Mina kolwandle (isithombe)

Mina ulwandle akancike iziqhumane afakwe emanzini ukuze kulimaze noma ukucekelwa phansi hulls lwemikhumbi, ngwenya, izikebhe, izikebhe zokudoba kanye nezinye watercraft. Ngokungafani ukujula amacala ezimayini ku "ukulala" isimo kuze ukuxhumana broadside isitsha. ezimayini Naval ingasetshenziswa isicelo umonakalo ngqo isitha futhi kuthiye ukuhamba kwayo ndlela zamasu. Ngo umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqhuba okwami imithetho impi esungulwe 8th 1907 Hague Convention.

ngezigaba

ezimayini Sea ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

• Uhlobo ibuye - avamile, akhethekile (senuzi).
• Degree selectivity - evamile (nganoma iyiphi injongo), ukhetho (ukuqaphela izimfanelo isitsha).
• Manageability - enophephela (ngocingo, i-acoustic, umsakazo), unguided.
• Multiplicities - amaningi (predetermined inani izinjongo), okungezona amaningi.
• Uhlobo fuse - non-contact (exhasa, hydrodynamic, acoustic, la mandla kazibuthe), ukuthintana (I-antenna, kagesi &) kuhlanganiswe.
• Uhlobo ukufakwa - homing (torpedo), pop, ukubhukuda, phansi, ihange.

Mines ngokuvamile babanjwa noma kobujamo obusaqanda (kwasinda m-torpedoes) osayizi kusuka isigamu imitha 6 amamitha (noma ngaphezulu) ububanzi. Ihange elinesimo ophethe kuze kube 350 kg, phansi - kuze kufinyelele ton.

Imininingwane zomlando

Ngokokuqala ngqá ezimayini ulwandle ziye zasetshenziswa yi-Chinese ekhulwini le-14. Ukwakha kwabo esicacile: Amanzi esephelile ngetiyela esekhonjwe neziqhumane, okwaholela yefilakisi ukuthi isekelwa phezu iflothi. Kuyadingeka ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi esifanele umlilo ntambo. Ukusetshenziswa izakhiwo ezinjalo sitholakala usuvele azibhala kwekhulu le-16 e-China efanayo, kodwa njengoba Blaster esetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe flintlock indlela. ezimayini okuthuthukisiwe esetshenziswa ngokumelene pirates Japanese.

EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani emayini lokuqala asolwandle yasungulwa ngo 1574 by eyiNgisi Ralph Rabbardsom. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, lo umDashi Cornelis Drebbel, owakhonza uMnyango Ordnance eNgilandi, okunikelwe ukuklama ayizwakali "crackers elintantayo."

ukuthuthukiswa American

Sakhiwo esesabekayo ngempela lwenzelwe e-United States phakathi neMpi of Independence ngu-David Bushnell (1777). Kwaba okufanayo powder Keg, kodwa ifakwe indlela ukuze qhumisa e ukungqubuzana sikebhe lomkhumbi.

Phakathi besizukulwane seMpi (1861) Civil e-United States ngo-Alfred Vaud yasungulwa kabili hulled elintantayo ulwandle okwami. Qamba ukukhetha efanelekayo wakhe - "umshini Infernal". Ingqikithi alufakwa lungaphansi a isilinda metal, esitholakala ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho kugcinwa elintantayo phezu emgqonyeni lokhuni, ngesikhathi esifanayo wakhonza njengephayona iflothi kanye detonator.

ngentuthuko yasekhaya

Ngokokuqala ngqá i-fuse kagesi i- "umshini Infernal" kusungulwe unjiniyela Russian uPawulu Schilling e 1812. Ngenkathi abaseBhabhiloni bevimbezele akuphumelelanga ka Kronstadt, imikhumbi-Anglo-French (1854) e-neMpi YaseCrimea okukhulu kungase kutholakale asolwandle design okwami Jacobi futhi kaNobel. neshumi nanhlanu obala "imishini Infernal" kungukuthi kuphela wasivalela ukuhamba ngoxhaxha isitha, kodwa ezintathu steamship ezinkulu eBrithani kuphinde kwacekela phansi.

Mina Jacobi-Nobel ifa buoyancy esingokwemvelo (emoyeni emakamelweni) futhi kungukuthi ezidingekayo kule yamabhola antantayo. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukuyifaka ngomshoshaphansi emanzini, elenga ngamaketanga, noma ukuvumela ukugeleza.

