"Moskva" missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu. Onogada missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Moskva" - Flagship Sea Fleet

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, sesiye isiko, ukuze izimoto zawo kwadingeka umbuso onamandla futhi ecebile. Lokhu ikakhulukazi osebenza ku yempi, lapho usebenza ngaso sonke isikhathi abiza eqolo. Namuhla, lesi sitatimende kuyiqiniso kakhulu. Ihamba - izimoto kakhulu eqolo, ngakho oluphethe lwemikhumbi emangalisayo kuqinisa udumo lomhlaba wonke isimo, okuyinto has it.

Naphezu izikhathi ezinhle nezimbi phakathi kwawo-1990, izwe lethu wakwazi ukugcina lasolwandle yayo. Kuze kube manje, kancane kancane enwetshiwe olwesimanje. Ngeshwa, le nqubo ihamba kancane, futhi ngoba kulo kuhamba imikhumbi wasungula kudala njengoba yase-USSR Eminyakeni zokugcina, namanje alondoloze ukubaluleka kakhulu. Isibonelo salokhu -. "Moscow" Missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ngaleli gama namanje limelela amandla esesabekayo e nobukhulu zezilwandle.

ulwazi oluyisisekelo

ithuba yayo ukukhuluma okungenani isidlaliso ukuthi yanikwa amatilosi - "izindiza yenethiwekhi umbulali". Akukhona nje kuphela Flagship wonke Black Sea imikhumbi, kodwa futhi omunye imikhumbi amakhulu kunawo wonke endaweni mabutho yazo zonke eRussia. Ikhaya port - Sevastopol. Black Sea Fleet ukuba izenzakalo owaziwa kakhulu wake waba eningi ngokungalungile, njengoba ngohlangothi Ukrainian njalo saxoxa mayelana sokuqasha. Manje yonke le asihlobene.

Yakhelwe "Moscow" (missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu, nakanjani) kwaba emzini Nikolayev. Ekuqaleni, lo mkhumbi waqanjwa "Inkazimulo".

Ukuqokwa, nokuthuma

Lokhu impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu iyona into umzali kwiphrojekthi 1164 "Atlas". Uma indlela yokwakheka Navy Soviet ukuthi empini anti-ngwenya umkhumbi "Moscow" (elaklanywa 1123), umholi ikusasa maseko ngaba igama lakhe. Inhloso Its main ngokushesha okubhekiswe ukubulala imikhumbi emikhulu isitha kungenzeka (isibonelo, abathwali izindiza), umoya ukuzivikela futhi umlilo ugu ukumboza kokwehla yabo.

Uma yethulwa "Moscow" ukusebenza? Missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu emanzini kudala njengoba 1982, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalo ngokusemthethweni uqale kwaze kwaba u-1983.

Lapho wahlala, lokho odumile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu?

indawo yakhe eyinhloko yenkonzo kwaba lubhekisele oLwandle iMedithera. Ngokuphindaphindiwe "Moscow" kubonakala izimbobo kuwo onke amazwe kabani osogwini olusenyakatho it washa zathu yeka. Lapho bekunomhlangano Mihaila Gorbacheva noGeorge ngoDisemba 1989 ku-ke isiqhingi saseMelitha Bush (abaphezulu, of course), lena umkhumbi aqinisekise ukuphepha kwezingane ezihlukunyeziwe lonke inkomfa.

Yesimanje, ukulwa nokusetshenziswa

Ngo-1990 GRKR "Moscow" wabuyela Mykolayiv lwakubo ngoba sesimanje. Yilokho kuphela ngenxa ngokuwa eU.SSR sathatha ncamashi 8.5 iminyaka, futhi 13 kuphela Meyi 1998 wathola ifulege elisha ifulegi yezwe entsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo of onogada umkhumbi Black Sea Fleet lakhishwa "Red eCaucasus", okuyindawo 'eMoscow "lithole futhi isihloko Guards.

Ngo-2003, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa umcimbi lapho GRKR "Moscow" lokuqala ukhanyisé kuyofika kohulumeni bamazwe kusukela nenkathi yamaSoviet. Sikhuluma le "Indra" ukuzivocavoca, eyayiqhutshwa ngokuhlanganyela Black Sea, Pacific Fleet kanye Navy friendly India. Ngemva konyaka kokuba yingxenye ekusebenziseni "IONIEKS-2004", eyayiqhutshwa ngokuhlanganyela amaNtaliyane. Ukuqala 2008 elalihlangana eMedithera yenkampani izindiza yenethiwekhi "Admiral we Fleet zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa Kuznetsov", futhi imikhumbi emvume.

