Lengetiwe Ubuchwepheshe: kuchaza, kucacisa, futhi isicelo izici izilinganiso. ubuchwepheshe lengetiwe e umkhakha

Ubuchwepheshe 3D-ukuphrinta yethulwa ngo-1986, lapho le nkampani 3D Systems athuthukiswe iphrinta okhethekile wokuqala - umshini stereolithography, iziphi kabanzi obusetshenziswa embonini yezokuvikela. Imishini yokuqala kwakubiza kakhulu futhi ukukhetha amaphuzu ukudalwa onobuhle wawumncane. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa ngakuthathu waqala ukuthuthukiswa design ubuchwepheshe (CAD), izibalo kanye sekulingisa (CAE) kanye machining (CAM). Futhi namhlanje kunzima ukuthola indawo zokukhiqiza, okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukuthi básebenzisa 3D-amaphrinta :. Sebenzisa kubo ukukhiqiza izingxenye izindiza, imikhumbi-mkhathi, ngwenya, amathuluzi, lokufakelwa kwezitho kanye izimila, imigexo, njll Ithemba isobala - ubuchwepheshe okufakiwe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuyoba kube into eza kuqala engineering ubuchwepheshe mechanical .

Lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni ezizibandakanyile ku-3D yamahhashi. Ngakho, ngo-2012, Yangstoune, Ohio, wavula National Ukuqamba Institute okufakiwe yokukhiqiza NAMII - isikhungo sokuqala okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe nanhlanu ezikhiqizwa e-United States. Umshini epaki Institute kakade has 10 imishini okufakiwe, ezintathu zazo ziyizilimi imishini eziphambili kakhulu ukwakha isizinda izingxenye.

Amagama achaza ngezigaba

Ingqikithi okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe iwukuba ukuhlanganisa izinto ukudala idatha izinto kusukela 3D-imodeli ungqimba by ungqimba. Loku kuhlukile ezivamile amasu yokukhiqiza subtractive okusho machining - nokususa izinto kusukela workpiece.

ubuchwepheshe lengetiwe libhekwa:

• yizinto ezisetshenziswa (ewuketshezi, particulate, polymeric, powder metal);
• khona we-laser;
• -indlela ukulungisa ukwakhiwa ungqimba (umphumela ezishisayo, ngemisebe nge ultraviolet noma ukukhanya ebonakalayo, ukwakheka isibopho);
• -indlela kumiswa ungqimba.

Kunezindlela ezimbili ukwakha ungqimba. Esokuqala siwukuthi yesikhulumi sokuqala kuthululwe indaba powder, ke lihlukaniswa noma roller ummese ukudala i ngisho ungqimba ukushuba oyifunayo material. Kwenzeka abakhethayo laser powder ngokucubungula noma enye indlela powder izinhlayiya kwakwakhe (ukuncibilika noma gluing) ngokuvumelana nesigaba samanje CAD-model. Ukwakhiwa Plane kuyinto azizange zishintshe, futhi ezinye powder ihleli kahle. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi zamagama abakhethayo kanye abakhethayo laser sintering, uma elibona nxazonke ithuluzi kuyinto laser. Eyesibili indlela olugxile sebethule oqondile kwezingxenye amandla Summing iphuzu.

Inhlangano ASTM, okuyinto eba amazinga umkhakha, sabela ubuchwepheshe 3D-okufakiwe ku 7 imikhakha.

