Loire - umfula eFrance: incazelo, incazelo

Lo mfula omangalisayo amakhulu eminyaka kuye kwaba omunye wemigwaqo ebaluleke kunazo zonke eyabangela kusukela enkabeni yeFrance kuya olwandle lomhlaba. Futhi kwakukhona lapho imikhumbi emikhulu evela e-Atlantic idlula enhliziyweni yombuso. Namhlanje lo mfula ungasemikhumbi, kepha umgwaqo oya enkabeni yezwe uvaliwe. Umfula omkhulu kunawo wonke eFrance nguLaura.

Cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili umfula wawukuthunyelwa kabanzi. Lapha, kusukela ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye leminyaka, kwakhiwa umsebenzi wokwakha ukwakha amadamu ukuvikela izindawo kanye nezidingo zokuhamba. Kodwa ngokuvamile amadamu akakwazi ukugcina amagxolo anamandla omfula omkhulu ongalindelekile (inhlekelele ka-1856 no-1866).

Ngaphambi kokuba sikhulume ngakho, ake sicabangele ukuthi imiphi imifula egeleza eFrance.

Imifula yaseFrance: incazelo emfushane

I-France inesisindo esanele semithombo ye-hydrological. Kuleli zwe awekho amachibi owomile nemifula, kunesimo sezulu esishisayo esifudumele, imvula iyawa njalo unyaka wonke. Lokhu, okuyiqiniso, kunomthelela ekwenzeni ukuthi wonke uhlelo lwamanzi alungatshintshi.

Inqwaba yamanzi emvelo aseFrance kuhlanganisa amakhulu eminyango yamanzi encane kunazo zonke nemifula emikhulu. Kodwa kukhona isici esikhethekile kuleli zwe. Ngamazwi asekhona eFrance, imifula (i-fleuves) ibhekwa njengemizimba yamanzi egeleza ngokuqondile ezweni elwandle. Futhi kunezinsuku ezingu-131 zazo ezingeni laleli zwe, kanti kuphela ezingu-10 zazo (i-Loire, i-Rhine, i-Rhône, i-Maas, i-Garonne, i-Seine, i-Charente, i-Dordogne, i-Scheldt ne-Adour) inebude obungaphezu kuka-300 km. Futhi izimbiza zazo zonke lezi mifula zinendawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-400 zendawo yombuso wonke (ngaphezu kuka-70%).

Le milambo yaseFrance yizindawo ezibalulekile. Umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwamanzi emilonyeni unamagugu alandelayo (ngamamitha ayi cubic ngomzuzwana): Loire - 931, Rhine - 2300, Rhone - 1690, Maas - 400, Garonne - 650, Sena - 563, Charente - 49, Dordogne - 380, Schelda - I-104 ne-Adour - 350. Ukuqoqwa kwamanzi waminyaka yonke emalini amanani angama-40-45% wevolumu yaminyaka yonke eFrance. Cishe 33-34% yimifula egeleza emanzini: Rhône, Loire, Dordogne, Seine, Garonne, Adour naseCharente. Amachibi ashiya amanzi ngaphakathi eFrance yiMeuse, i-Rhine ne-Scheldt.

I-Loire River: imingcele

Igeleza e-Atlantic Ocean eFrance. Umfula i-Loire unamakhilomitha angu-1020 ubude. Imephu ibonisa ukuthi iyona ende kakhulu kunazo zonke. Ichibi layo lihlanganisa indawo engaphezu kuka-115,000 amamitha square. I-Km, emele ngaphezu kuka-20% yensimu yezwekazi laseFrance, ngakho-ke imfula ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ephawulekayo ezweni.

Umgwaqo wamanzi

Umsuka wayo u-Loire usondela eduze nomzana omncane, okuthiwa u-Saint-Elali (emnyangweni we-Ardeche), usempumalanga ye-Central French Massif. Ukuphakama kwalendawo kuyamamitha angu-1408 ngaphezulu kwezinga lolwandle.

