Kuyini ukuzimela? I-oda nezinga lokuzimela

Izwe lanamuhla liyizizwe eziningi, eziningi zazo ziyizizwe eziningi, ngakho-ke umbuzo uvela mayelana nenhlangano ehlangene yokuphila kwabantu okuyofanelana nayo yonke umuntu, noma okungenani iningi. Amazwe amaningi asetshenziswa ekusungulweni kwamandla nezigungu avumela ukuzimela okuthile kwezindawo kufakwe ekubunjweni kwawo. Yilokho ukuzimela kunomqondo olula.

Umsuka womqondo kanye nencazelo yawo

Leli gama lisuka kumGreki. Kungani kubonakala khona? Ngoba lokhu kwanele ukukhumbula umlando waseGrisi lasendulo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ayifuni isimo esisodwa, kodwa sasiboshwe emadolobheni amaningi kanye nezivumelwano phakathi kwabo. Ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo, lezi zinhlangano kwakudingeka zibheke ngokuthambekela kwendawo okuphakathi kwezinqubomgomo eziningi. Usizo olubalulekile lungenziwa yilolu hlelo lokuphila okuhlangene oluzovumela ukuhlanganisa izintshisekelo ezihlukahlukene ngobukhulu kanye nomthelela wezizinda. Futhi amaGreki azisa umqondo wokuzimela. Igama liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: "i-autos" ("self," "self") kanye "nomos" ("umthetho"). Ngakho-ke, ngisho nezinqubomgomo ezingabalulekanga kakhulu zeGreece lasendulo zaqala ukuba nezikhulu ezithile zokuzimela ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezithile, ezithi, ngezinga elithile, zibavumela ukuba balondoloze ukulingana kwezombusazwe. Yilokho ukuzimela kusekuqondeni kwesiGreki sasendulo.

Umgomo wokuzimela ekubunjweni kombuso

Njengamanje, le ndlela isetshenziselwa kakhulu, kuyilapho konke kuxhomeke emasikweni, uhlaka lomthetho kanye nendlela ehlelwe ngayo amandla kahulumeni. Noma kunjalo, kunoma yiliphi izwe elisebenza ngokuzimela, idivaysi enjalo isho ngokuyinhloko uhlobo oluthile lokuzimela kwezinye izingxenye zombuso owodwa. Izinga lobukhosi kulowo nalowo mkhakha lithathwa ngokweqile futhi lusekelwe kumthethosisekelo wezwe.

Ukwakheka kanye nezinga lezinyunithi ezizimele zivame ukuchazwa ngokubunjwa kwezwe lonke. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, umbuso uqinisekisa izinga elidingekile lezidingo zomphakathi ezizweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyindlela yokugcina ilungelo lezizwe ekuzikhetheleni ngaphandle kwemiphumela ebuhlungu yobunye bezwe. Kulesi simiso, isimiso samandla nohulumeni eRussia Federation lakhiwe. Zonke izifundo ze-Russian Federation zinamalungelo okuzimela.

Izinhlobo zokuzimela

Esifundweni sezombangazwe, kunezincazelo eziningi zokuthi ukuzimela kuyini. Incazelo ingabonakaliswa ngale ndlela elandelayo: yi-self-management kanye nokuzimela kwezitho zombuso owodwa. Ukuhlukaniswa kwaba ukuzimela kwesigodi kanye nesezwe-jikelele kuvunyelwe. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zimelelwa ezweni lethu. Okokuqala kusho ukudala izihloko ezizibusayo ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile lapho abameleli bazo zonke izinhlanga behlala khona (Tatarstan, Yakutia, njll). Zonke zinezici zangempela zombuso, ngakho-ke zinensimu, ifulegi, uphawu, iculo, iziphathimandla, ulimi olusemthethweni noma izilimi, umthetho.

Ukuzimela kwezomnotho-jikelele kuwumqondo ongaphandle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaqembu kazwelonke ahlakazekile ngezifundo eziningi zezwe, futhi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zobuhlanga zingadalwa kunoma iyiphi indawo yezwe. Lo mqondo usekelwe emnyangweni kazwelonke kanye nokugcinwa kolimi, amasiko nezinye izici zenkambiso ethandwayo. Yilokho amasiko-ukuzimela kwezwe okuphakathi kweRussia.