1. Extruding impahla. Ekwakheni iphuzu extruder osuke usushisa kakade wapha unamathisele izinto, nenye isibopho kanye powder metal. Yakhelwe imodeli ongahluziwe ibekwe esithandweni ukususa isibopho kanye Sinter powder - ngendlela efanayo njengoba kwenzeka e ubuchwepheshe bendabuko. Lobu buchwepheshe okufakiwe luyasetshenziswa ngaphansi zokuhweba MJS (Multiphase Jet solidification, multiphase jet solidification), FDM (tho sebethule Modeling, ukumbumbuluzwa ngu layerwise fusing), FFF (tho intambo Fabrication, ukukhiqizwa indlela fusing sesigcilikisha).
2. Sishaye izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, e Polyjet wax noma photopolymer ubuchwepheshe multi-jet ikhanda lisetshenziswa ukwakhiwa iphuzu. Lobu buchwepheshe okufakiwe ubizwa nangokuthi Multi jetting Material.
3. isibopho ukufafaza. Lezi zihlanganisa jet Ink-Jet-umjovo ubuchwepheshe ekwakhiweni zone akusho kukhombisa izinto, i-ejenti isibopho (yokukhiqiza okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe ExOne).
4. Compound seshidi izinto. Ukwakha ebonakala- polymer ifilimu, ucwecwe lwensimbi, iphepha kanye nabanye. Isetshenziselwa, isibonelo, ultrasonic ubuchwepheshe okufakiwe Fabrisonic. Izingcwecwe zensimbi ezilula basuke eziphothene ndawonye by ultrasound, ngemva kwalokho metal ngokweqile isuswa wokugaya. ubuchwepheshe lengetiwe isetshenziswa ngesikhathi esifanayo ne subtractive.
5. Photopolymerization okugeza. Ubuchwepheshe isebenzisa uketshezi ukumodeliswa izinto - photopolymer resin. Isibonelo inkampani SLA-ubuchwepheshe 3D Amasistimu DLP-ubuchwepheshe Envisiontec inkampani, Digital Khanyisa Procession.
6. Ukuncibilika impahla e ungqimba pre eyakheke. Asetshenziswe SLS-ubuchwepheshe, usebenzisa njengendlela umthombo wamandla laser noma ikhanda ezishisayo (SHS inkampani Blueprinter).
7. amandla Direct efingqa endaweni yokwakha. Material namandla fed ukuncibilika yayo iphuzu ekwakhiweni kanyekanye. Umzimba isetshenziswa njengophawu ikhanda ukusebenza, ifakwe uhlelo ngoba usinika amandla nezinto zethu ezibonakalayo. Amandla iza ngendlela ugodo kanzulu of electron (Sciaky) noma laser ugongolo (POM, Optomec,). Ngezinye izikhathi ikhanda ogibele "isandla" robot.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyisigaba izinkulumo okuningi mayelana butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe kunalena eyedlule.

Fields of kwesicelo

emakethe okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe the Dynamics ukuthuthukiswa ngaphambi nezinye izimboni. ekukhuleni kwayo avareji yonyaka balinganiselwa ku-27%, ngokusho IDC inkampani ilinganisela ukuthi ngo-2019 ngeke azisizi 26.7 amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu kuqhathaniswa 11 billion ngonyaka 2015

Nokho, i-AT emakethe nokho ukuba embule ezingaba untapped ekukhiqizeni ezidayiswayo. Kufika ama-10% izinkampani ukubaluleka ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla kudliwe prototyping yayo. Futhi izinkampani eziningi kakade sezilithathile kulesi sigaba emakethe. Kodwa asele 90% uya ekukhiqizeni, ngakho ukudala izicelo yokukhiqiza ngokushesha kwemikhiqizo kuyoba isiqondiso eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi umkhakha esikhathini esizayo.

Ngo-2014, inani lemikhaya okusheshayo prototyping ubuchwepheshe emakethe okufakiwe nakuba kwehle, wahlala aphakeme - 35%, isabelo ukukhiqizwa lakhula ngokushesha futhi ifinyelele share 31% ekudalweni amathuluzi wahlala wahlala 25%, okunye zaba ngu ucwaningo kanye nemfundo.

Ngu imikhakha yezomnotho, izicelo AT-tech basakaza kanje:

• 21% - imikhiqizo umthengi kanye electronics;
• 20% - imoto;
• 15% - imithi, kuhlanganise amazinyo;
• 12% - yamabhanoyi nesikhala embonini;
• 11% - ukukhiqizwa izindlela zokukhiqiza;
• 8% - nezempi;
• 8% - kumiswa;
• 3% - ukwakhiwa.

Nayizimfundamakhwela kanye ochwepheshe

AT-tech emakethe sehlukaniswe amateur nezobuchwepheshe. Amateur emakethe kuhlanganisa 3D-amaphrinta kanye nokugcinwa yabo, ehlanganisa inkonzo, okudlekayo, isofthiwe, futhi yakhelwe umuntu abathanda, imfundo kanye ngeso imibono kanye lula ukuxhumana lapho besanda kuqala ukuthuthukiswa ibhizinisi elisha.

Usizo lwabenza imisenenzi 3D-amaphrinta ezibizayo futhi zifanelekile zokugaya enwetshiwe. Sinenkosi endaweni enkulu ukwakhiwa, ukusebenza, ukunemba, ukuthembeka, enwetshiwe imodeli uhla izinto. Lezi imishini ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zidinga ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono akhethekile ukuba asebenze namadivayisi ngokwazo, imodeli izinto kanye ne-software. Ngokuvamile, opharetha umshini iba uchwepheshe okhokhelwayo ubuchwepheshe okufakiwe nge imfundo ephakeme lobuchwepheshe.

