Halogens: izakhiwo ephathelene nomzimba namakhemikhali awo izakhiwo. Ukusetshenziswa zezakhi of halogens futhi yabo

I halogens ethebuleni gqwa kwesokunxele amagesi zasebukhosini. Lezi anobuthi yizakhi ezinhlanu metallic kufakwe iqembu 7 we Periodic Table. Lezi zihlanganisa sasekhaya, chlorine, uxhumano lokudlulisa, iodine kanye astatine. Nakuba astatine enemisebe futhi has kuphela isotopes eyesikhashana, ukuthi iziphatha njengoba iodine kanye Ibhekwa ukuze halogens. Njengoba izakhi Halogen kukhona eziyisikhombisa Valence electron, idinga electron extra eyodwa kuphela ukwakha OCTET ephelele. Lesi sici kuwenza bakhuthele kunamanye amaqembu okungezona izinto ezimbiwa phansi.

izici Jikelele

Halogens yakha i-molecule diatomic (X ₂ hlobo lapho X kuyinto Halogen) - ifomu-ezinzile khona halogens amaseli njengoba khulula. Imininingwane zishintshe diatomic kukhona nonpolar, futhi covalent olulodwa. I izakhiwo amakhemikhali halogens ubavumele ukuba kalula akha compounds oluxube kakhulu, ngakho basuke akalitholanga efomini olukhululekile ngokwemvelo. Fluoro - Halogen amaningi asebenzayo futhi astatine - kancane.

Zonke halogens iqembu -yimi nosawoti kanye izakhiwo efanayo. Kulezi compounds, halides abakhona njengoba anion halide nenkokhiso -1 (isib Cl ^-, Br ^-). Ukuphelisa -id libonisa khona anions halide; isib Cl ^- ngokuthi "chloride".

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo amakhemikhali halogens ubavumele ukwenza ejenti njengoba oxidizing - izinsimbi oxidized. zamakhemikhali Iningi ezihilela halogens - redox e ikhambi aqueous. Halogens izibopho olulodwa carbon noma nitrogen organic compounds, lapho degree of namachibi (CO) uyalingana -1. Lapho ukufaka endaweni ngumuntu Halogen athomu covalently eboshiwe hydrogen atom e i egcekeni organic, halo Isiqalo lingasetshenziswa ngomqondo ovamile, noma ticalo fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- - halogens ethize. izakhi Halogen ungase ube isibopho ezabekwa zakha izinhlayiya diatomic nge polar izibopho covalent olulodwa.

Chlorine (Cl ₂₎ kwaba Halogen kuqala wavula ngo-1774, ngesikhathi ke wavula iodine (I _2), uxhumano lokudlulisa (Br _2), fluorine (F ₂₎ kanye astatine (Ngezinye, wathola okokugcina 1940 YG). Igama elithi "Halogen" lisuselwa esiGrekini impande hal- ( «usawoti») kanye -Gen ( «ifomu"). Ndawonye, la magama asho "usawoti-ukwakha", egcizelela iqiniso lokuthi Halogen ihlangana izinsimbi ukwakha nosawoti. Halite - igama rock usawoti, amaminerali yemvelo yakhiwa sodium chloride (NaCl). Ekugcineni, Halogen asetshenziswe ekhaya - iqukethe fluoride emuthini wokuxubha, chloro zokukhipha igciwane amanzi okuphuza, iodine futhi ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwama-hormone egilo.