Indlela yokusebenzisana kwe-interethnic

Ngesikhathi samanje eRussia Federation kukhona cishe ama-federal ayisishiyagalolunye, ama-autonomies angaphansi kwamakhulu angamakhulu amabili nesifundazwe angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. E-US nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu leli fomu liboniswa ngendiza ehlukile: ama-omasipala kazwelonke akhiwa lapho, okudingeka ukuba axazulule zonke izindaba ezidingekayo ezihlobene nokuthuthukiswa kwama-ethnos. Noma kunjalo, e-United States akukho ukuzimela komhlaba, zonke izinkinga zixazululwa yimiphakathi kazwelonke yendawo, lapho igunya linika amandla athile. I-New York ihlukaniswe yaba izindlu eziningi zikazwelonke, lapho umbuso wanika khona ilungelo lokuzibusa. Ngakho-ke, ukuzimela kungatholakala ngisho nangaphakathi kwedolobha elilodwa. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kuvumela ukuthi ngezinga elithile ukunciphisa ukuzwela kwabantu phakathi kwabantu.

Izici ze- state state system ngokukhanyisa izenzakalo zakamuva

Okwedlule, eCrimea yangena esakhiweni saseRussia. Ngakho yikuphi ukuzimela kweCrimea? Okuyingqayizivele kwalesi simo ukuthi i-peninsula ekuqaleni kwakuyingxenye ye-RSFSR njengeyunithi yokuzibusa, ngo-1954 yadluliselwa e-Ukraine Soviet Socialist Republic, eyayiyingxenye ye-USSR. Umthethosisekelo wezokugcina wakhiwe ngemigomo ye-federalism. Nakuba ngokusemthethweni, kodwa uhlaka lomthetho lwalukhona. Ngemuva kokuwa kweSoviet Union Crimea yajoyina i-Ukraine eyabumbene, eyakhiwa ngokubambisana, kepha i-peninsula yaqhubeka ikhululekile. Kwavela ukuphikisana okukhulu phakathi kukaKiev noSevastopol, okwafinyelela e-apogee yawo ngo-1996.

I-Verkhovna Rada yase-Ukraine yaqeda umthethosisekelo weCrimea, i-Supreme Soviet yayinqatshiwe yamandla onke, kodwa uhulumeni waseKieya kwadingeka abheke nabantu base-peninsula. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1998, uMthetho omusha we-Basic Law of Crimea wamukelwa, wanciphisa kakhulu ukuzimela kwale mfundo, kodwa isimo sokuzimela sagcinwa. Ngo-2014, ngokufaka isicelo, iCrimea yayifakwe eRussian Federation, ithola ukuphathwa okuzimele okumelelwe nguMkhandlu oPhakeme kanye noSihlalo wayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, idolobha laseSevastopol labekwa eceleni kweyunithi emele, ngemuva kokuthola isimo somuzi wokubaluleka kombuso. Yilokho ukuzimela kukaCrimea.

Ukubonakaliswa okungokomthetho kwegama

Umqondo wokuthi "ukuzimela" awusetshenziswanga kuphela ezindabeni zezombangazwe nezokuphatha, kubuye kujwayelekile emthethweni wezomthetho. Ake sibone ukuthi ukuzikhethela kwentando yamaqembu yikuphi. Abantu noma izinhlangano eziphetha isivumelwano ngokuzenzekelayo zibe yizikhonzi zomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ngendlela yayo ejwayelekile, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlangothi, ngokuvumelana, zinelungelo lokukhetha umthetho wezwe ngendlela abahlose ngayo ukulawula ubudlelwane bomthetho obuvela phakathi kwabo. Ngokuyinhloko, lesi simiso sisetshenziswa emkhakheni wezomthetho wezamabhizinisi omhlaba jikelele. Isivumelwano kufanele siboniswe ngokuqondile noma silandele kusuka kwimiqulu yesivumelwano esiphethe. Uma nganoma yisiphi isizathu ayitholakali, khona-ke uhlelo lwezomthetho lwezwe lapho inkontileka kusebenza khona kakhulu.

Ukufingqa

Ukuhlukahluka kokusetshenziswa kwalesi simiso empilweni yangempela kuvumela ukunciphisa kakhulu ukuhlukunyezwa kokubili ubudlelwane be-interethnic nobudlelwane obuphakathi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwalo emkhakheni wezomthetho wamazwe omhlaba kukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa komnotho futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe phakathi kwezintshisekelo ezingenakuqhathaniswa nazo zonke izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle kanye nezinhlangano zombuso. Yilokho ukuzimela kuphikisana okuphelele kwezwe lanamuhla.