Ubuchwepheshe lengetiwe ngo-2015

Ngokwalo mbiko Wohlers Umbiko 2015, 1988 no-2014, 79.602 umkhakha 3D-amaphrinta isifakiwe emhlabeni wonke. . Ngesikhathi esifanayo 38.1% amadivaysi ibize ngaphezu kuka 5 izinkulungwane aseMelika bavela USA, 9.3% - iJapane, 9.2% - eChina, futhi 8.7% - eJalimane. Umhlaba wonke banamathuba phambili wabaholi. Kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-2014 ivolumu yaminyaka yonke yokuthengisa ideskithophu amaphrinta lenyuka lisuka kwabangaba 66 kumayunithi 139 584. Ngo-2014, 91,6% of sales zaba ideskithophu 3D-printer, futhi 8.4% - izinhlelo zokusebenza yezimboni okufakiwe ukukhiqiza, inzuzo okuyinto Nokho, ufunyenwe 86,6% wezindleko, noma 1.12 bhiliyoni aseMelika imigomo ngokuphelele. imishini Desktop enelisekile kwezigidi ezingu 173,2 aseMelika kanye 13.4%. Ngo-2016, silindele yokuthengisa ukukhula ku- $ 7.3 bhiliyoni, e 2018 - 12.7 billion ngo-2020 emakethe uyofinyelela $ 21.2 billion.

Ngokusho Wohlers, FDM-ubuchwepheshe liyanqoba, alinganiselwa brand mayelana 300 emhlabeni jikelele, nsuku zonke ngokungeza ukulungiswa entsha. Ezinye zazo zidayiswa endaweni kuphela, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu, noma kungenzeki nhlobo, ukuthola ulwazi mayelana inombolo lemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa 3D-amaphrinta. Ngokukhulu ukuzethemba singasho ukuthi inombolo yabo emakethe kwandisa usuku ngalunye oludlulayo. Kukhona ukwehluka okukhulu ngosayizi kanye ukuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani Berlin kuveza omkhulu BigRep FDM-iphrinta ngokuthi BigRep ONE.2 ngentengo 36 eziyinkulungwane. Euro, uyakwazi ukuphrinta izinto ezifika kwezi-900 x 1055 x 1100 mm isinqumo 100-1000 microns, nge extruders ezimbili futhi ikhono lokusebenzisa izinto ezahlukene.

Umkhakha - I-

Imboni zezindiza izotshala kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ama-okufakiwe. Ukusetshenziswa okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe kuzonciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphinde wachitha lapho kuvezwa izingxenye by izikhathi 10. Kulindeleke ukuthi GE Aviation Inkampani ngeke ngonyaka ukushicilela ayizinkulungwane 40. Injectors. Futhi i-Airbus by 2018 inkampani uya ukuphrinta amathani afinyelela ku-30 ezingxenyeni ngenyanga. Le nkampani ithi: inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo izici izingxenye enziwa ngendlela kuqhathaniswa bendabuko. Kwavela ukuthi le ubakaki, okuyinto lwenzelwe amathani 2.3 umthwalo, eqinisweni, ayinakuzithoba ukumelana imithwalo izimpahla ezingamathani angu-14 ngenkathi ekunciphiseni isisindo sayo ngesigamu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani ishicilela imininingwane aluminium ishidi nophethiloli izixhumi. Indiza i-Airbus has ayizinkulungwane 60. Pieces, iphrintwe 3D-iphrinta Stratasys Fortus Inkampani. izinkampani Okunye Aerospace umkhakha nabo abasebenzisa okufakiwe yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe. Phakathi kwabo: Bell helicopter, BAE, Bombardier, Boeing, Embraer, Honeywell Aerospace, Jikelele Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce futhi SpaceX.

