I-Helium: izakhiwo, izici, uhlelo lokusebenza

I-Helium igesi lesingenayo yeqembu le-18 letafula lezinsuku. Lesi yisici sesibili esilula kunazo zonke ngemuva kwe-hydrogen. I-Helium igesi ngaphandle kombala, iphunga nokunambitheka, okuba yi-liquid ekushiseni kwe--268.9 ° C. Iphuzu lokubilisa kanye nephoyinti elibandayo liphansi kunelokunye okunye okuyaziwayo. Lesi yisici kuphela esingasondeli lapho kupholisa ngomsindo ovamile wesimo sezulu. Ukuze i-helium idlule esimweni esiqinile, ama-atmospheric angu-25 adingekayo ekushiseni kwe-1 K.

Umlando wokutholakala

I-Helium itholakala emgodini wegesi owawuzungeza i-Sun, isazi sezinkanyezi saseFrance uPierre Zhansen, owathi ngo-1868 ngesikhathi sokupheka kwelanga wathola umugqa ophuzi okhanyayo emkhakheni we-chromosphere yelanga. Ekuqaleni, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi lo mgca wawumelela isilidi yezinto. Ngonyaka ofanayo, isazi sezinkanyezi saseNgilandi uJoseph Norman Lockyer sabona umbala ophuzi emshini welanga owawuhambisani nemigqa ye-sodium eyaziwayo D ₁ no-D ₂ , ngakho wabiza ngokuthi iD ₃ . Isikhiye sifike esiphethweni sokuthi sasibangelwa into e-Sun, engaziwa eMhlabeni. Yena kanye nomakhemikhali u-Edward Frankland egameni le-element basebenzisa igama lesiGreki elithi Sun "helios".

Ngo-1895, isazi samakhemikhali waseBrithani uSir William Ramsay sabonisa ukuthi kune-helium emhlabeni. Uthole isampula yamaminerali ama-urani afisa ama-claveite, futhi ngemva kokutadisha ama-gesi akhiwe ngesikhathi sokushisa kwawo, wathola ukuthi umugqa ophuzi ophuzi kulesisindo uhambelana nomgqa we-D ₃ obonwe esitokisini selanga. Ngakho-ke, isici esisha saqalwa. Ngo-1903, uRamzi noFrederick Sodd banquma ukuthi i-helium yikhiqiza ukubola okuzenzekelayo kwezinto ezinomsakazo.

Ukusakaza emvelweni

Ubuningi be-helium buyingxenye engama-23% yobuningi bomhlaba wonke, futhi isici sesibili esiningi kakhulu esikhala. Kugxilwe ezinkanyezini, lapho kuvela khona i-hydrogen ngenxa ye-fusion thermonuclear. Nakuba emkhathini womhlaba, i-helium ingxenyeni yezingxenye ezingu-200 ngamaphesenti angu-200 (ama-5 ppm) futhi ngemali encane ibhalwe ngamaminerali acwebezelayo, i-meteorite iron, kanye nasemithonjeni yamaminerali, inani elikhulu lezinto zitholakala e-United States (ikakhulukazi eTexas, EMexico, eKansas, Oklahoma, e-Arizona nase-Utah) njengengxenye (kuze kufike ku-7.6%) wegesi yemvelo. Izinqolobane zayo ezincane zitholakala e-Australia, e-Algeria, e-Poland, e-Qatar naseRussia. Emkhawulweni womhlaba, ukuhlushwa kwe-helium kungamaphesenti angu-8 kuphela ezigidini eziyizigidigidi.

Isotopes

I-nucleus ye-athomu ye-helium ngayinye iqukethe amaprotoni amabili, kodwa, njengezinye izakhi, ine-isotopes. Iqukethe i-neutron eyodwa ukuya kweyisithupha, ngakho izinombolo zabo eziningi ziphakathi kwezintathu kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili. Ukuzinza kwazo kuyizinto lapho inqwaba ye-helium inqunywa khona ngezinombolo ze-athomu ( ³ He) no-4 ( ⁴ He). Konke okunye kuyi-radioactive futhi ngokushesha idiliza zibe ezinye izinto. I-helium yomhlaba akuyona ingxenye yokuqala yeplanethi, yakhiwa ngenxa yokubola kwe-radioactive. Izinhlayiya ze-Alpha ezikhishwe yi-nuclei yezinto ezisindayo ezinomsakazo yi-nuclei ye-isotope ⁴ Yena. I-Helium ayithengi ngobuningi emkhathini, ngoba amandla adonsela emhlabeni akwanele ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwawo kancane kancane emkhathini. Imidwebo ye- ³ Yena Emhlabeni ichazwa ukubola kwe-beta okungalungile kwezinto ezingavamile ze-hydrogen-3 (tritium). ^{4 I} -isotop ejwayelekile kakhulu: isilinganiso senani lama-athomu angama- ⁴ Yena kuya ku- ³ Uneminyaka engaba ngu-700 kuya ku-1 emkhathini kanti cishe izigidi ezingu-7 kuya kwezingu-1 kwezinye izimbiwa eziqukethe i-helium.

