Izinto Radioactive - yini ingozi yangempela?

Zonke imvelo ophilayo eziphilayo nezingaphili eplanethini yethu echayeke emisebeni enemisebe phakathi wonke ukhona. Ukuze ugweme lokhu ngokuphelele engenakwenzeka.

izinto Radioactive kungenziwa akhiwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni nangaphandle - lolu ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokubakhona isizinda zemvelo, okuyifomu zemvelo isotopes. Ziyakwazi esihlupha bonke ulwelwesi omhlaba: komhlaba, emhlabathini, emanzini, emoyeni.

Evamile, izinto radioactive zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu:

1. Isotopes okuyinto akhiwa nokwe-uranium-232, cindezela-232 futhi 235 actinouranium.
2. izakhi Radioactive 40 potassium, i-calcium 48, rubidium 87, ezingenziwanga zofuzo ezihlobene iqembu lokuqala.
3. Isotopes okuyinto akhiwa ngesikhathi ukusabela zenuzi, edlulisela ngokuqhubekayo emhlabeni ngenxa ukuchayeka imisebe cosmic (isib tritium, carbon 14 futhi 3).

Lezi izinto zihlukaniswe radioactivity zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa. I zemvelo ziyingxenye isotopes isikhathi eside ezikhona kwakwakhe engokwemvelo element. Yabo isigamu-ukuphila zokhahlamba kusuka yikhulu iminyaka eyinkulungwane.

radioactivity Artificial kuwumphumela ukusabela zenuzi, umuntu egijima. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi kuqhuma ibhomu lenyukliya ekhiqizwa isotopes ngu-250, zazo 225 kukhona enemisebe. Lezi isotopes zenzeka ngenxa ka ubungako bokudlulisa okuthiwa izingxenye "ezisinda" kangaka, futhi imikhiqizo yabo okwalandela kwamazinyo. Umsebenzi Radioactive kuyinto encike ngqo kwi inani nuclei ezibolile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kukhula nuclei kwakhiwa, ayanda umsebenzi.

ingozi ngokushesha emisebeni eziphilayo baphathe radionuclides anobuthi (Ra 226, Th 228, PB 21 Ru 106, Na 22, no Sr 89, njll), Yikuphi zihlanganisa okuphelele nucleus Atoms plutonium kanye nokwe-uranium - okuyile ingxenye fuel enuzi, kangenanga ekusabeleni ukuqoqwa.

Isintu siye sazama ukudala radionuclides engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili yokufakelwa futhi wafunda ukusebenzisa amandla enuzi ezihlukahlukene, futhi akulona esinokuthula kakhulu. Ngakho, amandla kuqhuma ibhomu lenyukliya isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, izikhali, ukucinga enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi kanye ukukhiqizwa energy engabizi. okwandisa Ngakho inani umthamo emisebeni abakhileyo eMhlabeni.

Ezimweni eziningi, le izinto radioactive emzimbeni womuntu ngokusebenzisa ukudla, amanzi kanye nomoya. Inani ubuthi radionuclides e ukudla kunqunywa isimo emisebeni eliye lakhula esifundeni.

Izitshalo bachayeke emisebeni yelanga hhayi kuphela emhlabathini, kodwa futhi kusukela imvula zemvelo. radionuclides Iningi buthelela iklabishi kanye beet, kunabo bonke kubo iqukethwe utshani abavamile.

Ukuhlanzwa isitshalo kanye nokwelashwa okwalandela ezishisayo kakhulu kunciphisa inani emisebeni therein. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho behlanza amazambane kanye beet isusiwe ku-40% radionuclides, futhi lapho upheka - 10-15%. Uma upheka izilwane inyama izinto radioactive futhi ludlulele umhluzi (kusuka 20% kuya ku-50%).

Ukuze banciphise okuqukethwe radionuclides e imikhiqizo yobisi, basuke umhlabeleli ibe fat and amaprotheni ugxilisa.

Iyini ingozi emisebeni?

Okokuqala, ngisho kwafakwa isilinganiso esincane semithi ke kungase kubangele uchungechunge lwezenzakalo emzimbeni eholela kahle kwezinso yofuzo noma umdlavuza. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo ebulilini ebhubhisa kwamangqamuzana nezicubu, okubangela ukufa umzimba. Emangqamuzaneni, lo mshini lilimele cell division kanye chromosomal yayo apharathasi ivinjiwe Ukuvuselela izinqubo kanye kumiswa amaseli nge ukuvuselelwa okwalandela kwezicubu.

I esinzima kakhulu izinto radioactive isinyathelo kuyofika emnkantsheni wethambo, yegilo, gonads, futhi ubende - okungukuthi, labo izitho edinga Ukuvuselela njalo kwamangqamuzana nezicubu.