Umfula eFrance uwela emathafeni asenyakatho nasempumalanga, ufike endaweni yesiphakamiso saseParis (eziqhingini zaseNyakatho-French). Kulezi zindawo, i-velocity yamanje iyancipha kakhulu, futhi iphenduka umfula ozolile, ugeleza eduze kwethaba elinamahlumela nemifula. Emadolobheni ayo kukhona imizi eminingi eFrance, njengeRoanne, i-Orleans, i-Angers, i-Nevers, i-Blois, i-Tours ne-Nantes. Idolobha elihlala eLouire Saint-Nazaire liyindawo yokuhlangana e-Atlantic Ocean.

Indlela yomfula omkhulu kuqala ugijima ukusuka eningizimu kuya enyakatho kuya edolobheni lase-Orleans, ngemva kwalokho liphendukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga edolobheni laseNantu. Khona-ke umfula uthwala amanzi ayo e-Atlantic Ocean ngokwawo, awusayishintshi isiqondiso saso.

Ukukhulula

Loire ngumfula, ovela emgodini ogwadule, obizwa ngokuthi iGerbier de Jón (umnyango we-Ardeche, ngaphakathi kweVelay naseVivara). Cishe amakhilomitha angu-150 ukusuka eMedithera ithatha isiqondiso se-meridian esenyakatho.

Umfula wezintaba ugeleza ngesivinini esikhulu endaweni engafaneleki phakathi kwezingqimba ezinkulu ze-granite ze-Central Massif. Unqobe izintaba zakhiwo ze-Velay crystalline (kunezindawo eziningi ezihamba kuzo) nezintaba eziseduze naseButier, eForêt, eBejojolais, eLyon naseMadeleine.

Loire: umbuso womfula, ama-cataclysms

Ezikhathini zasekwindla nasebusika umfula ugcwele izidumbu zaseMedithera kanye nezidumbu ze-oceanic, futhi ngesikhathi sokusabalala kweqhwa nemvula ye-oceanic. Ehlobo, umzimba wamanzi ubumpofu emanzini. Ngalokho okuxhunyiwe, sizocubungula phambili.

Lezi zindawo zibhekene nezinguquko ezingalindelekile ezimweni zezulu, ezithinta kakhulu isimo somfula. Ehlobo elomile, i-Loire iyashintsha kakhulu. Futhi ukuphambuka kwezulu okukhaliphile kuvame ukufika kumagugu amabi kakhulu. Kunezinto ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Ngo-Okthoba nango-1866, izikhukhula eziqhumayo zasolwandle (ngo-1910 no-1936) kanye nezikhathi zemvula zesikhathi eside zangezikhathi ezinyakazayo zihlanganiswa nokuqhaqhazeka kweqhwa ngokuzumayo (ekuqaleni kwehlobo lika-1856).

I-River tributary

I-Loire ine-tributary eyinhloko (kusukela ebhange elingakwesokunxele) - umfula i-Allier. Ubude bayo buyi-421 km, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuphakathi kuka 140 m³ / s. Ingaphezu kuka-14 300 km² - indawo yedamu.

Amanzi ase-Allia anezinga eliphansi kunazo zonke ehlobo (ngo-July kuya ku-Septhemba). Umthombo wawo uphinde utholakale eMassivef Central. Isiqondiso somfula ikakhulukazi esenyakatho. Emabhange uhlanganisa omunye wemadolobhana amahle kakhulu eFrance - iMoulin (inhloko-dolobha yomnyango oyimfihlo).

Lo mfula uhlukile kulokho emanzini ayo endaweni yemvelo uhlala inhlanzi - amanzi ahlanzekile.

Imibhoshongo yasendulo, izinto

I-Loire Valley inezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinto zokwakha zasendulo ezinhle: izinqaba, izindlu zamakhosi, imizi yasendulo njalonjalo. Zithwala umlando othakazelisayo wamakhulu eminyaka weFrance ephawulekayo.

