Kuyini amaprotheni? Izibonelo amaprotheni elula eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile amaprotheni, lwanele khumbula ibinzana eyaziwa kahle Fridriha Engelsa: ". Life - indlela khona imizimba amaprotheni" Eqinisweni, emhlabeni kulezi izinto ngaphezu acid nucleic, ukuba zonke izenzo ophilayo ndaba. Kuleli phephandaba, siyothola ukuthi liqukethe amaprotheni, itadishe lokho ukusebenza ke wenza kanye nokuchaza izici isakhi zinhlobo ezahlukene.

Peptides - polymers ehleleke kakhulu

Ngempela, kwengqamuzana ephilayo njengoba nezitshalo nezilwane amaprotheni quantitatively oqavile phezu kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, kanye isebenze abaningi kakhulu imisebenzi ehlukene. Bazibandakanye ezihlukahlukene izinqubo ezibalulekile kakhulu yeselula, ezifana ukuhamba, ukuvikelwa, umsebenzi alamu nokunye. Ngokwesibonelo, e kwemisipha izicubu bezilwane nabantu abavela peptides zimumethe kuze kufinyelele 85% ngesisindo sezinti ndaba ezomile, futhi amathambo dermis - kusukela 15-50%.

Zonke amaprotheni yeselula nezicubu yakhiwa amino acid (20 izinhlobo). Isibalo sawo eziphilayo njalo ulingana zinhlobo amabili. Ukusebenzelana okuhlukahlukene peptide monomers ukwakha ezihlukahlukene namaprotheni nemvelo. Kulinganiselwa inombolo yezinkanyezi of 2x10 ¹⁸ zilwane kungenzeka. Ngo-biochemistry polypeptides ngokuthi macromolecular polymers yemvelo - macromolecules.

amino acid - amaprotheni monomers

Zonke izinhlobo zalezi zamakhemikhali 20 ngamaphrotheni namayunithi kwesakhiwo babe ifomula jikelele NH ₂ -R-COOH. Ziyakwazi izinto amphoteric organic uyakwazi ukuzivocavoca kokubili izakhiwo eziyisisekelo futhi ene-asidi. amaprotheni elula nje kuphela, kodwa futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, aqukethe okuthiwa kubalulekile amino acid. Kodwa monomers ezibalulekile, njengokuthobeka valine, lysine, methionine kungatholakala kuphela ezithile izinhlobo belkov.Takie amaprotheni ukubizwa ngokuthi ephezulu grade.

Ngakho-ke, ngazo polymer ku-akhawunti hhayi kuphela indlela eziningi ama-amino acid kuyinto amaprotheni, kodwa futhi luhlobo luni monomers zihlangene ngu peptide izibopho ku macromolecule. Engeza ukuthi engabalulekile amino acid ezifana asparagine, glutamic acid, cysteine kungenzeka ngokuzimela kuhlelwe amaseli kwabantu nezilwane. monomers Essential ngamaphrotheni akhiqizwa amagciwane, izitshalo kanye isikhunta. Iza phambi eziphilayo heterotrophic kuphela ukudla.

Njengoba polypeptide ekhiqizwa

Njengoba yaziwa, 20 amino acid ezahlukene kungaba kuhambisane sebuningini izinhlobo amaprotheni molecule. ingabe kanjani yokubopha monomers nomunye? Kubonakala sengathi carboxyl futhi Amine amaqembu eduze amino acid elele uxhumana. A okuthiwa izibopho peptide, kanye nama-molecule yamanzi abelwe njengoba ovela eceleni ukuthi bayavuma polycondensation. I kwaphumela amaprotheni-molecule siqukethe acid acid izinsalela futhi iyisicefe peptide izibopho. Ngakho-ke nazo ngokuthi polypeptides.