Ngo-August 2008, oLwandle Olumnyama Fleet lapho sibhekene 'eMoscow "wathatha iqhaza ekuqhutshweni ukuphoqelela Georgia ukuba nokuthula, kuyilapho emanzini Ossetia. Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo ngaba nengxenye emikhankasweni emicimbini yokukhumbula elalinikezelwe weminyaka le komhlaba ezimbi ezenzeka Sicily eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Khona-ke, ngemva kwe-Imperial Navy amatilosi iqhaza ngenkuthalo.

Ukubaluleka "eMoscow" I-Navy we Russian Federation

Ngokuvamile, le mikhumbi, igama owawungumnyaka igama enhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe, zihlale kucutshungulwe. Ngineminyaka engu azihlukile futhi "eMoscow". Missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu wathatha ngokuphindaphindiwe abagibele abantu kokubili eU.SSR nakwamanye amazwe enamandla kakhulu. Nokho, lokhu akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa iziphathimandla entsha enkabazwe ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ukucabanga mayelana ukuthumela kulomkhumbi laqaqwa.

Asazi lutho, ukuthi impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ngoba cishe eziyisishiyagalombili kanye eminyakeni nesigamu wema amasheya Nikolaevsk kuze libhekele ukubambezeleka eziyinkimbinkimbi bureaucratic. Ngenhlanhla, uthathe isitsha kwensimbi alinikwa, kanye Black Sea Fleet akazange alahlekelwe umholi walo edume.

On isidingo

Maphakathi nawo-1990 ngemva "umnotho ukonga" futhi "ukunciphisa izindleko" kwabezindaba ekhaya ngokuvamile abavusa wonke impi. "Ochwepheshe" eside futhi kuseyimpikiswano nokuthi yilona lizwe umkhumbi kudingeka. Abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ugcine oLwandle Olumnyama lokhu impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu kuyinto disadvantageous kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono, ukunikela "dlula" kuye ezonini nomthwalo Pacific Fleet. Bona besekele abaphikisi angaphandle. Basuke ngokuphelele umxhwele umbono wokuthi: "umbulali abathwali izindiza" uyothwala umsebenzi walo kulolu lwandle.

Agasti 2008 wabonisa ukuthi izwe lidinga "eMoscow". Onogada missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu kwaba "izwi esinzima" kuphela okuyinto uzigcinile NATO kusukela izinqumo ngamawala. Manje lena kanjani kungamukelwa ukukhumbula, kodwa ngesikhathi "wezinsuku ezinhlanu impi" e Sea kwaba lenqwaba imikhumbi umfelandawonye. Kodwa eMoscow (capital) isimo Akumangalisi ekhululekile ukuba kwenzekani.

Impendulo elilula: missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu iphrojekthi "Atlanta" lalingabulawa kalula ukwenza zonke iqembu freeboard ka NATO imikhumbi laqaqwa. Konke lokhu kahle waqonda, futhi ngenxa yalokho zigcinwe uhlobo yokungathathi hlangothi ahlomile.

Indlela Bonke baqala

akazange iphrojekthi wabonakala kanjani missile impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu Russia 1164? Omkhulu womkhumbi wokuqala lesi sigaba yabethelwa igama "Aurora", kanye nentuthuko yayo wathatha phakathi nawo-70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Ekuqaleni, umklami abakhulu sivunyiwe ngu-Alexander ngaleyo Perkov, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi washintshelwa ke V Mutihin. Kusukela Navy abagcina esimisiwe A. Blinov induna besigaba sesibili.

Ngaphambi ithimba design babe umsebenzi ngempela-non-eziwubala. Iqiniso lokuthi amasosha ezidingekayo hhayi nje isigaba okuhambisanayo yempi, kodwa enemisebenzi lokulwa umshini, okwakuyoholela sikwazi ukunikeza njengoba lendawo anti-aircraft ukuvikela endaweni engasogwini, futhi babe yingxenye ukuzivikela collective, kanye imigqa elisogwini izinqaba.

