Umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba amaprotheni: izibonelo. Imisebenzi esemqoka amaprotheni

Amaphrotheni kuthiwa zemvelo organic compounds okuyinto akheke macromolecular. I-molecule lezi izinto kuyinto nerazvetvlyayuschimsya polymer. Amaphrotheni Akhiwa kusuka 20 amino acid. Ziyakwazi molecule kwesakhiwo iyunithi ubuncane - monomer. Zonke izingxenye kuhlobene amaprotheni polypeptide, ngamanye amagama - a urea, isixhumanisi eside ngokwanele iketanga. Kulokhu, isisindo yamangqamuzana kungaba lisukela ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuze kube izigidi zama-athomu.

Yini engase ibe amaprotheni

Ukuze sithole Umsebenzi oyinhloko wamaprotheni abalulekile ekudleni kwengxenye, kubalulekile ukuqonda isakhiwo yalezi izinto. Okwamanje kukhona ezimbili zalesi sitshalo ingxenye yomuntu obalulekile: fibrous futhi globular. Uwahlukanise ikakhulukazi ngenxa umehluko isakhiwo engqamuzaneni amaprotheni.

izidakamizwa Globular kahle encibilikayo hhayi kuphela emanzini kodwa futhi usawoti izixazululo. Ngakho i-molecule amaprotheni enjalo has simise eyindilinga. a solubility okunjalo okuhle kungaba kalula wachaza indawo icala acid acid izinsalela, okuyinto sizungezwe igobolondo hydration, phezu kobuso globule. Yilokhu inikeza oxhumana enjalo obuhle kumakhemikhali awuketshezi ahlukahlukene. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izingxenye eqenjini globular kuhlanganisa zonke enzyme, kanye amaprotheni cishe zonke eziphila abakhuthele.

Ngokuphathelene izinto lunemicu molecule awo akheke fibrous. Umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba amaprotheni kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kunzima ukucabanga nokwenza kwayo ngaphandle adjuvants. amaprotheni Fibrillar musa chaza noma yiliphi ikhambi usawoti, noma emanzini abavamile. molecule awo ahlelwe okufanayo emaketangeni polypeptide. Izinto ezinjalo zinengxenye kumiswa ezinye timphawu tesakhiwo kwezicubu zezinzwa. It mithambo ine-elastin, yi-keratin, kuyi-collagen.

Iqembu olukhethekile amaprotheni eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto zihlanganisa hhayi kuphela acid acid kodwa futhi nucleic acid, ama-carbohydrate kanye nezinye izinto. Konke lokhu izakhi zidlala indima ebalulekile. Okubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba amaprotheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezinjalo kukhona icebo zombala zokuphefumula, ama-hormone, kanye isivikelo yimuphi umzimba. Biosynthesis amaprotheni wenziwa phezu ribosome. Le nqubo kunqunywa umthombo ukusakaza acid nucleic.

Umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba amaprotheni

Catalysis izinto ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali - umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu amaprotheni. izinqubo ezifanayo yenziwa enzyme. Ingabe amaprotheni ukuthi babe izakhiwo ezithile okhanda amanye amathuba. Ngayinye yalezi izinto ingase ithwale eyodwa noma ezimbalwa ukusabela okufanayo. Enzyme catalyze inqubo cleavage ka yezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zamagama abo. Ngenye indlela, ukusabela libizwa catabolism futhi anabolism. Umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba amaprotheni Kuhilela ukukhanda DNA ukufanisana futhi RNA zamagama-matrix.

Kuyini catalysis

Kakade ngawo-2013, ososayensi bathola izinto kancane kuka 5000 enzyme. Lezi izinto bayakwazi ukuthonya Yiqiniso ephelele cishe zakho konke ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ukuze babe umsebenzi kucace kakhudlwana okhanda amanye amathuba amaprotheni, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yini catalysis. Nge ngolimi lwesiGreki lo mqondo ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukumisa". Catalysis ushintsho ukugeleza Isivinini yanoma yimuphi ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu kwenzeka ngaphansi isenzo compounds ezithile. Enzyme njengesithiyo amaprotheni kulethe. Izibonelo zalesi simo zitholakala njalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Vele indoda akusho ukuqaphela.