Ngokuvamile, amaphrotheni ingaqukatha hhayi nje owodwa kodwa eziningana amaketanga polypeptide futhi aqukethe izinkulungwane eziningi amino acid izinsalela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphrotheni elula futhi proteid uyakwazi izinkinga ukumisa yabo ngekwendzawo. Lokhu kudala hhayi kuphela eyinhloko, kodwa futhi secondary, ephakeme ngisho nesakhiwo quaternary. Ake sihlole le nqubo kabanzi. Ukuqhubeka ukuhlola umbuzo kuyini iprotheni, uthole ukuthi yini ukucushwa onaleli macromolecule. Siye sathola ukuthi neketanga polypeptide ehlanganisa sebuningini covalent chemical izibopho. Kuyinto lesi sakhiwo sibizwa ngokuthi primary.

Kufeza indima ebalulekile i-ukwakheka ambalwa futhi qualitative of amino acid, kanye nokulandelana uxhumano yabo. kuphakama isakhiwo sesibili okwamanje we Helix. It kuzole abaningi abasanda abasafufusa hydrogen izibopho.

yamazinga aphakeme amaprotheni inhlangano

isakhiwo Tertiary kuwumphumela lokugoqa Kuvunguza uhlobo ibhola - globules, isib, imisipha amaprotheni myoglobin Indwangu has nje isakhiwo ngekwendzawo ezinjalo. It isekelwa njengoba esanda kwakhiwa hydrogen ukuboshwa, disulfide izibopho (uma cysteine izinsalela kuhlanganisa i-molecule amaningi amaprotheni). ifomu quaternary - lokhu kuwumphumela ngokuhlanganisa ibe uhlaka olulodwa globules eziningana amaprotheni by izinhlobo ezintsha ukuxhumana, njengokuthi hydrophobic noma electrostatic. Kanye peptides nesakhiwo quaternary kuhlanganisa ingxenye nonproteinaceous. Zingase zibekwe magnesium ion, iron, ithusi noma izinsalela orthophosphate noma acid nucleic, futhi lipids.

Izici amaprotheni biosynthesis

Siye ngaphambilini yathola ukuthi liqukethe amaprotheni. It is eyakhelwe amino acid ukulandelana. ungahlangani nebandla labo ku neketanga polypeptide senzeka ribosomes - organelles, nezitshalo nezilwane amaseli non-ulwelwesi. Esikhathini biosynthesis engqamuzaneni nazo bazibandakanye Imininingwane nokudluliselwa RNA. Eyokuqala kuyisibonelo amaprotheni inhlangano kanti eyesibili eveza acid ehlukahlukene acid. kukhona utalatiya inqubo biosynthesis yeselula, okungukuthi, amaprotheni siqukethe nucleotide noma amino acid? Impendulo ilula - the polypeptides ka alula nanzima aqukethe amphoteric organic compounds - amino acid. Ngo ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe amaseli , zikhona iinkhathi zokwenzeka yayo lapho zamagama amaprotheni isifika matasa. Lokhu okuthiwa J1 esiteji futhi J2 interphase. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-cell ngenkuthalo ezikhulayo futhi udinga eziningi zokwakha, okuyinto amaprotheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa mitotic amaseli ifomu isiphetho ezimbili indodakazi, ngamunye okuyinto edinga semali nezinto eziphilayo, kodwa eziteshini bushelelezi reticulum endoplasmic kuyinto zamagama asebenzayo of lipids kanye carbohydrate, futhi EPM luyimbudumbudu kwenzeka biosynthesis amaprotheni.