Nokho, nge Abaklami nzima kakhulu ababhekana lolungenamaphutsa. Bona uthwebule camera ukulwa enkazimulweni eziyinkimbinkimbi S-300, it wadala inguqulo ka umkhumbi (ungabahlukanisa incwadi "F"), khona-ke ukuyimisa ukuze imoto entsha. Lezi izikhali namanje igcina wokuphuthuma okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi kwenza unethemba ngokwanele ukuba kubonise ukuhlaselwa emoyeni on shumbi Black Sea Fleet.

Yini izixazululo lobuchwepheshe ziye zasetshenziswa?

Ngokuvamile ku "Atlanta" sisetshenziswa kabanzi izixazululo kahle kungase kutholakale kwiphrojekthi 1134B imikhumbi. Yiqiniso, abaningana kubo kusetshenzwe, kodwa base lobuchwepheshe main wasala engasenabo izinguquko eziphawulekayo. Ngaleso sikhathi yayakhiwe imikhumbi eziyisikhombisa yephrojekthi 1134B, owangena isidlaliso "Boukari" lemikhumbi yempi. Ngalesi sikhathi phakathi kwababusi ngisele ngedwa "Kerch", okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ingxenye Black Sea Fleet we Russian Federation.

The main izici wezindlela "Moscow"

Lokufuduka kwalesi isitsha omangalisayo kuyinto amathani 11 500. Ubude ingqikithi umkhumbi ilingana 186 amamitha. Nge ububanzi 21 amamitha yokuphakama kwawo - 42,5 amamitha. Akumangalisi ukuthi inzika kuyinto mkhathi umxhwele kangaka 8.5 amamitha. I isivinini okumele izuzwe (sizobe ukukhuluma okwengeziwe ngalokhu kamuva) - ifindo 32, inkambo evamile - 16 ifindo. Njengoba izitshalo amandla ukwenza njenge ezine igesi ophephela apharathasi, amandla ngamunye okuyinto 22.500 amalitha. a. I motion isitsha ukunikeza ezimbili nje ophephela.

Uma sikhuluma ijubane 16 ifindo ke ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ezizimele Cruising ibanga 6000 nautical miles (elihunyushwe ohlelweni imethrikhi - mayelana 12 000 km). Njengoba isikhathi, ukungabi ukudla ncamashi inyanga eyodwa avtonomki. Crew zabantu 510, inani ukulwa kwabasebenzi zingandiswa. Ukuze ahambisane kanye intelligence esetshenziswa multi-purpose indiza Ka-27, kokwehla indawo itholakala emkhunjini.

Imininingwane Basic lobuchwepheshe

Zonke imikhumbi "Atlas" iphrojekthi wathola isimiso esisha shá igesi ophephela ngamandla, okwakuyigama omunye hhayi kuphela ngamandla injini kushaft ngamunye, kodwa i-pair yama powerplants afterburning. It lasetshenziswa isixazululo sobuchwepheshe, lapho ukushisa kusukela izinjini uya wesifunda ukushisa-yokuthola (TCA). It Bashintsha uketshezi umusi, okuyinto uzungeza ongumsizi ophephela powerplant.

Lokhu wanikeza inzuzo enkulu. Ngisho ngokuhamba sihamba ngesikhathi 18 ifindo fuel kahle liye landa ngamaphesenti angu-12%. Top isivinini uma usebenzisa zonke izinjini manje zaba kakhulu ngendlela 32 ifindo, ukuthi imikhumbi lesi sigaba cishe irekhodi.

Izici umzimba

Blinov, abagcina kusukela Navy, izuzwe izixazululo lobuchwepheshe abaklami, lapho ukushuba ephelele cishe zakho konke izakhi zomzimba okungenani 8 kwangu. By endleleni ekhuluma, kwathiwa okuningi edingekayo of Linganisela. Ngenxa yalesi kokuxazulula, le mikhumbi wezempi Russian zinezikhathi ukuqina okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kodwa konke inezinkinga zayo: ngenxa esetshenziswa izixazululo ukufuduka (uma iqhathaniswa nephrojekthi 1134B imikhumbi) usukhulile ngu-28%.

Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuqhathanisa yale mishini ayilungile kakhulu isimiso. Ukwazi nje ukuthi yempi Russian futhi antisubmarine imikhumbi zifana kakhulu kuphela ukubukeka ezinye izixazululo lobuchwepheshe.