Izakhiwo zomzimba ze-helium

Iphuzu lokubilisa kanye nephuzu lokuqhakaziza laleli qembu liphansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-helium ikhona njengegesi, ngaphandle kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu. I-Gaseous Yena emanzini ichitha kancane kunanoma yimuphi omunye igesi, kanti izinga lokusabalalisa ngezidumbu ezinamandla liphindwe kathathu kunalo lomoya. Inkomba yayo yokubhuka iseduze no-1.

I-conductivity yokushisa ye-helium iyingxenye yesibili kuphela kokuqhuba okufudumele kwe-hydrogen, futhi ukushisa kwayo okukhethekile kuyisimo esingavamile. Emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile, ngesikhathi sokunwetshwa, itshisa, futhi ngaphansi kuka-40 K ithobisa. Ngakho-ke, ku-T <40 K, i-helium ingashintshwa ibe yiketshezi ngokukhuliswa.

Isici i-dielectric uma engekho esimweni esibucayi. Njengamanye amagesi ahloniphekile, i-helium inezinga elincane lemandla elivumela ukuthi lihlale lihlehlisiwe ekukhuculweni kagesi lapho i-voltage ihlala ingaphansi kwamandla angenayo ionization.

I-Helium-4 ihlukile ngoba inezinhlobo ezimbili zamanzi. Umkhuba ovamile ubizwa ngokuthi i-helium I futhi ukhona emazingeni okushisa kusuka endaweni yokubilisa ye-4.21 K (-268.9 ° C) kuya ku-2.18 K (-271 ° C). Ngaphansi kwe-2.18 K, ukuqhuba okushisayo kwe- ⁴ Uba izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1000 kunezozonke zethusi. Leli fomu libizwa nge-helium II, ukuze lihlukanise nokujwayelekile. I-superfluidity: i-viscosity iphansi kakhulu kangangokuthi ayikwazi ukulinganiswa. I-Helium II isakazela ifilimu encane phezu kwanoma yikuphi okuthintekayo, futhi le filimu igeleza ngaphandle kokungqubuzana, ngisho nokulwa nodlame.

I-helium-3 encane kakhulu ihlanganisa izigaba ezintathu zamanzi ezihlukene, ezimbili zazo ezingaphezulu. U-Superfluidity ngo- ⁴ Watholwa yi-Soviet physicist Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa maphakathi nawo-1930, futhi into efanayo ngo- ³ Waqaphela kuqala uDouglas D. Osherov, uDavid M. Lee noRobert S. Richardson base-United States ngo-1972.

Ingxube yamanzi ye-isotopi emibili ye-helium-3 no -4 emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe-0.8 K (-272.4 ° C) ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili - cishe ehlanzekile ³ Yena nomxube we- ⁴ Yena no-6% helium-3. Ukuqedwa kuka- ³ kuya ku- ⁴ Uhambisana nomphumela wokupholisa, osetshenziselwa ukuklama kwama-cryostats lapho izinga lokushisa kwe-helium liwela ngaphansi kwe-0.01 K (-273.14 ° C) futhi ligcinwa izinsuku ezimbalwa.

Ukuxhumana

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, i-helium i-inert ye-chemistry. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kungenzeka ukudala uxhumano lwezinto ezingagxili ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokushisa nokucindezela. Isibonelo, i-helium ingakha ihlanganiswe ne-iodine, i-tungsten, i-fluorine, i-phosphorus nesulfure uma ivulelwa ukuphuma kokugesi kagesi lapho ibhalwa ngamagesi noma endaweni ye-plasma. Ngakho-ke, i-HeNe, i-HgHe ₁₀ , i-WHe ₂ ne-ion molecular He ₂ ⁺ , He ₂ ⁺⁺ , HeH ⁺ ne-HeD ^{+ yadalwa} . Le nqubo yenza ukuba kube lula ukuthola ne-He ₂ ne-HgHe molecules.