Imisebenzi amaprotheni

Ukwazi ukuthi yini eyenza i-protein, ungakwazi ukuqhubeka uyichaza ngokuthi ezihlukahlukene omkhulu zinhlobo, futhi izakhiwo esiyingqayizivele esivela lezi izinto. Amaphrotheni enze yezinyoni ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi, ezifana ukwakhiwa, njengengxenye Ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana wonke amaseli bese organelles: mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi, nokunye. peptides okunjalo njengoba gamoglobuliny noma omzimba - izibonelo amaprotheni elula ukuthi yenza umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Ngamanye amazwi, amasosha omzimba yeselula - lokhu kuwumphumela isinyathelo lezi izinto. A amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi - kakhiye, kanye-hemoglobin lucwaningo ezokuthutha isilwane umsebenzi, okungukuthi, ithwala umoya-mpilo egazini. Uphawu amaprotheni ezakha ulwelwesi cell, ulwazi cell ukunikeza ku izinto, bezama ukuthola e cytoplasm wakhe. peptide albumin unesibopho nemingcele eziyisisekelo legazi, ngokwesibonelo, ngekhono layo ihlule. Amaphrotheni ovalbumin isitokwe amaqanda yezinyoni, futhi umthombo oyinhloko izakhamzimba.

Amaprotheni - ngesisekelo cytoskeleton cell

Omunye wemisebenzi ebalulekile peptides - ukwesekwa. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba silondoloze ukuma nevolumu ngamangqamuzana aphilayo. Okubizwa ngokuthi isakhiwo submembrane - microtubules futhi microfilaments okwakuthandelene ukwakha skeleton sangaphakathi amaseli. Amaphrotheni kufakwe Ukwakheka yabo, isib, tubulin, kalula onomfutho futhi welulela. Lokhu kusiza iseli ulondoloze isimo yayo deformations lokukhanda.

Ngo isitshalo amaseli, kanye amaprotheni hyaloplasm, umsebenzi ukusekela futhi usebenze imicu cytoplasm - plasmodesmata. Kudlulwa ezimbotsheni ogangeni cell, babangela ubudlelwano phakathi eziningana izakhiwo amaselula ecashile ukuthi yakha nezicubu isitshalo.

Enzyme - into wamaprotheni nemvelo

Omunye izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu amaprotheni - nethonya lazo ngesilinganiso zamakhemikhali. amaprotheni Basic bayakwazi kancane denature - unwinding inqubo macromolecule e isakhiwo ephakeme noma quaternary. Zona efanayo polypeptide uchungechunge is kuyelelwe bonyana akukafaneli kuphulwe. denaturation kwengxenye esitholakala kokubili uphawu umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba amaprotheni. Impahla yokugcina yikhono enzyme ukuthonya izinga ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuyi-nucleus futhi cytoplasm amaseli. Peptides ukuthi, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunciphisa izinga izinqubo zamakhemikhali akabizanga enzyme inhibitor. Ngokwesibonelo, elula amaprotheni Catalase kuyinto-enzyme esheshisa wokuqhekeka hydrogen peroxide of ezinobuthi. It ikhiqizwa njengoba umkhiqizo ekupheleni ukusabela eziningi zamakhemikhali. Catalase ngesivinini ekuchithweni kwayo ukuze izinto hlangothi, amanzi kanye nowe-oxygen.

izakhiwo amaprotheni

I peptides ihlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, maqondana namanzi zingahlukaniswa zibe hydrophilic futhi hydrophobic. Temperature futhi ehlukile kuthinte isakhiwo nezakhiwo amangqamuzana amaprotheni. Ngokwesibonelo, amaprotheni yi-keratin - izinwele kanye nail ingxenye zingamelana lokushisa kokubili ongaphakeme futhi high, isb kuyinto thermolabile. Kodwa ovalbumin amaprotheni, okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni, lapho ukufuthelana 80-100 ° C libhujiswa ngokuphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi-ke ihlukaniselwe isakhiwo eyinhloko izinsalela acid acid. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ekubhujisweni. Kungakhathaliseki izimo, asizange dala, efomini bomdabu sibuyela amaprotheni bengayi. Motor amaprotheni - actin futhi milozin ekhona le micu kwemisipha. ukusikwa yabo enye futhi aziphumulele oluyisisekelo umsebenzi kwemisipha.