Ekuqaleni, "eMoscow" nezinye "Atlanta" lawa abehlome ngezibhamu ezicitshwayo P-500 "basalt". Uhlelo lokulawula umlilo - "Argon". Ekuqaleni, le mikhumbi yayingamamitha 16 ezicitshwayo ezinjalo. Bakhandwa aboshelwe ezimayini abhanqiwe eziyisishiyagalombili esisogwini emphemeni engenhla. Yashintshwa ku-P-1000 "Intaba-mlilo" Esikhathini eminye ngcono ifa Missiles. Lezi ezicitshwayo ukushaywa okuhloswe at ibanga cishe 700 amakhilomitha.

Basics of ukulwa izinhlelo

Uhlelo lokulawula umlilo evumela ukulwa ukusebenza imodi, kuhlanganise isiqalo yesikhathi esisodwa (ukunqoba omunye umgomo) yazo zonke izikhali ezijikijelwayo ezivuthayo 16. By endleleni ekhuluma, lokhu Salvo ngeke ukusekela iyiphi othwala emhlabeni. Atheni la yempi zasolwandle kanjani izixhumanisi bamatshe ngesikhathi esinjalo eside ukuqalisa? Kulula: noma kumasathelayithi noma izindiza Tu-95, noma ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi ohlelweni lwaso intelligence nokukhomba.

Anti-aircraft kwezikhali impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu

Ukuze sibonakalise ngempumelelo ukuhlasela emoyeni emkhunjini igibele nje SAMS ezimbili. Okokuqala, P-300F, bebonke noma senzelwe zonal uhlelo emoyeni ukuzivikela. Owesibili, "Osa-M" yakhelwe kuphela ukubonisa ukuhlaselwa izindiza, ezinophephela emhlane kanye nezikhali ezijikijelwayo ayizitha umkhumbi ngokwawo.

Ukuze S-300F kukhona ayisishiyagalombili nje iziqhumane izilungiselelo isigubhu uhlobo, okuvumela ukuba enze kuqhathaniswa okusheshayo ashona kanye kwethulwa amasevisi. Basuke ezibekwe endaweni emphemeni engenhla futhi aft we impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu. Ukuze balawule ngemphumelelo inqubo yokuqalisa sokukhomba, radar ekhethekile kwahlanganiswa asolwandle isibhamu izinhlelo. Sici Its yiyona antenna, senziwe "afanayo ikhishiwe".

Njengoba sishilo, ngoba umkhumbi ukuzivikela esetshenziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi "Osa-M", okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba ngokuqiniseka hit okuhloswe at ibanga cishe eyishumi amakhilomitha. It yakhiwa ezimbili PU (nge homing uhlelo ezisebenza izindiza ezimbili). Ngokungafani imikhumbi amadala ukuzivikela ikhithi Ubuye siqu elawula uhlelo yayo. I izinhlamvu Imininingwane izakhiwo ezimbili SAM "Wasp" Yilokho kanye 48 ezicitshwayo. Ngakho, S-300 64 munition enikeziwe.

Engeziwe uhlelo anti-aircraft

Kodwa lokhu kungenzeka anti-aircraft Cruisers ayigcini. Ukwenza kube Amatebhe ngempela ukulwa iyunithi, kufakwe umklamo jikelele (futhi engaciba at somhlaba futhi izindawo sogu lolwandle) ka-130 mm iyunithi (othomathikhi, vele), ama-AK-130. Ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza yayo, kuba uhlelo oluphelele radar ukuthola "iNgonyama."

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umkhumbi lonke lezikhali 30 mm ayisithupha emgqonyeni izibhamu AK-630M. Ibhethri - ukufaka ezimbili, ngayinye yaba ilawulwa uhlelo isiqondiso kanye target yokulandelela "pennant". Isimo se- wezasemoyeni eduze umkhumbi, kanye nokulethwa kolwazi on-ebhodini anti-aircraft kwezikhali wemfanelo radar "Maka", akhiwa ezinye ukufaka ezimbili radar zihlanganisa: "frigate" futhi "kwelanga". antenna zabo isandla ogibele labikezela kanye main-insika "abathwali Killer izindiza."

