Imisebenzi nezinjongo of icala lomthetho

Ake sikhulume ngemfanelo yomthetho. Lo mqondo unzima kakhulu isakhamuzi esivamile. Kuyini ukubaluleka kwalo? Lezi, okokuqala, izinyathelo nezindlela zethonya lombuso kumenzi wobugebengu. Ngezenzo zabo izakhamuzi zibhekene nomthetho. Futhi futhi ngaphambi komphakathi. Lesi yisici sokuziphatha (unembeza). Kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngalokho okusemthethweni. Umqondo, imigomo, izimiso zalezi zinsuku zomthetho zizohlolwa yizo zonke imininingwane. Ngakho ...

Umthwalo omuhle futhi wokubuyisela emuva

Kukhona umqondo wemfanelo emihle. Umuntu angasho ukuthi kuyisidingo sokuhambisana nezindinganiso zomthetho, ukuba abe nesibopho sokungaziphathi kahle nezenzo umuntu angase azenze esikhathini esizayo. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, e-jurisprudence, umthwalo wokuphindaphindiwe uhlukaniswa. Ishiwo kakade ngenxa yezenzo ezizibophezelekile. Lokhu kungukuthi, lolu hlelo lokusebenza kummeli wezinyathelo zethonya lombuso, izigwebo zomthetho zecala.

Kukhona uhlobo lobuhlobo phakathi kombuso nesakhamuzi esinecala, lapho iqembu lokuqala emfanekisweni wezindikimba ezifanele lingasebenzisa isijeziso kumuntu ukuze kubuyiselwe umthetho nokuhleleka. Umenzi wobugebengu, naye, kumele ahlonishwe, ngakho-ke unqatshelwe izinzuzo ezithile, okufaka imiphumela emibi. Yiziphi?

Imiphumela yomthwalo wezomthetho

Imiphumela ingahluka:

1. Umuntu (isibonelo, ukuboshwa noma ukubulawa).
2. Impahla, njengokuthi, isibonelo, izinhlawulo, ukuthunjwa kwempahla (ephelele noma eyingxenye), njll.
3. ehloniphekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusola noma ukunqunywa noma yimiphi imiklomelo.
4. Inhlangano (ukulahlwa kwehhovisi, ukuvalwa kwenhlangano).
5. Inhlanganisela yemiphumela nayo ingenzeka.

Umqondo jikelele wemfanelo yomthetho

Imithwalo yemfanelo yomthetho ivame ukuphoqwa kwemvelo. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nokunqotshwa, okusho ukuthi kuhambisane nokwehliswa komonakalo othile kumuntu onecala, usongela ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko ethile kanye nezithakazelo.
Izenzo zikahulumeni emkhakheni wokuphoqelela zenziwa ngokomthetho. Izihloko zokwethenjelwa komthetho yizinkantolo, amaphoyisa, ihhovisi lezeshushisi nezinye izikhungo ezibhekene nophenyo lwamacala. Umthwalo wemfanelo ungenziwa kuphela uma kukhona izimo ezithile: ukungabi namthetho kwezenzo, iphutha eliqinisekisiwe, ukulimala okubangelwa, ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwesenzo kanye nomphumela.

Ngakho, umthwalo wemithetho:

1. Isekelwe ekuqiniseni kombuso (lokhu kuyindlela yokwenza izigwebo ezinkambisweni zomthetho).
2. Iza emva kokuthunyelwa kwecala, inengxoxo yomphakathi.
3. Uhlongozwe emiphumeleni emibi yecala lomenzi wesiphambeko, okuyimfuneko kuye, futhi okwakungekho ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwecala. Ukunyuka kungaba nomlingiswa womuntu siqu nomhlaba.
4. Yenzelwe ifomu lenqubo.

Umthwalo wemithetho: umqondo, izimfanelo, imigomo

Sihlaziye umqondo woluhlobo lobuhlobo bomthetho, futhi manje ake sikhulume ngezibonakaliso.

