Kwezikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo. Sasiyini uhlelo Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo eGibhithe lasendulo?

Ikhalenda yasungulwa yisintu ukuze kube lula futhi kalula ushintsho yemijikelezo yemvelo. Zonke impucuko wazithatha BC, kwadingeka indlela yabo kule ukubala. Kwezikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo umsuka iminyaka acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ezedlule, babusekelwe zonke ekuphileni kwezomnotho futhi ithele kwabaseGibhithe.

Lunar Ikhalenda abaseGibhithe

Lokhu impucuko, esadaleka esiqeshini emincane ezweni ekuniseleni by iNayile. Nguye enikeziwe zonke izidingo zomphakathi, ngakho-ke lichitheke isidingo luphathwe ngokunakekela okukhulu. AbaseGibhithe, efana iningi labantu emhlabeni, ekuqaleni esetshenziswa ikhalenda kwenyanga. Ukusetha usuku kwalo mkhosi, kwakudingekile Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo uhlelo. EGibhithe, kuba ngoba kucatshangwa kwezinye ososayensi uvele phakathi nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC. Kanye ikhalenda zenkolo khona empini, okuyinto lakhiwe ngokuningiliziwe. AbaseGibhithe kwadingeka ngokuhamba umjikelezo engu-25, futhi empeleni isibalo sezinyanga kulesi simo zazilingana 309. Nokho, bazi kahle yokuthi ikhalenda kwenyanga kuyinto astronomically ngempela olungalungile, ngakho asifanele kubalwa ekuqaleni emisebenzini yezolimo. Uhlelo kwezikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo, ngokusekelwe izigaba ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, sathatha isikhathi esifushane

Ukudala ikhalenda solar

Ngakho-ke, abapristi baseGibhithe lasendulo zakhonza inkinga yokudala, ikhalenda okusha okunembile. Ngenhlanhla, ezingeni lolwazi kakade evumela ukuba basho lezo zilinganiso olunembile zizihlobanise ibalazwe besibhakabhaka esinezinkanyezi. Ngokwe-owaziwa IsiZulu isazi somlando waseGibhithe uJames breasted, ikhalenda solar uvele kulelizwe kungani kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi ukubonakala Hyksos, kodwa abazange azame ukushintsha ke. asetshenziswa Lezi zinhlobo amakhalenda njengoba isisekelo ngonyaka ezishisayo, okungukuthi izigaba izinkathi zonyaka zishintsha, awusebenzi cabangela ushintsho izigaba inyanga. Kwaba endaweni okwazalelwa kuyo laseGibhithe ikhalenda solar lasendulo. Abapristi abaningi kahle izinkanyezi, esikhathini ukubukeka kwabo, futhi babona ngobuhlobo obuseduze kwezindikimba zasezulwini ne nenqubo engokwemvelo. Ikakhulukazi, babenesithakazelo izikhukhula iNayile. Amanzi lo mfula udla izindwani esikhathini kusuka July kuya ku-November, baba Ugcwalise wonke esigodini, lapho Neal futhi kufakwe busebenze, kuza isikhathi sokutjala. Ngemva 3-4 izinyanga ongakuthwebula isivuno, futhi ngo-March yi Sahara elinamakhasi ovunguzayo ezomile owabhubhisa bonke ukuphila. Ngakho-ke ukulandelana kwezikhathi zezenzakalo uhlelo kungaba olunembile.