ISIBONELO umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi isenzo enzyme, kuhle ukucabangela izibonelo ezimbalwa. Ngakho, liyini umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba amaprotheni. izibonelo:

1. Phakathi photosynthesis ribulezobifosfatkarboksilaza catalysis inikeza nenkanuko edlulele CO _2.
2. Hydrogen peroxide is wajinge wanamatsela kunomoya-mpilo namanzi.
3. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA.
4. Amylase kuba uhlaba uyakwazi isitashi ukuba maltose.
5. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezinga carbonic acid: CO ₂ + H ₂ O + HCO ₃ ⁺ H.

Umsebenzi okhanda amanye amathuba amaprotheni kuyinto ukusheshisa iyiphi kugucuka zamakhemikhali. Lihlobene efanayo ukusabela zamagama, nokwahlukana ejenti, ama-athomu ngabanye noma ukudlulisa ama-electron komunye ingxenye kwenye.

ukusebenza kwezithuthi

imisebenzi ebalulekile yengqamuzana ngayinye kumele inakekelwe izinto ezahlukene ezingesiyo kuphela zabo ezibonakalayo ukwakhiwa, kodwa futhi uhlobo amandla. imisebenzi eziphilayo zihlanganisa amaprotheni ezokuthutha. Lezi zingxenye ayanikezelwa kuseli zonke ndaba ebalulekile, ngoba nolwelwesi zakhiwa izingqimba eziningana lipids. Kulapha futhi kukhona ezihlukahlukene amaprotheni. Kulokhu, izifunda hydrophilic zonke igxile kwamanzi futhi imisila - e ukushuba we ulwelwesi. Lesi sakhiwo ayikuvumeli ukuba ukungena cell izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu - ion of izinsimbi alikhali, amino acid kanye ushukela. Amaphrotheni bathunyelwa zonke lezi izingxenye zibe amaseli umsoco yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-hemoglobin ethuthela umoya-mpilo.

yokwamukela

Umsebenzi oyinhloko amaprotheni hhayi kuphela ukunikeza amandla amaseli eziphilayo, kodwa futhi ezisiza ekuboneni amasignali avela zangaphandle imvelo kanye angomakhelwane cells. Isibonelo kunazo yesiteleka zalesi simo - yokwamukela acetylcholine, esemgwaqweni ku ulwelwesi othintana mayelana interneural. Inqubo ngokwaso kubaluleke kakhulu. Amaphrotheni enze yokwamukela umsebenzi kanye nokuxhumana zabo acetylcholine kuboniswa ngendlela ethize. Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi isignali iseli ngocansi. Nokho, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, neurotransmitter kumelwe kususwe. Kuphela kuleli cala, iseli bazokwazi ukuthola uphawu olusha. It is lo msebenzi wenziwa omunye enzyme - atsetilholtnesteraza eyenza eqhekeza up gidrolizatsetilholina choline futhi acetate.

Avikelayo

Amasosha omzimba yanoma yimuphi ophilayo bakghone ukuphendula okuvela izinhlayiya angaphandle emzimbeni. Kulokhu, amaprotheni icushiwe umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Emzimbeni, kukhona ukuthuthukiswa inombolo enkulu lama-lymphocyte, ekwazi kungalimaza i pathogenic bacterium, macromolecules, nezinye amangqamuzana omdlavuza. Enye yalezi amaqembu izinto isizukulwane esilandelayo amaprotheni ethize - immunoglobulin, ayisiza. Kuyinto ukwabiwa lezi izinto egazini. I immunoglobulin, ayisiza ukuqaphela izinhlayiya angaphandle bese bakha ethize eziyinkimbinkimbi ethize kakhulu ekubhujisweni esiteji. kwenziwe Ngakho umsebenzi ayisivikelo amaprotheni.