izakhi zamakhemikhali

Fluoro - isici nge isethi yemiphumela 9, luchazwa ngegama F. sasekhaya zokucathula elaqala ukutholwa ngo-1886 g by ukuzihlalela ke kusukela hydrofluoric acid.. In the state khulula ikhona ngesimo fluoro molecule diatomic (F ₂₎ futhi iyona Halogen ezivamile, e koqweqwe. Fluoro - elementi electronegative iningi ishadi lesikhathi. Ekamelweni lokushisa, igesi ugodo ephuzi. Fluorine futhi linomkhawulo elincane le-athomu. CO Ezazimzungezile - -1 ngaphandle zokucathula isimo diatomic lapho esimweni saso namachibi zero. Fluoro kakhulu amakhemikhali esebenzayo kanye nazo zonke izakhi ngaphandle helium (He), neon (Ne) kanye argon (Ar) kuwuthinta ngqo. I-H ₂ O isixazululo, hydrofluoric acid (hf) kuyinto asidi. Nakuba fluoro electronegative kakhulu, electronegativity zayo ukucacisa asidi; Hf kuyinto asidi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ion fluoride kuyinto eyisisekelo (pH> 7). Ngaphezu kwalokho, fluoro ukhiqiza oxidants enamandla kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, fluorine kungaba asabela ne inert igesi Xenon futhi yakha eziqinile oxidant Xenon difluoride (XeF _2). In izicelo eziningi-fluoride.

Chlorine - isici nge isethi yemiphumela 17 futhi uphawu chemical Cl. Kutholakele ngo-1774 ngu g. Lihlukaniswe hydrochloric acid. Enkulumweni yayo zokucathula akha molecule diatomic Cl _2. Chlorine has eziningana SB -1, 1, 3, 5 no 7. Ngezinye Igumbi lokushisa ke ungukukhanya igesi oluhlaza. Njengoba uthando olwakheka ukuthi phakathi athomu amabili chlorine, ibuthakathaka, Cl _2-molecule has a ikhono eliphezulu kakhulu ukungena uxhumano. Chlorine ihlangana izinsimbi ukwakha nosawoti, ababiziweyo chloride. Chloride ion kukhona ion ngobuningi eziqukethwe emanzini asolwandle. Chlorine Ubuye isotopes ezimbili: ³⁵ Cl futhi ³⁷ Cl. Sodium chloride Kuhlobana ezivame kakhulu zonke chloride.

Uxhumano lokudlulisa - isici chemical ne-athomu inombolo 35 futhi uphawu Br. Waqale zatholakala e 1826 ngesimo uxhumano lokudlulisa aphansi kuyinto-molecule diatomic, Br _2. Ekamelweni lokushisa, iwuketshezi iba nsundu ngokubomvu. CO Ezazimzungezile - -1, ukubeka +1, 3, 4 no-5 bromo ngaphezulu asebenzayo kuka-iodine, kodwa mancane asebenzayo kuka chlorine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bromo IKhompyuthaYami has ezimbili ⁷⁹ Br futhi ⁸¹ Br. Uxhumano lokudlulisa kwenzeka ifomu nosawoti bromide, ziyoncibilika emanzini asolwandle. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma bromide emhlabeni ikhuphuke kakhulu ngenxa ukutholakala kwayo, kanye nemphilo lendze. Njengezinye halogens uxhumano lokudlulisa kanye oxidant kuba enobuthi kakhulu.

Iodine - chemical isici nge isethi yemiphumela 53 uphawu I. namachibi iodine has: -1, +1, +5 futhi +7. Kukhona ngesimo molecule diatomic, mina _2. Ezingeni lokushisa elilingana ketshezi okuqinile kuyinto onsomi. Iodine has eyodwa IKhompyuthaYami esitebeleni - ¹²⁷ I. Okokuqala zatholakala e 1811, ngosizo ulwelwe kanye sulfuric acid. Okwamanje, kungenziwa ion iodine isehlane emanzini olwandle. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iodine akuyona oncibilikayo kakhulu emanzini, solubility yayo kungase kukhule lapho usebenzisa iodides ehlukile. Iodine linendima ebalulekile emzimbeni, ezihlanganyela ukukhiqizwa kwama-hormone egilo.

