Mpilo: isisindo-molecule. Usayizi nesisindo yezinhlayiya

Ukwakheka izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, nakuba akhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane - athomu, amangqamuzana, ion. I ukwakheka kwama-molecule has uketshezi eziningi bese kuthi amagesi, kanye umzimba ezinye okuqinile. Atoms futhi ion zimumethe izinsimbi, nosawoti eziningi. Zonke izinhlayiya ube mass, ngisho i-molecule ye amancanyana. IMisa engqamuzaneni, uma thina ukuyibeka ngamakhilogremu, ithola lwenani elincane kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, m (H ₂ O) = 30 • 10 ^-27 kg. Lezo zici ezibalulekile into njengoba isisindo kanye nezilinganiso microparticles, sekuyisikhathi eside wafunda zesayensi kanye bamakhemikhali. Izisekelo babekwa imisebenzi Mikhail Lomonosov futhi Dzhona Daltona. Cabanga indlela selishintshile ngomhla microcosm.

University kokwethula "corpuscles"

Nokucabanga we ngokuqhubekayo isakhiwo ndaba esashiwo izazi yaseGrisi yasendulo. Khona-ke waqanjwa "athomu" le kuyizinhlayiyana kulencane indivisible zemizimba, "amabhlogo wokwakha" universe. Isazi omkhulu Russian M. V Lomonosov wabhala mayelana ngokomzimba azinakwa futhi indivisible kusho kuyizinhlayiyana isakhiwo daba - corpuscle. Kamuva, emibhalweni ezinye izazi ukuthi yabizwa ngokuthi "i-molecule."

i-molecule eMiseni futhi Ubukhulu bayo kunqunywa izakhiwo zalo ama-athomu ephambili. Kwaphela isikhathi eside hhayi ososayensi baye bakwazi ukubheka ujule microcosm olwathi ukuthiya ukuthuthukiswa chemistry yemvelo. Lomonosov wanxusa nozakwethu ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze ufunde futhi umsebenzi wabo esekelwe olunembile idatha ambalwa - ". Isilinganiso nesisindo" a Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi Usokhemisi waseRussia futhi physics wabeka izisekelo isifundiso isakhiwo ndaba, okuyinto baye baba ingxenye ebalulekile anokuhambisana theory-athomu-yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Atoms kanye nama-molecule - "amabhlogo wokwakha yonke"

Ngisho izinto microscopically encane nzima ukuthola, banayo izakhiwo ezahlukene. Izinhlayiyana ezifana athomu, ezakhiwe core futhi izingqimba electronic zingafani inani amacala emihle nemibi engaba isisindo. Atoms kanye nama-molecule khona ukubunjwa izinto, hhayi todvwa, basuke bakhangwa amandla ezahlukene. umphumela Okuningi lubonakale zamabutho ezikhanga ukudla okuqinile, buthaka - e uketshezi, neze wazizwa izinto gaseous.

Ukusabela Chemical kungukuthi ephelezelwa ama-athomu ekubhujisweni. Ngokuvamile, kukhona regrouping wabo, kukhona enye i-molecule. i-molecule IMisa incike kwakheka lokho Atoms it is. Kodwa nge zonke izinguquko athomu kukhona indivisible amakhemikhali. Kodwa ungaba yingxenye zishintshe ezahlukene. Athomu kubuyise izakhiwo element lapho. Mpilo phambi ezibolile ku-athomu omoya-azigcina zonke izimfanelo lomcebo.

Microparticle isakhiwo zemizimba - engqamuzaneni. mass engqamuzaneni

Ukulinganisa macrobodies mass asetshenziswa kumadivayisi, ezindala kunazo zonke kuzo - esikalini. Umphumela nesilinganiso sizikhandle ibhalwe khilogremu, njengoba lisisakhiwo tintfo lucobo kohlelo ngamazwe (SI). Ukuze sithole mass yamangqamuzana khilogremu, kubalulekile ukubeka phansi izinsimbi zabo-athomu esekelwe inombolo izinhlayiya. Ukuze kube lula, uphiko oluyisipesheli uyaca iye kwetfulwa - zenuzi. Ungabhala ke ngesimo incwadi izifinyezo (amu). Le yunithi oluhambisana owodwa weshumi nambili ka-kunobukhulu bendawo nuclide carbon ¹² C.

Uma sibonisa ukubaluleka ezitholakala umthamo ngamayunithi angakahleleki, sithola 1.66 • 10 ^-27 kg. Okunjalo izinkomba ezincane emizimbeni mass usebenza ngokuyinhloko physics. Isihloko yitafula kuyiphi ungafunda yini wesisindvo athomu ezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali. Ukuze uthole ukuthi iyini i-mass eyodwa molecule hydrogen khilogremu, bande ngelesibili eboniswe kuthebula mass athomu element kwamakhemikhali. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka molecule isisindo ukubaluleka ehlanganisa athomu amabili.