I-Plasma

Kuwo wonke umhlaba, i-helium ionized kakhulu isatshalaliswa, izindawo zayo ezihluke kakhulu kusukela emangqamuzana eyodwa. Ama-electron nama-proton awaxhunyiwe, futhi ane-conductivity ephakeme kakhulu kagesi, ngisho nasesimweni esithile se-ionized. Izinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe zithinteka kakhulu amasimu kagesi namagesi. Ngokwesibonelo, emoyeni we-solar, ama-helium ions, kanye ne-hydrogen edidiyelwe, asebenzisana ne-magnetosphere of the Earth, ebangela ukukhanya okuvela enyakatho.

Ukutholwa kwemali e-USA

Ngemuva kokubhoboza lo mthombo ngo-1903 eDexter, eKansas, kutholakala igesi elingenayo i-incombustible. Ekuqaleni, kwakungaziwa ukuthi iqukethe i-helium. Uhlobo luni lwegesi olutholakalayo luthiwa yi-geologist wesifundazwe u-Erasmus Haworth, owaqoqa amasampula akhe futhi wathola ukuthi e-University of Kansas ngosizo lwamakhemikhali uCady Hamilton noDavid McFarland bathole ukuthi kune-72% ye-nitrogen, i-15% yemethane, i-1% ye-hydrogen ne-12% ayizange ibonwe. Ngemuva kokuhlaziywa okwengeziwe, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi u-1.84% wesampula yi-helium. Ngakho wafunda ukuthi lesi sakhi samakhemikhali sikhona ngobuningi emathunjini aseThafeni Elikhulu, lapho singasuswa khona emgodini wemvelo.

Ukukhiqizwa kwemboni

Lokhu kwenza i-United States ingumholi wezwe ekukhiqizeni kwe-helium. Ngokwesiphakamiso sikaSir Richard Trelfall, i-US Navy yayisixhasa izitshalo ezintathu zokuhlola ukuze zithole le nto ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ukuze kuhlinzekwe ibhaluni elinomlilo nge-elevated light gas. Kule hlelo, inani lalingu-5,700 m ^{3 ka-} 92% lenziwa, nakuba yayingaphansi kwamalitha angu-100 kagesi. Ingxenye yalo mqulu yetshenziselwa ukuhamba ngezindiza zokuqala ze-helium yase -US Navy, i- C-7, eyenza indiza yayo yokuqala esuka eHolton Roads , Va. , Eya eBolling Field, eWashington, DC, ngoDisemba 7, 1921.

Nakuba inqubo yezinga eliphansi lokushisa kwegesi ngaleso sikhathi lalingakhuliswa ngokwanele ukufakazela okuphawulekayo phakathi neMpi Yezwe Lokuqala, ukukhiqizwa kwaqhubeka. I-Helium yayisetshenziswa kakhulu njengegesi eliphakanyisayo ezindizeni. Isidingo sawo sakhula ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe yesibili, lapho saqala ukusetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwe-arc evikelekile. I-Element yayibalulekile futhi kumsebenzi wokwakha ibhomu le-athomu "Manhattan".

I-National Reserve yase-USA

Ngo-1925, uhulumeni wase-United States wadala iNational Helium Reserve e-Amarillo, eTexas, ukuhlinzeka ngezindiza zempi ngesikhathi sempi kanye nezindiza zokuthengisa ngesikhathi sokuthula. Ukusetshenziswa kwegesi emva kweMpi Yezwe II kunqabe, kodwa isitokisi sanyuka ngonyaka wama-1950 ukuqinisekisa ukuthi phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuhlinzekwa kwayo njengendlela epholile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-oksijeni-hydrogen rocket fuel ngesikhathi sokuncintisana kwesikhala kanye neCold War. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-helium e-USA ngo-1965 kwakunezikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili eziphakeme kunomthamo omkhulu we-wartime.

Ngemuva kokwamukelwa komthetho we-helium ngo-1960, i-Mountain Bureau inqume ama-5 amabhizinisi angasese ukuze akhiphe isakhi esiteshini samanzi. Ngalolu hlelo, kwakhiwa umgwaqo wegesi wamanzi angu-425-km, ukuxhuma lezi zitshalo emkhakheni wegesi kahulumeni ophunywe kancane kancane ngase-Amarillo, eTexas. Ingxube ye-helium-nitrogen yaqhutshelwa kwisitoreji sangaphansi komhlaba futhi yahlala lapho kwaze kwaba yilapho kudingekile.

Ngo-1995, isitoreji samamitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zamakhomitha yaqoqwa, kanti iNational Reserve yayingama-$ 1.4 billion, okwenza i-US Congress iqede ngo-1996. Ngemuva kokwamukelwa ngo-1996 ngomthetho wokubambisana kwe-helium, uMnyango WezeMvelo waqala ukukhipha imali ngo-2005.