Astatine - isici enemisebe nenani le-athomu 85 futhi uphawu Ngezinye. namachibi zayo kungenzeka uthi -1, 1, 3, 5 no 7. Halogen kuphela akuyona i-molecule diatomic. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, i-metallic kanzima impahla abamnyama. Astatine liyisici ezingavamile kakhulu, kuncane kakhulu mayelana embonakalisile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, astatine has a esifushane kakhulu nengxenye-ukuphila, akukho isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora ambalwa. Tholakele ngo-1940 ngenxa zamagama. Kukholakala ukuthi astatine efana iodine. Libhekene metallic izakhiwo.

Ithebula elingezansi libonisa isakhiwo athomu Halogen, isakhiwo olwelwesini electron.

isakhiwo esinjalo kubangela olwelwesini electron ukuthi izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali afana halogens. Nokho, uma kuqhathaniswa lezi zinto futhi umehluko uyalandelwa.

izakhiwo Periodic Halogen iqembu

Izakhiwo zanoma izinto okulula Halogen eshintshile okwandisa neenomborosikhundla timphawu. Ukuze ukumuncwa kangcono futhi okuvula, sinikeza kuwe amatafula ambalwa.

Ukuncibilika ukubila amaphuzu e ukwanda iqembu nge okwandisa usayizi engqamuzaneni (F

Ithebula 1. halogens. Izakhiwo: ukuncibilika ukuvala abacaphuni

• I-athomu engaba iyakhula.

ikhenela usayizi inyuka (F

Ithebula lesi-2: Halogen. Izakhiwo: radii-athomu

• ionization amandla incipha.

Uma zangaphandle Valence electron ungekho eduze nucleus, ukuze kususwe yabo ayidingi amandla amaningi kuwo. Ngakho, amandla awadingayo ukuze ejection electron yangaphandle akuyona okusezingeni eliphezulu ngakho engxenyeni engezansi iqembu izakhi njengoba kukhona amazinga amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, high amandla ionization kubangela isici ukukhombisa izinga non-metallic. izakhiwo metallic ngoba amandla ionization kuyehla (Ngezinye

Ithebula 3. halogens. Izakhiwo: ionisation amandla

• Electronegativity incipha.

Isibalo Valence electron i inyuka athomu ne bandise amandla emazingeni ngokuqhubekayo aphansi. Electron kukhona kancane kancane ezikude nengaphakathi; Ngakho, i-nucleus futhi electron kungukuthi njengoba bakhangane. Ukwanda Ukuhlolwa khona. Ngakho-ke Electronegativity incipha nge okwandisa inkathi (Ngezinye

Ithebula 4. halogens. Izakhiwo: electronegativity

• Electron ziyezwana incipha.

Njengoba ubukhulu inyuka athomu nge sikhathi, kokusondelana electron ngokuvamile encishisiwe (B

Ithebula 5. Affinity Halogen electron

• izakhi reactivity incipha.

Reactivity ka Halogen incipha nge okwandisa inkathi (Ngezinye

i-chemistry Inorganic. Hydrogen + halogens

Halide aba khona uma uphonsa Halogen is asabela ngayo nabanye, isici esingaphansi electronegative ukwakha kwakwakhe kanambambili. Hydrogen ihlangana halogens ukwakha HX halides lwemsebenti:

• hydrogen fluoride hf;
• chloride HCl;
• hydrogen bromide HBr;
• hydrogen iodide HI.

hydrogen halides kuthiwa yahlakazeka kalula emanzini ukwakha hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic acid). I izakhiwo zalezi acid banikwa ngezansi.

I acid ezakhiwe ukusabela elandelayo: HX (aq) + H ₂ O (l) → X ^- (aq) + H ₃ O ⁺ (aq).

Zonke-hydrogen halide ukwakha oqinile acid, ngaphandle hf.

Asidi inyuka acid hydrohalic: hf

Hydrofluoric acid kungaba etch ingilazi kanye fluorides ezithile wezinto isikhathi eside.