Ukulwa ngwenya isitha

Abaklami Soviet abakakhohlwa indlela abaphikisi esesabekayo kungenzeka ngwenya. Naphezu kwalo mshophi lunye impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu ivikelwe kahle kuzo: kukhona kungase kutholakale kahle sonar eziyinkimbinkimbi "Platinum", okubandakanya antenna towed futhi eziyizigaxa. Ukuze kuhlasela ngokuqondile ka ngwenya isitha enikeziwe ezimbili kuphela idivayisi 533-mm ukuqalisa torpedoes.

Kunalokho, ukufakwa ezimbili RBU-6000 (missile futhi ibhomu) njengoba isikhathi yakhelwe ukuvikela umkhumbi ngokuphonsa torpedo volleys lesitha.

ukuhlolwa jikelele yonke imikhumbi iphrojekthi

Ubude wephrojekthi "Atlas" kusekelwe ngemikhumbi emine. Ukusebenza wanika ezintathu kuphela. Ngamunye imikhumbi okwamanje enkonzweni. Bakhonza Lolwandle Olumnyama, yePacific Northern mabutho. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo iphrojekthi "Atlas" Kwatholakala uyakufanelekela ngempela futhi abakufanelekele ukunakwa njengoba kuqhathaniswa uhlobo 1144 "Orlan" ngaphambili. Inkantolo Project 1164 babe displacement banamathuba amancane, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwezikhali kwakungekho sibi kakhulu, futhi ezimweni eziningi okwabahlula ababengaphambi zabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nalapho Ukudala igunya wanikezwa izikhali okuhlaselayo. Noma kunjalo, i-Cruisers entsha babe nobuthakathaka ngokwanele. Ngakho, "Orlan" iphrojekthi emikhunjini 96 babe ezicitshwayo ngokuba S-300, kuyilapho "Atlantis" yizicucu 64 kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, SAM "Osa-M" Kade ngazozonke izindlela lwemikhumbi ukuzivikela ekuhlaseleni emoyeni, kodwa ngesikhathi Cruisers yabo amathuba kusobala akwanele. Ekugcineni, emikhunjini yephrojekthi 1144, zingu-16 nje PU "angababulali".

Ngakho, Project 1164 Cruisers kahle ihlangana zonke izidingo eningiliziwe emayelana nemfundiso kaZiqu ngasekupheleni baseSoviet abaphenya ukusetshenziswa lemikhumbi yempi lapho i yempi ahlelile bonyana uzakuthumela empini kuphela uma zinokwethenjelwa ikhava emoyeni. Ngeshwa, isimo samanje ezindabeni uhambelana imfundiso ezinjalo kubi. Akukhona njalo kungenzeka ukuba isivikelo onokwethenjelwa nemikhumbi evela emoyeni, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba siqu ohlelweni lwabo emoyeni ukuzivikela.

I nemiphumela ethile engathandeki eyinhloko izitsha iphrojekthi

I ethile eziphawuleka kakhulu (ngaphandle ezicashile ezichazwe ngenhla) yilona khona eyodwa kuphela imizila radar ( 'azulise ") ehlose ukubamba nesiqondiso izinjongo yayihlanganisa C-300 eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma iyunithi ukwehluleka umkhumbi ilahlekelwa cishe ngokuphelele Ukuvikelwa ucishe eyanele kusukela ekuhlaselweni emoyeni, "Wave" kungenzeka ingabonisi kuhlasela ezingaphezu kwesisodwa isiqondiso. Uma sikhuluma Cruisers efanayo baseMelika (eyakhelwe ngaphansi project "Ticonderoga"), khona-ke yilowo nalowo kubo ogibele amane (!) Radar Independent okungakusiza ukuba ngokuzenzekelayo futhi adubule phansi okuhloswe nezimpi eziningana.

Ngakho, khona esiteshini radar eyodwa kuphela hhayi kuphela uphendulela "Atlanta" e ilitshe lula fighters isitha ngombono, kodwa futhi kwenza kube yingozi kakhulu imicibisholo anti-NATO, okuyinto eminyakeni yamuva ibonise amathuba enkulu khona ensimini yabakhuluma zokuhlasela ezimikhakhaminingi.

Lawa imikhumbi sezisunguliwe emzini Nikolayev. Shipyard okwamanje kuphela ensimini ka kwelinye izwe, kodwa futhi isesimweni esingesihle, kangangokuba akusekho zinkantolo akunakwenzeka ukuba yakhiwe. Kuphela ithemba Imboni yezokuvikela yasekhaya, okuyinto uzokwazi ukusungula ukwakhiwa into efana naleyo.