Digital ubuchwepheshe okufakiwe kakade elisetshenziswa womshini ezidayiswayo ahlukahlukene. Inkampani imizimba yawo, ukunikela okufakiwe yokukhiqiza, ubambisana Hoet Eyeware enkulu ekwakhekeni izibuko umbono ukulungiswa kanye izibuko. 3D-onobuhle anikezwa ezihlukahlukene amasevisi ifu. Kuphela yenkampani 3D Warehouse futhi Sketchup ukunikela amasampula 2.7 million. Ungahlali iqembu imboni yezemfashini. RS Phrinta isebenzisa uhlelo ukuthi ulinganisa ingcindezi yamathe, ukuphrinta insoles ngabanye. Abaklami kuthiwa ukusebenzisa bikinis, izicathulo kanye izingubo.

prototyping okusheshayo

Ngaphansi prototyping okusheshayo ukuqonda indalo imikhiqizo prototype e esikhathini esifishane. It ingenye izicelo eyinhloko okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza. Prototype - uhlobo umkhiqizo edingekayo ukuze nokwandisa ukuma ingxenye kokuhlaziywa yayo Ergonomics, inhlangano amakhono ukuqinisekisa kanye ngokunemba isakhiwo izixazululo. Yingakho zokunciphisa yokukhiqiza izingxenye zokuphila zingaba kakhulu ukunciphisa isikhathi nentuthuko. Futhi, sibonelo kungaba imodeli eyenzelwe sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza kanye hydrodynamic ngokuhlola noma ukusebenza yokuqinisekisa ezivalekile abendlu nezisetshenziswa zokwelapha. prototypes Abaningi wadala njengoba ngokuhlola design onobuhle ezicashile ekucushweni, imibala kanye Umbala nokunye. D. Ukuze prototyping okusheshayo isebenzisa engabizi 3D-amaphrinta.

ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo

Ubuchwepheshe okufakiwe embonini banamathemba okukhulu. ukukhiqizwa ngezinga elincane imikhiqizo nge-geometry eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi izinto ezithile ezivamile kuleli shipbuilding, wobunjiniyela, ukuhlinzwa reconstructive nemithi yamazinyo, Aerospace umkhakha. ukutshalwa Direct imikhiqizo metal oshukunyiswa bakwazi kwezomnotho, njengoba lokhu imodi zokukhiqiza kade lingaphansi ebizayo. With ukusetshenziswa okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe zizenzela imizimba ukusebenza imishini kagesi kanye imiphini, izimila kanye lokufakelwa kwezitho, izingxenye ezisele for izimoto izindiza.

Ukuthuthukiswa yokukhiqiza ngokushesha futhi nomthelela nokwanda okuphawulekayo inani etholakalayo powder metal izinto. Uma ngo-2000 kwakunabamemezeli 5-6 izinhlobo izimpushana, manje unikeza anhlobonhlobo, lemali amashumi amathrekhi steel kwesakhiwo kuya amatshe ayigugu kanye superalloys.

Ethembisayo okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe isiqoqi sama-softwe, lapho ingasetshenziswa womshini amathuluzi kanye Amathuluzi ukukhiqizwa uchungechunge - ifaka yemishini umjovo udini, isikhunta, izifanekiso.

Ultimaker 2 - okungcono 3D-iphrinta 2016

Ngokombono magazini CHIP, okuyinto kwenziwa ukuhlolwa futhi wafanisa izici abendlu 3D-printer, amaphrinta engcono 2016 imodeli Ultimaker kukhona izinkampani 2 Ultimaker, Reniforce RF1000 inkampani uConrad Replicator Desktop 3D inkampani Iphrinta MakerBot.

Ultimaker 2+ e imodeli yayo ngcono isebenzisa sekulingisa ubuchwepheshe by fusing. 3D-iphrinta kuyahluka kulencane ungqimba ukushuba 0.02 mm, isikhathi ukubala encane, ongaphakeme izindleko zokunyathelisa (2600 deda ngalinye 1 kg wezinto). Izici Key:

• usayizi ekamelweni ukusebenza - 223 x 223 x 305 mm;
• isisindo - 12.3 kg;
• nekhanda - 0,25 / 0,4 / 0,6 / 0,8 mm;
• die lokushisa - 180-260 ° C;
• isinqumo ungqimba - 150-60 / 200-20 / 400-20 / 600-20 microns;
• Phrinta Speed - 8-24 mm ³ / s;
• ngokunemba XYZ - 12,5-12,55 microns;
• impahla - PLA, ABS, CPE ubukhulu 2.85 mm;
• Software - Cura;
• Izinhlobo zamafayela asekelwe - Stl, OBJ, AMF;
• Amandla ukusetshenziswa - 221 W;
• Intengo - 1895 euro, futhi base imodeli 2495 euro enwetshiwe.