Kungase kubonakale okungenangqondo ukuthi hf umpofu hydrohalic acid, kusukela sasekhaya ngokwayo electronegativity okusezingeni eliphezulu. Noma kunjalo H-F isibopho unamandla kakhulu, okubangela enganamandla kakhulu acid. Ukuba nobuhlobo obuqinile ebizwa ngokuthi i-short isibopho ubude dissociation amandla amakhulu. Kuzo zonke halides hydrogen hf has emfushane uxhumano ubude ngobukhulu isibopho dissociation amandla.

Halogen oxoacids

Halogen OXO acid kukhona acid ne-athomu omoya-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo futhi Halogen. asidi yabo kungaba azimisele ngokuhlaziya isakhiwo. Halogen oxoacids ethulwa ngezansi:

• Hypochlorous acid, HOCl.
• Chlorous acid HClO _2.
• Chloric acid HClO _3.
• Perchloric acid HClO _4.
• Hypobromous acid, HOBr.
• Bromic acid, HBrO _3.
• Perbromic acid HBrO _4.
• Hypoiodous acid Hoi.
• Iodic acid HIO _3.
• Metayodnaya acid HIO4, H5IO6.

Esimweni ngasinye kulezi acid proton nakanjani athomu oksijini, ngakho Ukuqhathanisa isibopho ubude proton kukhona alunamsebenzi. Iqhaza evelele udlalwa lapha electronegativity. Asidi kwanda kuya kuma-athomu e-oksijini banamathele athomu emaphakathi.

Ukuvela futhi isimo ndaba

I izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama halogens kungenziwa kafushane obonakaliswe ithebula.

incazelo ukubukeka

Umbala kuwumphumela halogens ukumuncwa ukukhanya libonakale molecule okubangela electron yavusa. Fluoro ubamba violet ukukhanya, futhi ngenxa yalokho ubukeka ophuzi okhanyayo. Iodine, ngokuphambene, edonsa ukukhanya yellow futhi kubukeka onsomi (yellow kanye purple - imibala aphelele). umbala Halogen iba mnyama kanye nongqi okwandisa.

I ziqukathi uxhumano lokudlulisa ketshezi iodine okuqinile zilingana nge umusi walo, okungase waphawula njengoba igesi anemibala.

Nakuba engaziwa umbala astatine, kunenkolelo yokuthi kufanele ube i-iodine mnyama (t. E. Black) ngokuhambisana iphethini uyalandelwa.

Manje, uma babuzwa ukuthi: "Chaza Izakhiwo zanoma halogens," ozokusho.

I degree of namachibi of halogens e compounds

I degree of namachibi livame ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni "Valence ka halogens." Ngokuvamile, isimo namachibi elilingana -1. Kodwa uma Halogen ixhunyaniswe omunye umoya-mpilo noma Halogen, kungathatha ezinye zithi:-mpilo -2 SB kuza. Endabeni ka ezahlukene athomu amabili Halogen zihlanganiswa ndawonye ngaphezulu athomu electronegative evelele futhi kuthatha CO -1.

Ngokwesibonelo, e-chloride iodine (ICl) kuyinto chloro CO -1, +1 iodine. Chlorine kuyinto electronegative ezingaphezu kuka-iodine, ngakhoke CO ilingana -1.

I bromic acid (HBrO ₄₎ nomoya-mpilo has a CO -8 (-2 x 4 = -8 athomu). Hydrogen has Imininingwane inombolo namachibi +1. Ukwengezwa lezi zimiso ezimbili unika CO -7. Kusukela kwakwakhe yokugcina SB kufanele kube zero, i-CO kuyinto eziyisikhombisa uxhumano lokudlulisa.

Ukukhethwa wesithathu kulesi simiso degree of namachibi we Halogen efomini zokucathula (X _2), lapho CO yayo kulingana zero.

Kungani nge sasekhaya njalo -1?

