakaphathelani enifeza zamakhemikhali. Ngo umkhakha, isibonelo, Mills steel, emoyeni ashisa ongaphakeme futhi umfutho ophakeme kuncibilike. Okunjalo izingxenye ezinkulu asemkhathini njengomoya-mpilo kanye nitrogen, thumba ngaphansi kwamazinga ahlukahlukene okushisa. Olungasihlukanisa ingxube emoyeni nge ukufudumala kancane kancane ukuba lokushisa kuma. Okokuqala, i-nitrogen molecule ababonakali ngezikhundla bese umoya-mpilo. Indlela ngokuhlukana ezisuselwa kuzakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ngokomzimba izinto ezilula. Formula izidakamizwa okulula-mpilo kuyafana kwaba ngaphambi Ukupholisa ngomoya kanye liquefaction umoya, - O _2.

Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye electrolysis ukusabela, futhi, umoya-mpilo, eqoqwe phezu electrode okuhambisanayo. Negesi izidingo zezimboni, izinkampani zokwakha e omningi. Oxygen funa sikhulela njalo, ikakhulukazi iyalidinga embonini zamakhemikhali. Elondolozwe umkhiqizo igesi ngenhloso ezimbonini kanye wezokwelapha e-cylinder ensimbi, ifakwe wokugubha. Kuvele isigujana somoya-mpilo namabala ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma okwesibhakabhaka ukuze lihlukaniswe nezinye igesi liquified - nitrogen, i-methane, ammonia.

Chemical izibalo okusekelwe amafomula nezibalo ukusabela ezihilela O ₂ molecule

Inani kwamanani ka mass izinyo lomhlathi umoya-mpilo kuvumelana kwenye ubukhulu - isihlobo mass yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Kuphela esimweni sokuqala, kukhona amayunithi. Kafushane ifomula-mpilo izidakamizwa kanye nesisindo kwama-molecule ayo kufanele ibhalwe kanje: M (O ₂₎ = 32 g / Mol. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile imvukuzane yanoma yimuphi umthamo igesi oluhambisana 22.4 amalitha. Ngakho, 1 Mol O ₂ - kuyinto 22.4 amalitha izidakamizwa 2 amavukuzi O ₂ - 44,8 amalitha. Ngokwe-equation ukuthi bayavuma phakathi hydrogen ne-oksijini kuyabonakala ukuthi usabela 2 amavukuzi hydrogen nokukodwa imvukuzane umoya-mpilo:

Uma play ukusabela 1 Mol hydrogen, umoya-mpilo lemali 0.5 Mol • 22,4 l / Mol = 11.2 amalitha.

Indima O ₂ molecule ngokwemvelo futhi ukuphila komuntu

I-oksijini sokudliwa eziphilayo emhlabeni, nokungu-ehilelekile nokusakazwa izinto okwedlula iminyaka 3 billion. Lena yinto esiyinhloko kwezimila futhi umzimba, zibole molecule izakhi kuhlelwe umqondo ngu umzimba idinga amandla. Oxygen njalo kudliwe umhlaba, kodwa zigcine yayo agcwaliswa ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis. usosayensi Russian K. Timiryazev babekholelwa ukuthi ngenxa le nqubo kukhona ukuphila kule planethi yethu namanje.

Mkhulu indima oxygen nemvelo kanye umnotho:

• ugxile phakathi kwezimila eziphilayo;
• Kuhlanganisani ukusabela photosynthesis;
• ingxenye engqamuzaneni organic;
• kwamazinyo izinqubo, ukuvutshelwa, rusting zenzeka iqhaza-mpilo silokhu sikhonza njengamaphayona esikhathi oxidant;
• esetshenziselwa zamagama imikhiqizo organic.

I kuncibilike-mpilo amasilinda asetshenziselwa ukusika futhi Welding izinsimbi ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. Lezi izinqubo kwenziwe izitshalo umshini wokwakha, ezinkampanini zokuthutha nokwakhiwa. Ukuze umsebenzi ngaphansi kwamanzi, komhlaba, at kokuwa eliphezulu cleaner abantu futhi kudingeka O _2-molecule. Oxygen amathangi kusetshenziswa imithi ekucebiseni yokwakheka emoyeni imuncwe abantu abagulayo. Negesi ngezinhloso zokwelapha, libhekene bikho sekuyaphela amanyela lobuchwepheshe, iphunga.

Oxygen - the oxidizer ephelele

Akwaziwa-mpilo kwakwakhe nazo zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali we ishadi lesikhathi, ngaphandle abameleli lokuqala lomkhaya yamagesi ezingavamile. izinto eziningi ngqo ukuxubana ama-athomu oksijini, ngaphandle halogens, igolide ne-platinum. Lokubaluleke kakhulu kukhona izenzakalo ezihilela mpilo, ahambisana ukukhululwa kwe ukukhanya nokushisa. izinqubo ezinjalo kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekhaya futhi umkhakha. I imikhando metal ukusabela nge mpilo okuthiwa kokudubula. Oku-phansi ore ixubene emoyeni elingenawo umoya-lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu. Emazingeni aphezulu nokuvulwa izinsimbi kusukela sulfide ukuba izinto ezilula. etholwe Ngakho yensimbi kanti ezinye izinsimbi non-ayoni. Ukuba khona komoya-mpilo okumsulwa sithuthukisa izinga izinqubo ukukhiqizwa emagatsheni ahlukene yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, ubunjiniyela nelesimbi.

Ukubukeka indlela ezishibhile ngokukhiqiza i-oksijini evela emoyeni yokuhlala ngokuhlukana ku izingxenye zalo ashisa ongaphakeme, eye yavusa nasekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo eziningi ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Bemithi bakholwe-molecule O ₂ O-athomu omoya-enhle oxidizing ejenti. Lezi izinto zemvelo, bahlale kuvuselelwe ngokwemvelo, musa zingcolisa indawo esizungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho ke, ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali ezihilela-mpilo ngokuvamile bagcina nge zamagama esinye iwumkhiqizo wemvelo futhi luphephile - amanzi. Indima O ₂ ekususweni anobuthi zezimboni uhlanzekile amanzi angcolile kusuka ukungcola. Ngaphezu kwalokho i-oksijini isetshenziselwa magciwane zokuguqulwa yayo allotropic - i-ozone. Le into elula possesses umsebenzi okusezingeni eliphezulu oxidizing. Lapho amanzi ozonization ukubola ukungcola. Ozone futhi kungaba yingozi microflora pathogenic.