Ngokusho izibuyekezo zamakhasimende, iphrinta ungukukhanya ukufaka nokusebenzisa. Ukugubha lesinqumo high, embhedeni self-ukulungisa, ezihlukahlukene enkulu ezisetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa ovulekile wesofthiwe. I yokuntula zihlanganisa iphrinta ukuvula design iphrinta, okungaholela ukushiswa impahla ashisayo.

LulzBot Mini 3D Iphrinta

Ngo sokubuyekezwa umagazini PC Magazine Ultimaker 2 futhi Replicator Desktop 3D Iphrinta wangenisa ezintathu phezulu, kodwa lapha kwasekuqaleni kwaba iphrinta LulzBot Mini 3D Iphrinta. imininingwane yayo injengoba kulandela:

• usayizi ekamelweni ukusebenza - 152 x 152 x 158 mm;
• Isisindo - 8,55 kg;
• die lokushisa - 300 ° C;
• ungqimba ukushuba - 0.05-0.5 mm;
• Phrinta Speed - 275 mm / s ezingeni ukuphakama 0.18 mm ungqimba;
• impahla - PLA, ABS, izinqulu, PVA, PETT, i-polyester, inayiloni, polycarbonate, PETG, PCTE, PC-ABS, futhi ubukhulu abanye 3 mm.
• Software - Cura, OctoPrint, BotQueue, Slic3r, Printrun, MatterControl njll;.
• Amandla ukusetshenziswa - 300 W;
• Intengo - $ 1 250.

Sciaky EBAM 300

Esinye sezipho ezinhle kakhulu imishini ezimbonini okufakiwe umkhiqizo EBAM izinkampani 300 Sciaky. Electron ugongolo isibhamu kubangela izingqimba metal ngesivinini-9 kg ngehora.

• usayizi ekamelweni ukusebenza - 5791 x 1219 x 1219 mm;
• ingcindezi ekamelweni cleaner - 1x10 ^-4 Torr;
• amandla ukusetshenziswa - 42 kuze kube kW ngesikhathi voltage 60 kV;
• ubuchwepheshe - extrusion;
• impahla - titanium futhi titanium Alloys, tantalum, inconel, tungsten niobium, insimbi engagqwali, aluminium, zensimbi, ithusi-nickel ingxubevange (70/30 futhi 30/70);
• inani lemali - 8605,2 amalitha;
• Intengo - ayizinkulungwane 250 aseMelika ..

ubuchwepheshe lengetiwe eRussia

imishini ezimbonini-grade eRussia kungukuthi kukhiqizwa. Nakuba kuphela zithuthukiswa khona ezingeni "Rosatom", le MSTU laser isikhungo. Bauman University "STANKIN" Polytechnic University of Petersburg, Urals Federal University. "Voronezhselimmash", esikhiqiza zemfundo kanye ezifuywayo 3D-amaphrinta "Alpha", ukuhlakulela commercial okufakiwe isitshalo.

Isimo esifanayo izimpahla. Umholi ukuthuthukiswa izimpushana kanye powder ukwakhiwa eRussia VIAM. Lenza powder for okufakiwe ubuchwepheshe asetshenziselwa ekubuyiselweni ophephela izindwani, ngomyalo we Permian "izinjini izindiza». Inqubekela phambili kanye ngesikhathi Zonke-Russian Institute yokukhanya Alloys (Amasondo). Izigigaba ayizikhungo ubunjiniyela ezahlukene kulo lonke Russian Federation. "Rostec", Ural Yegatsha Russian Academy of Sciences, UFU kuholele ukuthuthukiswa yabo. Kodwa namanje abakwazi ukuhlangana ngisho isidingo elincane amathani powder ngonyaka 20.

Kule ndaba, uHulumeni wayala Ministry of Education, Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Communications, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fano, "Roscosmos", "Rosatom", "Rosstandart" izikhungo zokuthuthukisa ukusungula ehlelekile nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo nocwaningo. Ukuze kuphakanyiswa ukwaba ezengeziwe isabelomali izabelo, kanye nokucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka co-ngezimali ngezithukuthuku National Welfare Isikhwama kanye neminye imithombo. Kunconywa ukuba ukusekela ubuchwepheshe obusha ukukhiqizwa, e Umq. H. Ukwengezwa, MERS, "Rosnano" Isikhwama "Skolkovo", ejensi ukuthekelisa "EXIAR", "Vnesheconombank". Uhulumeni futhi emelelwa Industry and Trade Ministry izalungisa ingxenye uhlelo isimo for the ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa ngcono ukukwazi ukuncintisana namazwe ezimbonini.