Imibhoshongo yaseMiddleval once yabona imicimbi eminingi yempi. Ngokulandelayo, ephenduka izakhiwo ezinhle, zaba izikhungo ezinhle kakhulu zamasiko nobuciko (balalela umculo omnandi, babheka imidwebo emihle, babonisa imibukiso emihle, babhala futhi bafunda izinkondlo, amanoveli, njll). Lona isigodi esimangalisayo kakhulu, esicishe sibe nenhle kakhulu.

Izindawo eziyinhloko zalezi zindawo ezimangalisayo zi-Amboise, Lange, Chenonceau, Azay-le-Rideau, i-Blois, i-Chaumont-sur-Loire, i-Chambord ne-Valance. I-Loire Valley enhle kakhulu, ephakathi kweChalon neSully-sur-Loire, yabhalwa njenge-Heritage World Heritage Site ngo-2000.

Akusilo nje ukuthi iLoire iyimilambo ebizwa nangokuthi umfula wasebukhosini, futhi isigodi sayo siyigadi yasebukhosini yaseFrance, noma ingubo yomshado yezwe.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngeshwa, imisebenzi engalungile eyenziwa ekuhlanzeni phansi kwe-Loire yayiyizizathu zokubhujiswa kwesakhiwo sezakhiwo zasendulo esidumile - iBridge Tour (1978).

Kubaluleka komfula wezwe

Umfula weFrance ubalulekile ezindaweni eziningi. Ngokuyinhloko i-Loire iyimifula (njengemfula i-Rhone), okubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla ezweni. Kunezicucu ezimbili ezakhiwe endaweni yayo (esiteshini esiphezulu): Nossan no-Willrest (umfula wase-Aljo), namuhla ojwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukupholisa izigameko zenyukliya ezisezindaweni ezine eFrance.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfula uxhunyiwe inqwaba yamachiza eya kuSeine (Nivere noBriarsky), uMfula iSona (Central), I-Cher (i-Berry). I-reservoir ingasemaphandleni kuphela emgwaqeni oseNantes.

Kumele futhi kuqaphele ukuthi i-Loire ngumfula okhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kanye nokuvakasha.

Ekuphethweni mayelana nezici zesitsha

Amagceke alo mfula agijima unyaka nonyaka. Entwasahlobo, lapho iLoire igcwele inani elikhulu lamanzi e-melt kusuka endaweni enkulu embizeni, izigqoko zalo "zizulazula" ngaphansi komthelela wamanzi amaningi. Kukhona ukudluliselwa kwamandla ngamanzi kwamanye izindawo, futhi iningi lalezi zihlahla ezintsha zivela ezindaweni eziphendukayo, lapho ukugeleza kwegesi kuwela khona.

Ngemuva kwamanzi aphansi, iLoire iphinda ibuyele emagqumeni ayo angaphambili. Ungathola ukuthi ama-shoals awakwezinye izindawo, futhi hhayi lapho ayekhona ngonyaka odlule. Kuvela ukuthi umfula eFrance unyaka wonke uncane, kodwa uguqula ukumiswa kwawo emagumbini.

Umfula unemvelo ejwayelekile yamanje. Ngenxa yensimu enkulu yendawo yokudoba e-Loire ekufinyeleleni kwayo ephansi, ngokuvamile ayinakulinganiswa. Ngokuvamile kunezikhukhula ezinokuzumayo ngenxa yokuhamba kwemvula eminingi engxenyeni yezwekazi laseFrance, emva kwalokho i-Loire ifaka umzila wayo omkhulu amanzi amaningi.

Ngakho-ke, akuyona into engavamile ukuba inani lokugeleza kwamanzi emlonyeni womfula likhule ngokuphawulekayo ku-7,000 m ³ / s (isikhathi sokukhukhula). Futhi ukwehla okubukhali emanzini amanzi nakho akuvamile kulezi zindawo. Ngo-1976, endaweni yedolobha lase-Orleans, irekhodi lirekhodiwe: ukugeleza kwamanzi kwase kufike ku-22.4 m ^{3 kuphela} (ukugeleza okujwayelekile okule ndawo ku-400 m ³ ).