Electronegativity kwandisa nge sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, i-sasekhaya has electronegativity kunazo zonke izakhi, njengoba kufakazelwa isikhundla salo ishadi lesikhathi. ukumiswa kwalo electronic 1s ² 2s ² 2P ^5. Uma fluoride uthola omunye electron, kakhulu p orbitals agcwaliswa ngokuphelele futhi yakha OCTET ephelele. Ngenxa sasekhaya has a electronegativity okusezingeni eliphezulu, it kalula ukhetha electron kusuka kuma-atom angomakhelwane. Fluoride kulokhu isoelectronic igesi engaxubani namakhemikhali (nge eziyisishiyagalombili Valence electron) nazo zonke orbitals yayo yangaphandle egcwele. Kuleli zinga, fluorine uzinzile kakhulu.

I ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa halogens

Ngokwemvelo, the halogens ngaso anion, ngakho Halogen khulula kuveza namachibi ngu-electrolysis noma oxidants. Ngokwesibonelo, chlorine is eyenziwe hydrolysis solution sodium chloride. Ukusetshenziswa halogens futhi compounds zabo ezingafani.

• I-fluoride. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi sasekhaya kuyinto esisheshayo kakhulu, isetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba iBombela polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nezinye fluoropolymers. Chlorofluorocarbons kukhona organic amakhemikhali ukuthi uke lisetshenzisiwe refrigerants futhi propellants e aerosols. isicelo sabo iyeke ngenxa umthelela wabo kungenzeka emvelweni. Bona kwathathelwa indawo hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Fluorine sengezwe wokuxubha (SnF ₂₎ futhi amanzi okuphuza (NAF) ukuvimbela ukubola kwamazinyo. I Halogen kuqukethwe ubumba ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza uhlobo oluthile zobumba (Lif), kusetshenziswa amandla enuzi (UF ₆₎ ukuthola imithi elwa namagciwane fluoroquinolone, alumina (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ for ukwahlukanisa ephezulu imishini voltage (SF _6).
• Chlorine futhi uthole ezihlukahlukene ukusetshenziswa. Isetshenziselwa magciwane amanzi okuphuza kanye okubhukuda. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) iyona Isakhi esiyinhloko amakhorali amanxusa. Hydrochloric acid is kabanzi embonini kanye laboratories. Chlorine ekhona polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nezinye polymers ezisetshenziswa ukwahlukanisa izintambo, amashubhu nangezinto zobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chlorine bekulokhu ewusizo embonini eyenza imithi. Ukuthaka imithi aqukethe chlorine, asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo, yokungezwani komzimba kanye nesifo sikashukela. Ngiphakathi nendawo hydrochloride ifomu - isakhi kwezidakamizwa eziningi. Chlorine liyasetshenziswa abilayo imishini esibhedlela kanye magciwane. Kwezolimo, chlorine wumkhakha kwabaningi izibulala-zinambuzane commercial DDT (dihlorodifeniltrihloretan) lalisetshenziswa njenge-zinambuzane okulinywayo kuyo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalo wayekwa.

• Uxhumano lokudlulisa, ngenxa nonflammability yayo, wasebenzisa ekuvimbeleni amandla omlilo. Ibuye ibe methyl bromide, izinambuzane osetshenziswa isitoreji zezilimo ukucindezelwa kwamagciwane. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile methyl bromide inqanyuliwe ngenxa nethonya layo ungqimba lwe-ozone. Uxhumano lokudlulisa isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni uphethiloli, negative, mlilo, imithi yokwelapha i-pneumonia futhi isifo i-Alzheimer.
• Iodine udlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle indlala yegilo. Uma umzimba engakutholi iodine eyanele, le ndlala yegilo luyanda. Ngokuba nokuvimbela goiter Halogen asebenzayo ungeze kusawoti. Iodine liyasetshenziswa njengoba isinqandakuvunda. Iodine iqukethwe izixazululo esetshenziselwa ukuhlanzwa amanxeba avulekile futhi e izifutho magciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iodide esiliva kubalulekile esithombeni.
• Astatine - enemisebe futhi ezingavamile emhlabeni Halogen, ngakho ngaphezulu alisetshenziswa. Kukholakala ukuthi lesi sici kungasiza iodine ukulawulwa hormone.