Kuyini MAC? Maximum lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe izidakamizwa eziyingozi emoyeni

MPC ezingcolisayo - kuyasiza kuvunyelwe le elonakalisayo chemical compounds eziqukethwe inhlabathi, amanzi noma emoyeni ukuthi akuphazamisi - omubi ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile - ku eziphilayo. Amanani kwamayunithi afaneleko zinqunywa izifundo toxicological.

Izimpawu MPC njengoba imitha

Iyini i-MAC e isiqondiso emvelweni? Lolu uphawu olukhulu lokuthi eyinhloko ngemvelo zezimboni, okuyinto waqondisa wonke amabhizinisi ezimbonini. MAC amagugu izinto etholakala futhi isakazwe uhlobo isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali nemiphumela toxicological ku eziphilayo. amazinga isimo Aqine, ukuhambisana okuyinto esiyisibopho.

Kuye imvelo, equkethe izinto ezilimazayo, ulinganiswa MPC:

• mg / DM ³ - bakala hydrosphere;
• mg / m ³ - nesilinganiso emkhathini futhi emoyeni isikhala sabasebenzi;
• mg / kg - ukunquma Inkomba emhlabathini.

Lapho lantambama umkhawulo amagugu acabangele nethonya elilimazayo hhayi kuphela abantu kodwa futhi zonke izinto eziphilayo bebonke. ukuhambisana Wokulawula ungagcina yonke ecosystem, hhayi zilwane ngazinye eziningi zezilwane nezimila.

ngezigaba

MPC izidakamizwa eziyingozi, kuye ngezinga of umthelela eziphilayo zihlukaniswe 4 izigaba ingozi:

1. Mina eklasini - kuyingozi kakhulu.
2. Class II - kuyingozi kakhulu.
3. III ekilasini - eziyingozi.
4. IV ekilasini - ngokulinganisela yingozi.

Kuye amaqembu ingozi izesekeli ukungcola, eshintsha MAC kanye yokuhlala isikhathi yayo imvelo eziphilayo ebukhoneni zamakhemikhali.

izinhlobonhlobo MPC

Kuye ngemigomo yekuhlola kwemvelo kuhoxiswe amagugu eziningana MPC.

Ukwaba izingxenye zezimboni:

• MPCwa - isetshenziselwa ukuhlola isimo impilo isimo endaweni ukusebenza. Le ndawo abasebenza - isikhala lapho izisebenzi umsebenzi, ehlanganisa 2 amamitha phezulu endaweni yesikhulumi. Coefficient eveza inani ezingcolisayo emoyeni, akubangi kwezinso e empilweni yomuntu amashumi eminyaka.
• PDKp.p. - ime phandle izitshalo zezimboni noma ukuhlukanisa isayithi. Ngokuvamile, njengoba ukubaluleka kokuthatha ukubaluleka 0.3 MPCwa

Ukuze ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, kunezinye izindinganiso zezemvelo asemkhathini, okuyinto kunqunywa lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• PDKn.p. - inani contaminant ovumelekile emkhathini kwalesi sigodi. Endaweni ehlukile, isilinganiso nsuku zonke ukukhululwa amazinga kanye esiphezulu ukungcola olulodwa.
• PDKm.r. - inani contaminant emkhathini ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, inkulumo esiphezulu esivumelekile a ephefumula olulodwa. Coefficient ibalwa ukuze imfuyo akakubangeli yokusabela kuya ezishukumisa chemical ngu Ukuchayeka isikhashana (cishe imizuzu engu-20).
• PDKs.s. - ulungisa inani izinto eziyingozi e lokuhlushwa okuyinto azinalo ithonya elibi empilweni yomuntu, walungiselela ephefumula iwashi.

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi isikhala enjalo zasemadolobheni kanye MPC ukusebenza. MPCwa ibalwa kusukela idatha elandelayo kokuqala:

• endaweni angcolile abadala bephile sáka;
• uhlale okunomkhawulo incazelo umsebenzi, futhi ngokujwayelekile amahora kungekho kuka 8.

izinto ezilimazayo emkhathini kwalesi sigodi sinomthelela isakhamuzi ngasinye: umuntu omdala noma ingane, ogulayo noma unempilo, uma ubusuku nemini futhi ngokuqhubekayo kukho konke ukuphila. Ngenxa yalokho, i-makhemikhali efanayo kungaba azimisele kakhulu sihluke nomunye abakuzuzile esiphezulu lokuhlala kuvunyelwe. Coefficient Ngokuvamile MPC endaweni yokusebenza PDKn.p. kakhulu kunalokhu

Icacisa umkhawulo Amanani amanzi nomhlabathi

Uyini esiphezulu lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe kwamadamu okugcina amanzi? Kuyinto esungulwe lokuhlushwa ibhanela ukungcola ngayinye 1 litre amanzi. Coefficient amagugu zinqunywa ngokuhlukile uhlobo kwesigubhu ngamunye. Hlukanisa inhlanzi-kwezomnotho amanzi, ukuphuza izinjongo zasekhaya.

