Izindaba neNhlanganoImvelo

Izinhlobo ezifakiwe zefungi. Izinhlanzi nezilwane ezisengozini ye-fungi, izitshalo nezilwane ze-Red Data Book of Russia

Ukuqoqa amakhowe ehlathini, bambalwa bethu bacabanga ukuthi, njenganoma yiziphi ezinye izitshalo nezilwane, kungaba khona ekupheleni kokuqothulwa. Futhi ezinye zazo ziye zaphela isikhathi eside futhi zingasakhuli ezweni lethu. Ziyini lezi zinhlobo eziphelile zefungi? Futhi yini okwamanje isongelwe ukuqothulwa?

Iyini indima yefungi emvelweni wendawo yonke?

Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi amakhowe adingeka kuphela ekudleni. Yiqiniso, zihle kakhulu ezithosiwe, futhi ziphekwe, futhi zomisiwe, futhi ezinhlotsheni ezifakwe emathinini. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuqeda ukulamba, badlala indima enkulu esimisweni somhlaba jikelele. Iqiniso liwukuthi yi-fungus eyingxenye ebalulekile okudingekile kuphela kubantu, kodwa yonke imvelo.

Isibonelo, izinhlobo ze-saprophytic zamakhowe zenza izinsalela zezitshalo ezingadingekile kanye nemikhiqizo yomsebenzi obalulekile wezinye izitshalo, futhi ngesikhathi sokudla kwabo babuyela ezinye izinto emuva enhlabathini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinto ezinqatshelwe i-fungi ziyabanjiswa kalula ngabanye abameleli bezinto eziphilayo. Yiziphi izinhlobo ezingavamile nezinengozi zefungi, funda.

Isikhunta saseMycorrhizal, sikhula ezihlahleni, sisize ukunikeza "omakhelwane babo" ngokuswakama okudingekayo kubo. Imfino yemifino ibhekwa njengento enhle kakhulu embonini yokudla. I-penicillin isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-penicillin.

Ngamagama, amakhowe ayasiza futhi ayadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngokugcwele izitshalo, izilwane nabantu. Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokungcola kwemvelo, ngenxa yokuhlwanyelwa kwemithi, eziningi zazo ziseduze kokuqothulwa. Njalo ngonyaka izinhlobo zama-mushroom ezisengozini zanda. Futhi inani lezinhlobo eziwusizo liyancipha. Ukuvimbela ukuphela kwezinhlobo zefungal, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezisengozini.

U-Amanita pineal, noma umqashi wokuqala wokuqedwa

Enye yezinhlobo zokuqala zefungus ohlwini lwazo izinhlobo ezingavamile yi-fly agaric pineal. Lona ama-mushroom amahle kakhulu abamele umlenze omhlophe nesicathulo. Unomzimba omhlophe onamafutha, izilinganiso ezinamanzi nezikhulu, inkulu, cishe i-double-ring ngaphakathi komlenze. Ubude bayo buyi-8-15 cm nobubanzi bayo buyi-2-4 cm. Ngesikhathi esidlule, abameleli balolu hlobo banephethini elinezimpawu ezinamathele emkhawulweni wefungus.

Ngokumangazayo, le nhlanzi engavamile ye-fly agaric ibhekisela ekudleni. Kungadliwa futhi, ngemva kokwelashwa kokuqala, kudliwe ngaphandle kwesaba uketshezi. Uma unesithakazelo ezinhlobonhlobo ezisengozini yefungi eRussia, yilokho uhlobo oludinga ukuvikelwa. Ngokusho kolwazi lokuqala, i-pineal fly agarics ingatholakala emahlathini ama-oki wesifunda saseBelgorod.

I-Sparassus curly, noma iklabishi yama-mushroom

I-fungus yesibili, edinge ukuvikelwa, i-curly encane. Ngenxa yesakhiwo esingavamile se-cap, ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi i-mushroom noma i-hare iklabishi. I-fungus edla kakhulu engavamile engomndeni wakwaSparassa.

Ngaphandle libukeka njengesiponji elwandle noma ikhanda iklabishi encane evulekile. Isigqoko sakhe sinombono we-globular ojikelezayo noma ongavamile we-5-20 cm ubude futhi cishe ngo-6-30 cm ububanzi. Ngezinye izikhathi isisindo saleso sibonelo esimangalisayo singafinyelela ku-6-10 kg. Lezi zinhlobo zikhula eduze kwezihlahla kanye neziqu.