Isibopho:

1. Yenzelwe kuphela lezo zenzo ezilawulwa yizinkambiso zomthetho.
2. Kuza kuphela lezo zenzo ezenziwe, hhayi ngezinhloso.
3. Yenziwa yizakhiwo ezithile zombuso.
4. Inikeza ukuphoqa umenzi wecala ukuthi enze imisebenzi.
5. Ngecala elifanayo umuntu uphendula kuphela kanye kuphela.

Zonke lezi zimpawu ziphoqelekile. Uma kungekho ngisho noyedwa wabo, kuthiwa akukho mthwalo wezomthetho.

Izimiso, imisebenzi, izinhloso zomthwalo wemithetho

Umthwalo wemfanelo - isidingo sokwamukela umonile ngaphambi kwesikhathi esinqunywe izigwegwe zikahulumeni ngendlela enqunyiwe. Okudingekayo kwezenhlalakahle kubonakala emisebenzini. Imisebenzi kanye nezinhloso zomthwalo wemfanelo zomthetho ziyingxenye ebalulekile yezomthetho. Ake silalelisise ngalolu daba.

Ngakho, kulandela imisebenzi yemfanelo yomthetho:

1. Isijeziso (sabizwa ngokuthi yisigwebo). Inhloso yalo ukuvimbela ukuphindaphindiwe kwezenzo ezinjalo esikhathini esizayo, ukwenza isenzo sokujeziswa ngesenzo.
2. Ukubuyisela emuva (ukukhokhela ukulahlekelwa, ubuyisele ilungelo eliphukile, njll).
3. I-Educational, okuyindlela yokuvimbela umsebenzi nokuphulwa.
4. Ukuphepha - kuhlola ukusebenza kahle komshini womthethonqubo wezomthetho, ngesikhathi esisodwa isici somthethonqubo, enye yezindlela eziningi zokuthinta ubudlelwane bezenhlalo nezenhlalakahle.
5. Isivikelo. Izenzo njengendlela yokuvikela nokuvikela umthetho nokuhleleka kuhulumeni.
6. I-proprietary yangasese. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo ngokumelene nomenzi wecala kuyamvimbela ukuba enze izenzo ezinjalo esikhathini esizayo.
7. Ukuvimbela okuvamile. Isijeziso somunye isakhamuzi ukuvimbela amacala avela kwamanye amalungu omphakathi.

Njengoba kungakuqondwa kusukela ngenhla, yonke imisebenzi yomthwalo wemfanelo yomthetho ibaluleke kakhulu futhi ifakwe ngezinhloso ezenziwa ngalo.

Izimiso

Ochwepheshe emkhakheni wobudlelwane bezomthetho bakhomba ukuthi izimiso, imisebenzi, izinhloso zomthwalo wemfanelo zomthetho zithintana kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mibono ayikwazi ukuhlala ngokwahlukana. Ngeke siphikisana nabachwepheshe, zama nje ukuqiniseka, vumela futhi ngokweqiniso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunjalo. Sesivele sibheke amaphuzu amabili, siyaqhubeka okwesithathu.

Izimiso zomthwalo wemithetho, ukuchaza imigomo nemingcele yayo, ziningi. Phakathi kwabo, okuyinhloko kukhona:

1. Isimiso sokusemthethweni. Iqukethe ukukhishwa okuqondile nokungaqiniseki kwezidingo zomthetho ekusetshenzisweni komthetho wobugebengu, womphakathi, wokuphatha, wokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe. Ukuhambisana nalezi zidingo kuyisidingo sokufeza izinhloso zalolu hlobo lobuhlobo bomthetho.
2. Isimiso somthwalo wemfanelo onecala . Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma isakhamuzi singakwazanga ukubona ukuthi imiphumela yezenzo zakhe ingaba yini, futhi engafuni ukuthi bangene, abakwazanga ukuphatha izenzo zabo, ngakho-ke umthwalo wemfanelo wezomthetho awufiki.
3. Ubulungisa . Umuntu owenzile ubhekene nesenzo esingalungile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umuntu angajezisa onecala ngesenzo esifanayo kanye kuphela, futhi ngokuqokwa kwesijeziso, ubukhulu bebugebengu kufanele bucatshangelwe. Umthetho obeka umthwalo wemfanelo noma ukuwuqinisa awukwazi ukubuyisela ukusebenza.
4. Ukuzimela komunye umuntu . Linikeza ithuba lokukhetha izindlela ezahlukene zomthelela wezomthetho, kucatshangelwa izinga leengozi yomphakathi yezenzo, umlingiswa kanye nobuntu bommangalelwa, izimo zokunciphisa nokukhuphula.
5. Ukungafinyeleli . Kuqala ukucasula okungenakuphikisana, ukungavinjelwa komthwalo wemfanelo. Lapha akukaze kube yilapho kunqunywe izigwebo eziphoqelelwe kwabahlukumezi (kwabasebekhulile, izingane, abesifazane abakhulelwe, ukusetshenzwa kwezinyathelo akufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi), kodwa kunalokho ukuphendula okungaqondile kwamalungu neziphathimandla ezifanele. Icala kumele lifundwe, futhi lowo ophulwayo uzocutshungulwa futhi anecala ngamagunya okuphoqelela umthetho (ngokuqondene nalabo abashiwo ngenhla, isijeziso singasimiswa noma sisetshenziswe ngokomthetho).
6. Inkokhelo yasemthethweni yokuqala . Lesi simiso sithi: uma isikhathi esiphakathi kwecala kanye nokuqala kwesijeziso ngenxa yaso sinkulu kakhulu, izigwegwe zingase zingabi nalutho, aziqondi, azihlangabezi nezidingo zomphakathi zamanje.
7. Ukucabangela . Wonke amaqiniso kulokhu, okubalulekile ngomqondo wezomthetho, kufanele asungulwe.
8. Ukutholakala . Ngokwezimiso, kukhonjelwe isijeziso esizohambisana nalokho okushiwo umthetho kanye nezimo lapho icala lenziwe khona.

Izinhloso zomthwalo wemfanelo

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, imisebenzi yobudlelwane bomthetho esibucabangayo inqunywe yimigomo yabo, ngakho-ke ihlobene. Ngakho, iya entweni elandelayo yesihloko sethu. Yiziphi izinhloso zomthetho wezomthetho? Nje ufuna ukuphawula ukuthi kuneziningana. Nokho, bonke banokuthile okufanayo. Yini ngempela? Izinhloso eziyinhloko zomthwalo wemfanelo womthetho ukuletha umyalelo emphakathini, ukujezisa umenzi wobugebengu futhi, ngokuqinisekile, ubuyisele ubulungiswa. Manje ake sixoxe ngawo wonke la maphuzu ngokuningiliziwe.

Ngokuvamile, ukudalulwa okujulile kwesihloko esithi "Umthwalo wemithetho: izimpawu, imigomo," kufanele siqale ngokucabangela indima yobudlelwane obunjalo emphakathini. Noma kunjalo u-N. Wiener wabhala ukuthi nakuba umphakathi ngokwawo unqume ukuthi yini efuna abenzi bokubi - ukuhlukaniswa, ukuhlengwa, imfundo - kuyoba khona ukudideka nokudideka, lapho ubugebengu obunye buveza khona omunye. Ngakho-ke, izinhloso zomthwalo wezomthetho, ukumela imodeli ekahle yezihloko zomphakathi mayelana nemiphumela yezenzo zabo. Yibo abaqaphela isimo sezenzo ezihloswe ekufezeni. Kodwa lapha kunezinto eziningana.

Okokuqala, kumele ngitshele ukuthi umthwalo wezomthetho unqunywe ukujezisa umenzi wobugebengu ukuze kubuyiselwe ubulungiswa. Yiqiniso, isimiso "sehlo iso" siphelile, kodwa umqondo wokubala izenzo ezizibophezele zikhona; Ngokwemvelo, lesi sijeziso sincike ebuqini becala.