Imibala yokuhlanzeka nokukhiqiza

I-Helium, eyakhishwa ngaphambi kuka-1945, yayinamafutha angama-98%, ama-2% asele ayenzela i-nitrogen, eyanele ngokwamanye amazwe. Ngo-1945, inani elincane lika-99.9% wamaphesenti alenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-arc welding. Ngomnyaka we-1949, ukuhlanzeka kwesici esiphumeleko kwafika ku-99.995%.

Phakathi neminyaka eminingi, i-United States yakhiqiza ngaphezu kwezingu-90% ze-helium yokuhweba yomhlaba. Kusukela ngo-2004, uye wakhiqiza izigidi ezingu-140 m ³ ngonyaka, ama-85% awo ase-United States, i-10% e-Algeria, nakwaseRussia nasePoland. Imithombo eyinhloko ye-helium emhlabeni iyimithombo yamagesi eTexas, Oklahoma naseKansas.

Inqubo yokuthola

I-Helium (ukuhlanzeka kuka-98.2%) ihlukaniswe negesi yemvelo ngokukhishwa kwamanye amakhemikhali emazingeni okushisa aphansi nasezingcindezini eziphakeme. Ukukhangisa kwamanye amagesi nge-cooled activated carbon kuvumela ukufezeka kwezingu-99.995%. Umthamo omncane we-helium ukhiqizwa lapho umoya ochotshozayo kakhulu. Kusukela kumathani angama-900 emoyeni ungathola cishe u-3.17 cu. M wegesi.

Izicelo

Igesi elimnandi lithole uhlelo lokusebenza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

• I-Helium, enezindawo ezenza kube lula ukuthola ama-temperature okushisa ama-ultra-low, isetshenziswa njenge-agent yokupholisa e-Large Hadron Collider, ama-magnets aphezulu e-MRI nama-spectrometer we-nuclear magnetic resonance, imishini yesathelayithi, kanye nokuphefumula oksijini ne-hydrogen emasosheni ase-Apollo.
• Njengengxenye yegesi e-inert ye-welding aluminium kanye nezinye izinsimbi, ekukhiqizeni ama-optical fibres nama-semiconductors.
• Ukwenza ingcindezi emathangi okushisa ama-rocket, ikakhulukazi lawo asebenza nge-hydrogen yamanzi, ngoba i-helium kuphela igcina isimo sayo lapho i-hydrogen isala amanzi);
• Ama- lasers we -He-Ne asetshenziselwa ukuskena ama-barcodes ebhokisini lebhokisi ezitolo ezinkulu.
• I-helium-ion microscope ikuvumela ukuba uthole izithombe ezingcono kune-elekthronikhi.
• Ngenxa yokubonakala kwayo okuphezulu, igesi elimnandi lisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuvuza, isibonelo, ezinkambisweni zomoya wemoto, kanye nokugcwaliswa okusheshayo kwama-airbags ngokushayisana.
• Ubuningi obukhulu buvumela ukugcwalisa izigaba zokuhlobisa nge-helium. Igazi le-inert lafaka indawo e-hydrogen eqhuma emabhishi asezindiza nasemabhaluni. Isibonelo, esimweni sezulu, izinhlaka ezine-helium zisetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa izinsimbi zokulinganisa.
• Kubuchwepheshe be-cryogenic busebenza njengendlela epholile, ngoba ukushisa kwalesi sakhi samakhemikhali esifundeni se-liquid kuyinto ephansi kunazo zonke.
• I-Helium, izakhiwo ezikuhlinzekwa nge-reactivity ephansi kanye nokuzenzekelayo kwamanzi (kanye negazi), ngokuxubana ne-oksijeni, ithole uhlelo lokusebenza ezincwadini zokuphefumula ze-scuba diving nokwenza umsebenzi we-coffer.
• Ama-Meteorites namadwala ahlaziywa ngokuqukethwe kwalesi sici ukucacisa iminyaka yabo.

I-Helium: izakhiwo zezinto

Izakhiwo ezisemqoka zikaYe zilandelayo:

• Inombolo ye-athomu: 2.
• Ubuningi obuhlobene ne-athomu ye-helium: 4,0026.
• Iphuzu lokuxuba: cha.
• Iphuzu lokubilisa: -268.9 ° C.
• Ubuningi (1 atm, 0 ° C): 0.1785 g / p.
• Ukuxhumeka kusho: 0.