Kuyini ukucwaswa ngokobuhlanga?

lishumi yelubandlululo - iqoqo izinkolelo, okuncike umbono zokungalingani izinhlanga, we akaphakeme omunye phezu nezinye izizwe. Igama elithi "nokucwasa" saqala ukuvela ngo-1932.

Kuyini ukucwaswa?

Ubandlululo - umkhawulo noma bokuhlukaniswa amalungelo (izinzuzo) yamaqembu ezithile zomphakathi noma ubuzwe esekelwe ubulili, izici zobuhlanga, izinkolelo zombusazwe noma zenkolo. Ubandlululo kungaba ukuzibonakalisa kuzo zonke izindawo zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, emkhakheni kwezenhlalo kuthatha ngesimo nokukhawulela ukufinyelela emfundweni noma izinzuzo.

Namuhla, ukubandlulula (ngokobuhlanga, ngokobulili, inkolo) liyakulahla umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba. Bokuhlukaniswa amalungelo nenkululeko ngenxa yananoma yiziphi izizathu kuphambene uhlelo yesimanje yamanani.

Ukuvela zokucwasa

Ukuvela zokucwasa libhekisela esikhathini contact wokuqala eYurophu nakwezinye izizwe, t. E. Ukuze Age of Discovery. Phakathi nale nkathi, ukuze bathethelele ukuquleka indawo, ngokuvamile obuhambisana nokuthanda ukubhujiswa abantu bomdabu, ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela lokuqala bebancane amaqembu oluthile. nokucwasa White uvele amakoloni European emazweni aseMelika, e-Afrika nase-Asia.

Ngo-1855 wanyathelisa incwadi yisazi-mlando French Zhozefa De Gobineau enesihloko esithi "An Essay on the ukungalingani izinhlanga womuntu." Umbhali ukubeka phambili ukubhala umthelela ukwakheka ngokobuhlanga amaqembu athile ukuthuthukiswa kwazo imiphakathi futhi ukuphumelela kwabo civilizational. Zhozef De Gobineau kubhekwa umsunguli nordism (uhlobo ukubandlulula ezincike ebuhlangeni, imfundiso yokuziphendukela ungcono ngani uhlanga Nordic phezu kwezinye). Encwadini yakhe ethi mlando likhombe ezintathu ezinkulu izinhlanga: ezimhlophe, ophuzi kanye black. Eyokuqala aphakeme kanye nezinye ukusebenza ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Indawo emaphakathi phakathi "abelungu" thatha Aryans. Ngesikhathi sigaba phakathi wokwehlayo zobuhlanga, ngokuvumelana Gobineau, kukhona "yellow", futhi phansi kuhlala "black".

Imizamo ukulungisiswa yesayensi zokucwasa

Ngemva theory Zhozefa De Gobineau sika zobandlululo yasungulwa ososayensi abaningi. Nazi-mlando eyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni imibono yobandlululo:

• Georges uyeke Lyapuzh lwakho - amafilosofi French zobandlululo, kanye kwabantu. Ngafaka phambili mqondo ukuthi Inkomba cranial (cephalad Inkomba) iyisici main esithinta isikhundla somuntu emphakathini. Kule ndaba European Lyapuzh zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu 3: eside ephethwe ukukhanya esinsundu (amandla ezahlukene kanye intelligence) brachycephalic izinwele ezimnyama (malogenialnaya uhlanga), eside ephethwe izinwele ezimnyama.
• Gustave Le Bon - sezokuhlalisana kwabantu French nombhali "Psychology lezizwe kanye abavamile." Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukungalingani kanye nokubandlululwa ngezizathu zobuhlanga - imodi umgomo wempilo emphakathini.
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain - sezokuhlalisana kwabantu German. Ngafaka phambili umqondo akaphakeme isizwe samaJalimane. Wayedlala wokugcinwa nasekulondolozweni "ukuhlanzeka izinhlanga." Encwadini "Kubaluleka kwekhulu XIX" kusho ukuthi Aryans kukhona abathwali impucuko, kanti amaJuda kubuqede.

Ubandlululo e-United States: Negros noma abamnyama?

yekubandlululwa United States sihlehlela emuva ekusungulweni isimo. AmaNdiya American babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli phansi kunabaphostoli (abantu bendabuko) kanye Negros. amalungelo Civil yayimane nje "abantu abamhlophe." izigqila abamnyama Okokuqala kwalethwa bamakoloni IsiZulu ensimini yezwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII. Izigqila ezivela e-Afrika kabanzi emkhakheni ipulazi, ikakhulukazi eningizimu ye-United States.