Okwesibili, imigomo yomthwalo wemfanelo yomthetho ibuye ifakwe ekufundiseni kabusha umenzi wobugebengu, kanye nasekusebenzeni umsebenzi ukuvimbela lo muntu owenze iphutha ukuthi angenzi kahle esikhathini esizayo. Ngemva kokubuya ezindaweni zokuboshwa noma emva kokukhokha imali, umuntu uhlala emphakathini futhi uyaqhubeka ehlala futhi esebenza. Umphakathi ngokwawo unesithakazelo lokuthi emaphakathini ayo kwakukhona umuntu ongazange acasulwe ngesigwebo, kodwa ngubani owazi ukuthi unecala.

Okwesithathu, umthwalo wemfanelo womthetho usetshenziselwa izinhloso zemfundo kubo bonke abazungezile ukuze kuvimbele izenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Uma kungenjalo, bangajeziswa futhi banqatshelwe izinzuzo zomuntu siqu.

Okwesine, lo mthwalo uhloswe ukubuyisela isimo somuntu ohlukunyeziwe, ngenxephezelo yokulahleka okubonakalayo nokulimala kokuziphatha.

Ngakho-ke, imigomo yomthwalo wemfanelo yomthetho ukugcina indlela ekhona yokuphila emphakathini kanye nemigomo yomthetho nokuhleleka.

Izinhlobo zemfanelo zomthetho

Sihlolisise ukuthi yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo yomthetho. Inhloso nezinhlobo zayo zixhunyaniswa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Izinga lokuzibophezela kanye nezinhlawulo zihlale zixhomeke ekutheni amandla amabi ngokwalo. Okulandelayo, cabangela izinhlobo zemfanelo zomthetho.

1. Isigebengu . Iza kuphela ngenxa yobugebengu. Ukuletha umthwalo wemfanelo wobugebengu yiyona inkantolo yenkantolo. Futhi lo mzimba kuphela uthola isilinganiso sokujeziswa.

Ubugebengu buchazwa njengezenzo eziyingozi emphakathini, ezichazwe ku-Code Criminal. Ku-Art. I-14 ye-Code Criminal inikeza incazelo ecacile yalo mqondo. Kuye, izinyathelo ezinzima kakhulu eziqiniswayo zihlinzekwa, okuyinto enciphisa kakhulu amalungelo esakhamizi atholakala enecala (ukulahlwa kwamalungelo nenkululeko, isikhathi esiningi somsebenzi, izinhlawulo). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umuntu angaba nomthwalo wemfanelo hhayi kuphela ngezenzo ezenzile kakade, kodwa futhi ngenxa yobunzima, ukuzama, ukulungiselela. Umuntu ulahlwe yicala kuphela yinkantolo, futhi ubeka inhlawulo, ngokuvumelana nemigomo yenqubo (bheka i-Code Criminal ye-Russian Federation). Ukuletha isinqumo ekubulaweni kulawulwa imithetho yezobugebengu-eziphezulu. Abantu abaye bakhonza isigwebo banesigwebo. Kulesi simo, izinyathelo zomthwalo wemfanelo zomthetho: isigwebo sokufa, ukulahlekelwa inkululeko, njll.

2. Ukuphatha . Iza ngokuphulwa komyalelo womphakathi. Umthetho uthi ukujeziswa kokuphatha kuyisilinganiso sokwenza isenzo esingalungile, icala. Isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela amacala amasha ngumenzi wobubi yena kanye nabanye abantu. Umgomo wayo awukwazi ukubangela ukuhlupheka, ukulimaza idumela lesakhamuzi. Ukuthunyelwa kwamacala anjalo, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zihloswe:

• Isexwayiso;
• Kuhle (ukuphatha);
• Ukuthunjwa kwento yokwenza isenzo esingekho emthethweni;
• Ukuchithwa kwethuluzi lesecala;
• Ukushiywa kwamalungelo omuntu;
• Ukuboshwa (ukuphatha) ;
• Ukumiswa kwemisebenzi (yokuphatha);
• Ukungafaneleka.