Ingafakwa ezinhlobonhlobo ezisengozini ye-fungi eRussia, ngoba iyinto engavamile kakhulu ezweni lethu. Ngesizathu esifanayo, kwakuyi-sparctis eyayibhalwe ku-Red Book. Okwamanje, ukuqoqwa kwalo emvelweni akuvunyelwe, ngakho-ke abanye abathandi be-mushroom bawufaka ngokuhlakanipha.

With izinaliti, kodwa hhayi Hedgehog

Isakhiwo esingavamile sinomunye ummeleli wesikhunta esengozini - i-raincoat enesinaliti. Kubonakala ngokuba khona kwekhanda eliyindilinga elinemibala eminingi. Ubukhulu bomzimba wakhe buyi-2-4 cm kuphela. Ihlonywe ikhanda elikhulu eliyindilinga kanye nomlenze omfushane. Leli amakhowe lihlala emahlathini ama-coniferous ne-deciduous shady. Ziyakhula ezinkuni, zimbozwe ngokubola. Zitholakale kuma-specimens amasha.

Izinhlobo ezifayo zefungi leBhuku Elibomvu: ama-boletus amhlophe

Enye i-mushroom enhle edliwayo, esongelwe ukuqothulwa, iyigciwane elimhlophe. Kungokwemvelo ye-Lektsinum futhi unombala omhlophe obumhlophe kanye nephunga elimnandi le-mushroom. Iqukethe isiqu esincane esinezilinganiso ezincane ezibomvu noma ezikhanyayo ne-cap encane eyindilinga enesisindo sobubanzi obungaba ngu-25 cm.

Ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nalolu amakhowe ezindaweni zaseLeningrad, Penza, Murmansk naseMoscow.

Ukufiphaza i-fungus, noma i-gyroporous blue

Uma unesithakazelo ezinhlobonhlobo ezingavamile nezinengozini zefungi, kufaneleka ukunaka umunyu omangalisayo. Iyini eyingqayizivele yayo? Liyi-mushroom enkulu ene-bonnet enamandla efinyelela ububanzi obuyi-5-15 cm. Inombhoqo owuhlaza noma ogqamile owuhlaza noma obomvu noma ophuzi. Umlenze wakhe ungobukhulu obunzima, ngokuqina kwesisekelo. Ubude bomlenze uvame ukuba ngu-5-10 cm, kanti ubukhulu buvela ku-1.5 kuya ku-3 cm.

Uma uphula ama-mushroom anjalo futhi uwaphule, ungabona ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuphumula umbala oyinhloko womlenze uzoguquka. Uzophendulela okwesibhakabhaka noma obomvu. Ungathola i-mushroom emahlathini axutshwe noma ahlosiwe ngaphansi kwama-birches, ama-oki nama-chestnuts. Kodwa-ke, emvelweni kuyinto engavamile kakhulu, ngakho-ke ibhalwe ohlwini lweBlack Book.

I-mushroom ye-chestnut enekhanda lokuvotela

Ukunaka zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo ezisengozini zezitshalo nezifungi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ungatshele mayelana ne-fungus ye-chestnut. Ziyizinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama- mushroom we- tubular we-tubular enezinyawo ezinombala obomvu, ongaphakathi ngaphakathi. Ngaphandle nje kufana nefungus elimhlophe, ngokuphambene nendawo enekhanda elibomvu noma elibomvu elibomvu elinama-40 no-110 mm.

Ungayibona eCaucasus, eningizimu yeRussia naseNtshonalanga Siberia. Ikhula ikakhulukazi kusukela ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba. Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu emvelweni, ngakho-ke kufakwe eNcwadini Ebomvu.

I-griffin curly, noma i-mushroom-ram

Ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezingavamile nezinengozi zefungi ezikhona, ake siqaphele ama-grind corn grits. Liyi-mushroom eyingqayizivele edaywayo, enesakhiwo esingavamile esingenasidingo esinomzimba we-fruiting cishe u-80 cm. Amakhowe anjalo avame ukufinyelela 10 kg noma ngaphezulu.

Njengomthetho, i-mushroom-inqama inesibalo esikhulu samatshana amancane angaphansi kuka-10 cm ububanzi. Kulesi simo, zonke izigqoko zinemilenze ehlukene ephuma kwisisekelo esisodwa esisodwa.