Kamuva, ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa spheroconical okwami elintantayo, is ebibanjelwe ukujula oyifunayo futhi ebhokisini avulekile encane noma ihange. It lasetshenziswa kuqala empini Russian-Turkish (1877-1878 GG.) Futhi wema imikhumbi behlome ngemibese eminye ngcono ngawo-1960.

ihange okwami

Kunenkolelo ngesikhathi edingekayo ukujula ihange ekupheleni - intambo. amasampula Pritaplivanie kuqala inikeza ukulungiswa ibhukwana ubude ikhebula, okuyinto edingekayo isikhathi esiningi. ULieutenant Azarov design ezihlongozwayo ikuvumela ukufaka ngokuzenzakalelayo ezimayini ulwandle.

Idivayisi kwaba ifakwe simiso umthwalo phambili futhi okwesikhashana ngenhla amahange wezimpahla. Umugqa intambo nilimaza ungene sigubhu. Ngaphansi kwethonya umthwalo kanye sigubhu ihange ukhululeka amabhuleki, futhi ekugcineni is unwound kusukela sigubhu. Lapho umthwalo isifike phansi, amandla edonsa ekupheleni enciphile kanye sigubhu ngesivalo, lapho "umshini Infernal" sesisesimweni ukujula elihambisana ibanga kusuka umthwalo kuya ihange.

Ukuqala XX leminyaka

ezimayini Massively ulwandle ziye zasetshenziswa kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Phakathi Boxer Ukuvukela China (1899-1901 GG.) Ibutho Imperial misela emfuleni Hayfe, esehlanganise indlela Beijing. Eyokuqala impi okwami zenzeka ngxabano Russian-Japanese ngo-1905, lapho bobabili amaqembu akhe usebenzisa mass-productions izithiyo futhi ngempumelelo ye minefields usebenzisa izikebhe ezinezinjini zika.

Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho iye ziphindaphindwe Yokuqala Umhlaba. ezimayini German asolwandle kuvimbe lokufikela amabutho British kanye zazikuphazamisa izenzo yemikhumbi yaseRussia. Imikhumbi-ngwenya misela imizila yezohwebo, amatheku futhi becindezelwe. I oMfelandawonye abazange baqhubeke izikweletu, cishe ukusika eJalimane kusukela okukhiphayo North Sea (lokhu wathatha 70 000 amaminithi). Inombolo ephelele wasebenzisa "umshini Infernal" ngochwepheshe balinganiselwa ku amayunithi 235.000.

ezimayini oLwandle seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili

Phakathi nempi nasemidlalweni yeshashalazi asolwandle impi emhlabeni ezimayini esigidini zinikelwe, kuhlanganise amanzi eSoviet Union - ezingaphezu kuka-160 000. eJalimane Kwamiswa amathuluzi okufa ezilwandle, emachibini, emifuleni, qhwa Sea Kara futhi sifinyelela engezansi eMfuleni ob. Ayesebuyela emuva, isitha misela le berths port, kuphangwa, ethekwini. Ikakhulukazi ngesihluku khona impi emayini Baltic Sea, lapho amaJalimane kuphela eGulf of Finland wakhululwa izingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-70 000.

Ngenxa yalokho yokuqhuma okwami sacwilisa imikhumbi mayelana 8,000 nempahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkulungwane mikhumbi kulimala. Emanzini European kakade, ngemva kwempi e ezimayini olwandle yasha 558 imikhumbi, 290 zazo zibekwe phezu kokuthile. Ngosuku lokuqala impi ngumbhubhisi Baltic kushaywa "uthukuthele 'futhi impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu" Maxim Gorky ".

ezimayini German

onjiniyela German ekuqaleni nempi oMfelandawonye bamangaliswa nge new izinhlobo high-ukusebenza kahle kwezimayini nge-fuse kazibuthe. Mina ulwandle yashaya hhayi kusukela contact. Lo mkhumbi kwakwanele ukubhukuda usondele ngokwanele icala obulalayo. Its shock wave ngokwanele ukuba umonakalo ebhodini. imikhumbi esonakele kwadingeka ukuthi kuphazamiseke umsebenzi futhi wabuya ukuze lilungiswe.