Ngokusemthethweni, nokuqedwa kobandlululo zobuhlanga e-United States baqala nge 1808. Kulo nyaka, kusho iCongress isimo wenqabela ukungeniswa ezweni eziqalayo abamnyama. Ngo-1863, ubugqila uyekwa ngokusemthethweni. Lo mcimbi sabhalwa ngo 1865 e neSichibiyelo 13 kuya kwele -US uMthethosisekelo.

Naphezu nokuqeda ubugqila, kule nkathi, kwandile ukuhlukaniswa ngohlanga - ifomu lishumi yelubandlululo, umkhuba wokusebenzisa nokukhawulela abaNsundu ophilayo ezindaweni ehlukile noma unamathisele ukuba izikhungo ezithile (isib, izikole). Ngokusemthethweni, ke kwaqala 1865.

Inqubekela phambili ekuqedweni zokucwasa e-United States kuye kwaba kuphela maphakathi nekhulu XX. Ubelokhu exhumene ne eziningi imithetho emisha ukuthi nokulinganisa amalungelo abantu baseMelika, amaNdiya kanye abamnyama.

Izenzakalo Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan - izinhlangano kwesokudla, esadaleka e-US ngo-1865. Ubandlululo (ngokobuhlanga) black nokubhujiswa esingokwenyama injongo yawo ebanzi. Ngesisekelo imfundiso ngemibono we Ku Klux Klan kwaba umqondo akaphakeme uhlanga emhlophe phezu kwabanye.

A amaqiniso ambalwa ezithakazelisayo kusukela umlando wenhlangano:

• Ku Klux Klan ezintathu wazibonela imvuselelo. Ngo-1871, inhlangano yahlakazeka okokuqala. Ngemva imvuselelo ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, le Ku Klux Klan ngeke usaba khona ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Ukwakha entsha lenhlangano libhekisela-1970.
• zokubhukuda elibi ukugqokwa amalungu KKK zazethusa ngempela. Bona kwakuba ingubo ububanzi, izigqoko pointy eside kanye buso.
• Namuhla, i-Ku Klux Klan akuyona enye inhlangano. izikhungo ngamunye imisebenzi yayo khona emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Ubandlululo eYurophu: nordism nenhlanzeko zobuhlanga

Nordism - ukubandlulula (ngokobuhlanga), egcwele okwandile eYurophu ekhulwini XX, ikakhulukazi eJalimane lobuNazi. Kusekelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela ungcono ngani Nordic (Aryan) uhlanga phezu kwabanye. Nordism abasunguli futhi kwezombusazwe abazinze zako ezisemqoka kubhekwe zezenhlalo French Zhozef De Gobineau futhi Georges de Lyapuzh lakho.

ngokobuhlanga futhi kwezifiki izinqubomgomo laseJalimane lobuNazi zazisekelwe okuthiwa inhlanzeko zobuhlanga. Lo mqondo yethulwa inguquko yesayensi, u-Alfred Ploetz. Rassenschande ngokuqondile izinhlanga zamaSemite - amaJuda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwathiwa izizwe phansi kunabaphostoli nezinye: French, amaGypsy futhi amaSlav. EJalimane lobuNazi, amaJuda ekuqaleni ayifakiwe ukuphila kwezomnotho nezombusazwe isimo. Nokho, kakade 1938 kuthathela ukubhujiswa ngokomzimba emncintiswaneni zamaSemite. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwasho "Crystal Night" - a pogrom kwenziwe kulo lonke Germany, Austria futhi ngokwengxenye ahlomile SA amayunithi.

Ukulwisana nokucwasa

Namuhla, umzabalazo wokulwa yelubandlululo umgomo kuwo onke amazwe yeningi. Umkhawukho wesikhathi amalungelo esintu kanye nenkululeko kuphambene amagugu emphakathini wanamuhla. Esikhathini kusuka 1951 kuya ku-1995, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, inombolo kwemibhalo, ligxeke futhi enqabela ukubandlulula ngenxa yananoma yiziphi izizathu (uhlanga, ubulili noma ngokwenkolo). Isikhundla phezu inadmissibility bokuhlukaniswa inkululeko elikhona WaseYurophu Human Rights. Emazweni amaningi wesimanjemanje Day International Against Ubandlululo Kwezinhlanga (Mashi 21) labetibambile imibuthano mass futhi izinkulumo.