Le fungus ivame ukukhula ngaphansi kwezihlahla ezifana ne-maple, beech, i-chestnut. Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu. Yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo ezisengozini zefungi ezikhona, sitshela ngokuqhubekayo.

I-spiderweb eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

I-Spiderweb purple i-mushroom enhle etholakala eLeningrad, eMoscow, eMurmansk, eTomsk, eNovosibirsk, eKemerovo, eChelyabinsk, naseVologda naseSverdlovsk.

I-spiderweb iyi-mushroom edliwayo enemibala ehlukile eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Iqukethe i-cap enemihlobiso enemisindo engaba ngu-15 cm, futhi umlenze ophakeme u-6-12 cm ubude no-1-2 cm ububanzi. Engxenyeni yayo engenhla kukhona izikali ezincane.

Ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa kukhiphekile

Ezinhlobonhlobo ezingavamile nezingozi ezitshalweni zezitshalo nezifungi, kubalulekile ukubhala phansi ummeleli onjalo we-saprophytic womndeni wakwaGanoderm, njengesivinini esibucayi. Kuyinto amafungus amahle, awaziwa kangcono ngokuthi "Mushroom of Immortal" noma "Lin-Chih". It has surface smooth of cap obomvu, obomvu noma obomvu kanye nenyama enamazinyo enyama.

Isici sayo esiyinhloko yizinto eziwusizo eziqukethe. Kuyimbonga kuye kule fungus yenza izinhlanganisela zokwelashwa.

Le fungus, ebhalwe ohlwini lwe-Red Book, ikhula esifundeni se-Amur, eJapane, eKorea naseChina. E-Russia itholakala eNyakatho Caucasus, naseKrasnodar naseTatvropol Territories.

I-coral ehlukile engavamile

Ukufunda izinhlobo eziphilayo ezisengozini yezitshalo, isikhunta kanye nezilwane, umuntu akanakusiza ukukhumbula i-fungus engavamile njengobhungane be-coral. Lesi yisimanga esivamile kakhulu esimele, sibe nesigaba sesithupha sesimo se-rarity futhi sibe yizikhumbuzo zemvelo.

I-blackberry inesakhiwo esingajwayelekile futhi ibukeka ifana ne-coral coral white. It ikhula phezu iziqu kanye nezihlahla zezihlahla (ngokuvamile kaningi - on birches kanye aspens). Ivela emigodini yaseRussian Federation, ensimini yeLake Baikal, eMpumalanga Siberia. Ihlelwe ku-Red Book.

Yikuphi amakhowe okubhekwa ukuthi ayanyamalala?

Kukholomu "izinhlobo eziphelile zesikhunta," abameleli abanjengo:

  • UFellinia ugcwele phansi.
  • Hilarion Hadrian.
  • Omphalina cinder.
  • Scaly caress.
  • I-geopexis ingamalahle.
  • I-Carbophil nabanye.

Njalo lolu hlu lugcwaliswa kuphela. Ngiyajabula ngokuthi amakhowe amaningi angavamile okwamanje abantu baye bafunda ukukhula ngendlela efanele. Le ndlela, ngokusho kochwepheshe, izosiza ukunciphisa izinhlobo ze-fungi eziphelile.

Izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane nezitshalo zeRussian Federation

Njengoba ungabona, uhlu lwezinhlobo "zezinhlobo zamakhowe" ezanyamalalayo futhi eziphelile zingenziwa. Kodwa ngaphezu kwefungi, izitshalo eziningi, izilwane nezinyoni nazo zisongelwa ukuqedwa. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwezilwane umuntu angahlukanisa izinyosi ezimhlophe zaseSiberia, i-moth yamanzi, i-brown, i-brown-marmot, i-hedgehog ejwayelekile, iSerbia roe deer nabanye. Izinyoni zezinyoni ezidlulayo zihlanganisa i-chomgo, noma i-toadstool enkulu, i- heron e-grey, i- stork eyimnyama, i-flamingo ejwayelekile, i -goose ebeluhlaza, nabanye.

Phakathi kwezitshalo eziseduze ekuqothulweni kukhona: izintaba eziningi, i-Kitakgavia Baikal, i-sunflower encane evulekile, i-alfredia drooping nabanye.

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