Uhlasela abathintekayo ngoxhaxha ngesiNgisi. Churchill mathupha ibekwe phambili kunayo ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo esifanayo, futhi ukuthola izindlela ezisebenzayo kwezimayini ukusula, kodwa ochwepheshe British asikwazanga ukuthola ubuchwepheshe imfihlo. Kwathi ngengozi. Omunye yehle ngo imizuzu izindiza German washaya udaka ugu. Kwavela ukuthi lo mshini alufakwa kwakuminyene eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi esekelwe kazibuthe Zomhlaba. Ucwaningo kuye kwamsiza kwakha minesweepers ngempumelelo.

ezimayini Soviet

ezimayini Soviet asolwandle bekungenjalo obusezingeni kodwa akukho ayisasebenzi. Ikakhulu wasebenzisa imodeli CB "Crab" futhi AG. "Crab" khona okwami ihange. CB-1 ku izingalo yokutholwa ngo-1931, ngo-1940 - ithuthukiswe KB-3. Njengoba iklanyelwe i-minefields mass, zonke anawo imikhumbi ekuqaleni kwempi kwakukhona amayunithi mayelana 8,000. Nge ubude 2 amamitha kanye isisindo amathani angaphezu kuka-230 iyunithi kunesithembiso iziqhumane kg.

Mina-antenna ezijulile (AG) elasetshenziselwa izikhukhula ngwenya nemikhumbi, kanye navigation nobunzima yemikhumbi isitha. Eqinisweni kwaba ukuguqulwa CB kumadivayisi lukamakhalekhukhwini. Lapho ukulwa ukubeka emanzini asolwandle phakathi antenna zekoporo ezimbili angabekwa ezingaba kagesi. Uma uthinta bezinhlamvu antenna we ngwenya noma ngomkhumbi ibhalansi ezingaba iphazamisekile, okubangela ukuvalwa kagesi wesifunda fuse. Omunye okwami "elawulwa" amamitha 60 isikhala. izici Jikelele zivumelana imodeli CB. Kamuva zethusi antenna (ezidinga 30 kg ensimbini eyigugu) salandelwa steel, umkhiqizo isiqu AGSB etholwe. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi igama ulwandle okwami imodeli AGSB: Antenna antenna steel ezijulile futhi imishini, sibuthene ukuze zibe yisikhungo esisodwa.

imvume Imayini

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-70 ezimayini asolwandle Second Umhlaba kusewusongo kuya Inkampani ukuthula. Inani elikhulu kubo namanje endaweni ethile ekujuleni oLwandle iBaltic. Kuze 1945,% 7 kuphela amabhomu defused, kanti bonke abanye wathatha eyishumi eyingozi umsebenzi Kwamabhomu.

Umthwalo oyinhloko emzabalazweni kanye emayini walala phezu abasebenzi le mikhumbi, minesweepers ku Iminyaka yangemva kwempi. eSoviet Union kuphela ke eyayihilelekile mayelana 2,000 izikebhe ezinezinjini zika futhi abantu abangu-100 000 abasebenzi ukuba. Nezinga lobungozi yayiphezulu kakhulu ngenxa izici njalo eziphikisanayo:

• imingcele esingaziwa minefields;
• ukufakwa ezahlukene ekujuleni imiz;
• thayipha imiz (ihange, antenna, izicupho, noncontact phansi namadivayisi ukuphuthuma kanye nokugcizelela kaningi);
• kungenzeka izwibela ezimayini unexploded.

trawling ubuchwepheshe

Trawling indlela wawunamaphutha futhi iyingozi. Ngezinye ingozi yasha by ezimayini, imikhumbi waya endaweni egqitshwe amabhomu kanye emisa yokudoba. Ngakho isimo ukucindezeleka njalo abantu kusuka elinde ukuqhuma kwebhomu elinamandla.

Yokudoba Undercut futhi sekuye okwami (uma kungenziwanga yamila ngaphansi umkhumbi noma yokudoba) wobulawa nokubulawa. Ngo ulwandle anolaka axube umxhasi okuphazamisayo. Ngokuqeda izimayini zayo ukubulawa ephephile of izibhamu oluhle ngemikhumbi yempi, njengoba kuvame kuba igobolondo owahlaba okwami igobolondo ngaphandle kokuthinta fuse. Unexploded okwami lempi walala wathula, emele entsha, ayisekho amenable ukuba ukuqedwa ingozi.

isiphetho

okwami Naval, isithombe siyesabeka ekubukeni okukodwa kuphela namanje ziyinkinga enkulu, ezibulalayo, ephethe izikhali ezishibhile. Amadivayisi babé ngaphezulu "ukhaliphile" futhi ibe namandla ngokwengeziwe. Kunetintfutfuko nge esungulwe icala zenuzi. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo kunezindatshana towed, Shestov angena, self ezinezinjini nezinye "imishini Infernal."