Mayelana nezinhlangano zomthetho, izinyathelo ezichazwe ezigabeni 1-4 ziyasebenza. Ngokomthetho jikelele, inhlawulo yokuphulwa kokuphatha ingafakwa kungakapheli izinyanga ezimbili ngemuva kokuthi icala lenziwe. Izijeziso nezigungu ezigunyaziwe ukucubungula amacala anjalo, izinyathelo zazo kanye nenqubo yokuqaliswa kwezahlulelo kuleso cala, zinqunywe yiKhodi Yokuphatha.

3 . Civil . It isetshenziselwa ukungabikho kwemigomo yamalungelo. Isibonelo, ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nemigomo yezinkontileka, ukulimala kwempahla noma ibhizinisi, ukusayina kokuthengiselana okungekho emthethweni, ukungahloniphi kwamalungelo okushicilela, njll. Isilinganiso esiyinhloko sokujeziswa siyisikweletu semali, ukubuyiswa kwesokudla,

4. Ukujeziswa . Kuwumphumela wokuphulwa kwezempi, okusemthethweni, ezemfundo, ezemisebenzi, nokuyala. Ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle, noma kunalokho, ukwehluleka ukwenza noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwemisebenzi yomsebenzi, umqashi angasebenzisa lezo zinhlobo zokujeziswa: amazwi, ukusola, ukuxoshwa ezintweni ezithile. Ezinye izigaba zabasebenzi zingase zibe ngaphansi kwezinye izinhlawulo, ngokusho komthetho wesifundazwe. Izijeziso ezingacacisiwe kwiKhodi Yezabasebenzi yeRussia Federation azivumelekile.

Isisebenzi singafaka isikhalazo ku-inspectorate wombuso noma ezinhlanganweni ezicubungula izingxabano zomsebenzi ngamunye .

5. Izinto . Ufika ngomonakalo kumqashi. Njengomthetho, kunciphise ngobukhulu bemali engenayo yenyanga ngenyanga yesisebenzi. Ngokugcwele, ingabelwa isisebenzi kuphela uma amacala awenziwe nguye echazwe olwazini lwe-LC RF. 243 noma eminye imithetho ye-Russian Federation.

Abasebenzi abangaphansi kweminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye bangathola isijeziso esigcwele kuphela uma befuna ukulimaza ngokweqile, noma lapho belimaza esimweni sokudakwa kwezidakamizwa noma utshwala.

Ukuvelela kwezinto ezibonakalayo nezomphakathi ukuthi leyo monakalo ingahlawuliswa ngokuzithandela yilabo abayibangela, futhi uma kunqatshelwe - enkantolo.

Ngakho-ke, izinhloso eziyinhloko zomthwalo wemfanelo womthetho yizokuvikelwa kokuhleleka nokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo wonke aphuliwe.

Ukulingana nokuzibophezela ngokomthetho

Izinkinga zomthetho wezomthetho ziphakathi kwezindala kakhulu ezincwadini zomthetho futhi ziphakathi kokuphakade nokufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imiqondo yemfanelo yomthetho kanye nobulungiswa ihlobene kakhulu.

Kukholelwa ukuthi ubulungiswa bungenye yezindinganiso ezingapheli zomthetho. Le nkinga okwamanje iyona eyinhloko kufilosofi yesigaba esilandela ngenhla sobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle. Buka Kufakiwe 0 Lalela Funda Kudivayisi kuphela Kwengeziwe Buka Kufakiwe Cicero 0 Lalela Funda Kudivayisi kuphela Kwengeziwe Buka Kufakiwe 0 Lalela Funda Kudivayisi kuphela Kwengeziwe Buka

Isizathu sokuletha ubulungiswa singaba yisiphambeko kuphela. Ukuze uyisebenzise, udinga idokhumenti ekhethekile, isenzo esinolwazi emafomu kanye nemali yezinhlawulo ezisebenza kumuntu othile. Lokhu kungaba kokubili isigwebo senkantolo, nesinqumo sika-boss. Uma izizathu zokukhululwa kwecala, ezihlinzekwa ngumthetho, azicacisiwe, khona-ke lowo ophulukene naye uzobhekana nesigwebo esibi.