kwesakhiwo

amaprotheni umsebenzi kuseli angaliboni ngoba indoda. Ezinye izinto kukhona ukubaluleka ikakhulukazi kwesakhiwo. Lezi amaprotheni ukunikeza amandla mechanical ezicutshini ngamunye eziphilayo. Okokuqala, kungcono kuyi-collagen. Lona Isakhi esiyinhloko matrix extracellular kuzo zonke izicubu zezinzwa emzimbeni eziphilayo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezincelisayo-collagen kwenza 25% wenani isisindo ingqikithi amaprotheni. Synthesis le ngxenye kwenzeka fibroblasts. Lawa amaseli eziyisisekelo iyiphi ezicutshini. Ekuqaleni kwakhiwa procollagen. Lokhu kwaziswa kuyinto eyandulela futhi afakwe imithi yokuwahlanza, esakhiwa ngo namachibi of hydroxyproline ukuba proline izinsalela, futhi gidrksilina lysine izinsalela. Collagen ikhiqizwa ngesimo peptide ngamaketanga amathathu, uwenze ube Kuvunguza.

Akukona konke imisebenzi amaprotheni. Biology - ngempela wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba abone futhi bakubone izenzakalo eziningi ezenzeka emzimbeni womuntu. Ngalinye umsebenzi amaprotheni kudlala indima ekhethekile. Ngakho, emisipheni nokunwebeka, ezifana wamaphaphu, isitsha igazi izindonga sesikhumba mithambo ine-elastin. Lokhu amaprotheni uyakwazi yokwelula bese ubuyela ukuma yayo yasekuqaleni.

motor amaprotheni

Imisipha - inchubo lapho ukuguquka amandla egcinwe ngesimo ATP-molecule e macroergic pyrophosphate ukuxhumana, okungukuthi ku-umsebenzi lokukhanda. Kulokhu, umsebenzi we amaprotheni kuseli usebenze myosin futhi actin. Ngamunye wabo has izici zayo siqu.

Myosin ine isakhiwo engavamile. Lokhu amaprotheni siqukethe filamentary ingxenye ngokwanele eside - umsila, kanye namakhanda eziningana globular. Myosin ikhishwe, ngokuvamile ngesimo hexamer. kwakhiwa Le ngxenye is more ngokuphelele ezifanayo polypeptide ngamaketanga, ngamunye ephethe isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinkulungwane 200, futhi 4 amaketanga isisindo kabani yamangqamuzana kuyinto ayizinkulungwane 20 kuphela.

Actin kuyinto amaprotheni globular okuyinto unekhono polymerize. Lapho le nto yakha isakhiwo ngokwanele eside, okuthiwa F-actin. Kuphela ingxenye simo ngokuvamile uxhumana myosin.

Izibonelo Imisebenzi esemqoka amaprotheni

Umzuzwana ngamunye kumaseli we eziphilayo kwenzeke izinqubo ezihlukahlukene okuyinto ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle amaprotheni. Isibonelo yokwamukela umsebenzi izinto ezinjalo singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela umlayezo amaseli adrenoceptor ukubusa adrenaline. Lapho wadalula noqhekeko ukukhanya kwe-rhodopsin. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa iqala ukusabela futhi Wand waphenduka.

Ngokuphathelene izici kwesakhiwo, iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu kule ndaba zingakhiqiza umphumela collagen. Lokhu kwaziswa kunikeza izicubu zezinzwa okunwebeka okukhulu.

Isibonelo umsebenzi ukuthuthwa-hemoglobin Siyanda umoya-mpilo emzimbeni ophilayo.

Ekuphetheni

Lena bonke eziyisisekelo imisebenzi yemvelo amaprotheni. Ngamunye wabo ibaluleke kakhulu eziphilayo. Kulesi umsebenzi othize wenziwa amaprotheni okuhambisanayo. Ukungabikho izingxenye ezifana kungabangela eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa kwezitho ezithile futhi izinhlelo emzimbeni.