Isihlobo mass yamangqamuzana

Kunzima usebenze kulesi sibalo izinto eziningi ezincane kakhulu, kungelula, kuholela isikhathi ukudliwa, iphutha yizikhukhula. Njengoba for isisindo microparticles ke ukukhululwa yesimo esinzima kwaba ukusetshenziswa yamanani isihlobo. Ijwayelekile bamakhemikhali eside linamagama ezimbili - "mass-athomu", uphawu yayo - Ar. umqondo ezifanayo wethulwa isisindo yamangqamuzana (kuyafana mass engqamuzaneni). Ifomula eziphathelene nenani ezimbili: Mr = m (ilitshe) / 1/12 m ⁽¹² C).

Ngokuvamile ungezwa abakushoyo "isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo." Leli gama akusebenzi wasebenzisa ngisho mayelana isisindo yamangqamuzana, kodwa kancane njalo. Iqiniso ukuthi isisindo - kungcono eliningi ezahlukene ngokomzimba - amandla okuyinto incike izixhumanisi ezindawo zomzimba. Ngokuphambene, abantu abaningi kuwuphawu njalo izinhlayiya ukuthi iqhaza yezinqubo zamakhemikhali, futhi sishukumiseleka ngejubane evamile.

Kanjani ukuze uthole isisindo yamangqamuzana

Inchazelo esiqondile isisindo-molecule is eyalo ithuluzi - mass spectrometer. Ukuxazulula izinkinga, ungasebenzisa ulwazi kusuka ishadi lesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, nenqwaba i-molecule umoya-mpilo 2 • 16 = 32 Thina ukwenza izibalo ezilula futhi uthole ukubaluleka Mr (H ₂ O) - isihlobo isisindo yamangqamuzana yamanzi. Ngu Periodic Table kuchazwa ukuthi nenqwaba umoya - 16, i-hydrogen - 1. Dweba elula izibalo: M _r (H ₂ O) = 1 + 2 • 16 = 18, lapho M _r - isisindo yamangqamuzana, H ₂ O - amanzi molecule H - hydrogen uphawu isici O - chemical-mpilo uphawu.

wesisindvo isotopes

izakhi zamakhemikhali ngokwemvelo nobuchwepheshe khona njengoba izinhlobo eziningana zama-athomu - isotopes. Ngamunye wabo ine isisindo ngabanye, ukubaluleka kwalo kungase kungabi value wamaqhuzu. Nokho, isisindo athomu element kwamakhemikhali ngokuvamile iyinombolo ngezibonakaliso amaningi emva iphuzu. Lapho izibalo acabangele nokudlanga ngamunye zinhlobo uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, i-mass ukuzulazula kwama-athomu e ishadi lesikhathi akusito integers. Ukusebenzisa lezi zimiso tekubala, sithola mass yezinhlayiya, okuyizinto futhi integers. Kwezinye izimo, kungase kube yinani ukuqoqa.

Isisindo yamangqamuzana isakhiwo okungezona yamangqamuzana ndaba

Iningi compounds wezinto akuzona ukwakheka kwama-molecule. Izinsimbi yakhiwa ngama-athomu, ion futhi electron mahhala, nosawoti - of cations futhi anions. Ukuze izinto okungezona yamangqamuzana izakhiwo isisindo nazo zaqala ukubalwa molecule okunemibandela ifomula cwe, sibonakalisa isakhiwo elula. Sithola Mr ukubaluleka izinto ionic isakhiwo - usawoti kabani ifomula NaCl. M _r = 23 + 35,5 = 55,5. Ukuze ezinye izinhlobo izibalo adingekayo mass yamangqamuzana emoyeni - igesi ingxube. Uma ucabangela iphesenti izinto ezahlukene emkhathini, nezinhlayiya mass emoyeni kuyinto 29.

Usayizi nesisindo yezinhlayiya

Electron micrographs zishintshe ezinkulu ungase ucabangele athomu ngabanye, kodwa mancane kakhulu ukuthi ngesibonakhulu esivamile ingabonakali. Ukuthuthukiswa ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana kwanoma iyiphi imfuyo njengoba isisindo, - isici njalo. I ububanzi engqamuzaneni incike radii zama-athomu alo abalekeleli Luhambo zabo bobabili. Amasayizi kuyizinhlayiyana ziyahlukahluka nenombolo proton kanye namazinga amandla. Hydrogen atom - kunabo bonke ubukhulu, engaba salo 0.5 • 10 ^-8 kuphela cm uranium-athomu ingaphezu kathathu hydrogen ama-athomu .. Lezi "imidondoshiya" microcosm - amangqamuzana izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Ngakho, enye ubukhulu komugqa le kuyizinhlayiyana amaprotheni 44 • 10 ^-8 cm.

Ngamafuphi: nenqwaba molecule - yinani lika uquqaba zama-athomu ngaphakathi kubo. Inani eliphelele ngo amakhilogremu ingatholakala ngokuvele azalane isisindo yamangqamuzana atholakala Periodic Table, lemali 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg.

La ma-molecule kukhona azinakwa kuqhathaniswa vumelekile emizimbeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngobukhulu yamanzi i-molecule H ₂ O unikeza apula njengoba izikhathi eziningi, kukangaki lesi sithelo lincane iplanethi yethu.