Ukunqunywa MPC ezingcolisayo enhlabathini - onzima kakhulu. Ibalwa okusekelwe izakhiwo kwenhlabathi kanye nemvelo amakhemikhali izinto eziyingozi. Izinkomba zihlale ezahlukene, futhi itafula amanani ngayinye compounds ukungcola kungukuthi lakhishwa.

Ukusatshalaliswa esiphezulu lokuhlala kuvunyelwe ukuchayeka nemvelo

Uyini esiphezulu lokuhlushwa kuvunyelwe of zamakhemikhali, uma ejenti ngamunye kungaba isinyathelo ehlukile?

Ukuze uthole ngezigaba esihleliwe amakhemikhali ayingozi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana amaqembu amaningana izici isici umthelela eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi umuntu:

• jikelele anobuthi;
• ecasulayo;
• sensitizers;
• carcinogens;
• mutagens;
• ezithinta nempilo yokuzalana.

Iqembu ngalinye libhekene izimpawu ezithile elinobuthi, isikhathi yezenzo etholakala MPCs.

Contaminants sibe nomthelela jikelele anobuthi

ubuthi Common kubangele ushevu okunzima wonke umzimba. I ukwephulwa ezisobala kakhulu lubonakale uhlelo womuntu sezinzwa: kukhona Ukudlikizela, ukwazi neziyaluyalu, ukukhubazeka. Iqembu izidakamizwa ubuthi jikelele zihlanganisa hydrocarbon elimnandi futhi nitro futhi amido yabo okunye, organic phosphorus compounds, chlorine, kanye ezinye compounds wezinto ezingaphili.

Okuvame kakhulu kubo:

• Arsenic futhi compounds yayo;
• benzene, toluene, aniline, xylene;
• dichloroethane;
• HG;
• PB;
• carbon oxide (IV).

Ukutheleleka eziningi izinto kwenzeka hhayi kuphela emkhakheni wezezimboni kodwa futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

MPC emoyeni jikelele ezinobuthi

Cabanga isilinganiso ukusebenza kwansuku zonke kanye MAC olulodwa emoyeni kanye ezisemadolobheni ukusebenza endaweni. Ukuze kube lula futhi zicace inokwaziswa in ifomu tabular.

Ubuningi isilinganiso izinto eziyingozi kuhilela ukuxhumana nge umzimba womuntu iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle ukuthuthukiswa yimuphi umphumela.

Isenzo abakucasulayo amakhemikhali

Amakhemikhali kuthinte isikhumba, nolwelwesi lwamafinyila kanye ipheshana zokuphefumula. Ezimweni eziningi, indima abakucasulayo izinto isinyathelo halogens futhi oxides nitrogen nesibabule.

ephefumula isikhathi eside ka evala imiphumela eyinhlekelele e sina iziyaluyalu zokuphefumula, ukudakwa futhi ukufa.

Sensitizers nomkhathi MPC

Izinto niqaphelisa effect kubangele ukusabela komzimba abantu. Ngu compounds ezivamile kuleli qembu zihlanganisa aldehydes futhi hexachloran.

Sensitizers adedelwa emkhathini ngesikhathi omlilo nemisebenzi yezimboni. Inani elincane formaldehyde ekhululwa khona futhi ekhaya: butholakala eziningi esakhiweni futhi izinto yokuqedela, ifenisha.

Carcinogens futhi mutagens

I esiyingozi kakhulu iqembu contaminants zamakhemikhali, nomthelela emzimbeni womuntu isikhathi eside phansi. Carcinogens futhi Mutagens - izinto ezinamandla ne isikhathi eside esicashile yesenzo. Ngu carcinogens zihlanganisa asbestos, beryllium, benzpyrene, ama elimnandi. Bephambana kumiswa izimila ahlukahlukene ebulalayo.

Mutagens avuse izinguquko genotype womuntu, okuyinto kuthiwa ngobulili inzalo. Lezi zihlanganisa izinto radioactive, manganese, okuhola peroxides organic formaldehyde.

izinto eziningi mutagenic ngaphezu kwalokho kuthinte nempilo yokuzalana, futhi zihlanganisa benzene futhi iyiphi nemikhiqizo yalo, okuhola antimony, manganese, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane, chloroprene nabanye.