Isimo sengqondo esifanele ngomuntu noma into ethile sidinga ukungakhethi. Umthetho unesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukulingana kwabantu nokusekelwa izakhamuzi eziningi. Khona-ke uzoba nobulungisa, futhi ukwephulwa kwakhe kuyoba ukwephula ubulungisa. Kulesi simo, ukubophezeleka komthetho ukuvikelwa kwayo kanye nesondlo. Imigomo yokukhetha isijeziso esifanele yilezi zingozi zomphakathi zomenzi wobugebengu, ubuningi benecala, izimo zecala (ukunciphisa noma ukuhlakulela) futhi, nakanjani, umlandu. Ngokuqinisekile wonke ama-nuances wesigameko kufanele acatshangwe yijaji ekucubunguleni icala.

Ngokusho komThethosisekelo weRussian Federation, ubulungiswa bunikelwa yinkantolo kuphela. Amandla omthetho afaka phakathi izinhlobo ezinjalo zomthetho: ukuphatha, ubugebengu, ukulamula kanye nomthetho womphakathi. Futhi kanjani ukuchaza umqondo wobulungisa ngokujwayelekile? Lezi zenzo ezihloswe ekuxazululeni izingxabano zomphakathi ngesisekelo somthetho. Futhi ngokuchazwa okulula kokubulungiswa - umsebenzi wezinkantolo ukubuyekezwa amacala omphakathi, okuphatha, amacala obugebengu ngesisekelo somthetho onobulungisa. I-judiciary, empeleni, yenza imisebenzi yobulungiswa, ukulawulwa kwezomthetho, izinyathelo eziphoqelelwe ukusetshenziswa, iqinisekisa amaqiniso abalulekile emqondweni wezomthetho. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, kuhlanganiswe ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nomthetho, ngenkathi kunendlela yezomthetho yokukhuluma. Futhi ilungelo, liphinde linikeze iziphathimandla ukuzinza. Ngokwesisekelo sayo, ijaji lenza imisebenzi yalo.

Ngaphambi komthetho, wonke umuntu kufanele alingane. Isibopho sabangalungile asikwazi ukuthembela esimweni sezinto ezibonakalayo izakhamizi ezenze lesi senzo, ubuzwe babo, umoya weqembu noma inkolo. Uma lokhu kwenziwa, khona-ke kuzoba khona izinto ezidingekayo zobulungiswa. Umthetho kumele ube mnandi. Noma kunjalo, izinto zangempela zanamuhla zikude nalokhu. Izinkinga zomthwalo wemfanelo zomthetho ziholela ekungahambeni komgomo wobulungiswa.

Abomthetho abazicabangi izici eziningi zomgomo ngaphambi kokwamukelwa kwezinguquko ezilandelayo kanye nokuchibiyela. Ngokuvamile izigwebo ngokwazo azikwanele ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke sinokukhula kobugebengu. Uma kungekho ukusabela okusheshayo nokulungile okuvela embusweni kuya emacala, ukukhula kwabo kukhulu nakakhulu. Kuthiwani mayelana nenkinga yobulungiswa.

Esikhundleni segama elilandelayo

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesihloko: "Imisebenzi kanye Nezinhloso Zomthwalo Wezomthetho" sibheke umqondo woluhlobo lobuhlobo bomthetho. Ngokomlando, kwavela icala lomthetho njengendlela yokuvikela impahla. Umsebenzi wombuso kwakuwukuvikela izinto ezivela ekuqothulweni ngokubeka ukuvinjelwa nokufaka isicelo sokujeziswa kwabahlukumezi, njengoba kuboniswe ngezenzo zomthetho zalezo zikhathi. Ngakho-ke, umqondo nemigomo yemithwalo yemfanelo yomthetho yayikhona ngisho nangaleso sikhathi. Ngokungangabazeki, zenze izinguquko, kodwa isisekelo ngokwawo sasihlala sinye.