Izimiso yokwakhiwa ikhalenda baseGibhithe lasendulo

Zonke ngonyaka lalinabashumayeli thu izinkathi zonyaka: uzamcolo (ahet), okusho ukuthi Nile isikhathi uzamcolo, noma okukhipha isiteshi (Peret), isb isikhathi lapho umfula ibuyisela ngayo kuqala, futhi shoaling (uShemi), okusho ukuthi kuyilapho ephansi ezingeni amanzi emfuleni. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi abakhileyo eGibhithe ukwakha amadamu eziyinkimbinkimbi uhlelo, emiseleni kanye amadamu. Kwakudingeka njalo sigcinwe ifomu efanele, futhi ngenxa yalokhu-ke kwakudingekile ukwazi algorithm yokuphila mfula eyinhloko yezwe. Lapha futhi ewusizo ulwazi abapristi. Baqala belandisa izikhukhula saseNayile nge ibalazwe esibhakabhakeni kanye baveza njalo ebaluleke. Izikhukhula iphutha ngokushesha ngemva ngenjikalanga ehlobo, omunye isici esibalulekile ukuthi ekuseni amahora esibhakabhakeni livela inkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu ukuthi kuyabonakala noma ngeso lenyama. Kuyinto into ebonakalayo kwesinye isikhathi, futhi abapristi sinqume ukuthi kubonakala ngezikhawu izinsuku-70. Ukutholakala kwalezi zinto ezimbili baye bavumela ukudala enkathini entsha eGibhithe lasendulo.

Cycle esekelwe umzimba wasezulwini

Futhi uma kwencazelo ngenjikalanga zidinga imishini ekhethekile, ukubukeka Sirius imakwe umjikelezo entsha. Sirius noma Sothis, njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo-ke kuleli zwe, futhi baba ikhalenda umthombo. Isekelwe heliacal, isb risings amaphephabhuku lale nkanyezi uqala unyaka omusha wezolimo kuleli zwe. ubude bayo wayezimisele yokuqala 360 bese 365 izinsuku. Kwezikhathi Egypt ubengazi zeminyaka eqa, kodwa into enjalo kwakudingekile ukubala ngokunembile isikhathi yezinkanyezi. Ngakho-ke, ikhalenda waseGibhithe njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine Sothis kwelanga yephuza usuku 1. Wayehlukanisa unyaka ube izinyanga ezingu-12, ngalinye elikwazi kwaba izinsuku ezingu-30. Ngesonto lahlukaniswa laba izinsuku ezingu-10, ngosuku unamahora angu-10. Kungakapheli nehora abaseGibhithe lasendulo babengene imizuzu 100 namaminithi 100 ngemizuzwana. Ngakho kwaba izinsuku ezingu-360. Asele izinsuku ezinhlanu hhayi awananyatheliswe wezinyanga. Bona zazigujwa ekupheleni kwenyanga edlule njengoba lokuzalwa of Osiris, noHorus, uSeti, u-Isis Nephthys.

Ezulazulayo zekhalenda bese umzamo wokuqala wokuguqula ke

Izakhamuzi eNile Valley izanelise ngokuthi amaholide nge ukuwa ngezinsuku ezahlukene kwesikhathi. Bona ushintsho oluhle futhi ngokuthi kulethwe abakhileyo akholwayo, ngaleyo ndlela lingcweliswe unyaka wonke. ngonyaka waseGibhithe, kuvela, kwaba ezidukayo kodwa amaphoyisa ayizange izame ngisho nokuzama ukuyishintsha, kunalokho, yilowo nalowo kubo ngokuletha isithembiso sokuthi ngeke kudle isikhathi konyaka ikhalenda. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, Hyksos ababusi baseGibhithe lasendulo labake betama kushintja, yavusa elikhulu nokububula zibuthuntu abantu, kodwa abantu balalela ukumelana namandla. Nokho, ngemva kokuxoshwa kwabo e ikhalenda libuyiselwe ngokugcwele nalo lonke intuthuko Hyksos iqedwe. Izinsuku, izinyanga neminyaka kuthiwa okhonjiswe izinombolo. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi kwezikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo ongasazanga yobudala esinqunyiwe, iminyaka, lwenziwe kusukela ekuqaleni kokubusa likaFaro esilandelayo. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi wasebenza evamile ekuqaleni konyaka omusha, ewela August 29 kuya ikhalenda yesimanje.

nezikhathi Igama ikhalenda

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezinyangeni ngokuvamile okhonjiswe izinombolo, ngamunye wabo wayenomsebenzi igama lalo. Ayezinikezele ezinye unkulunkulu. Kwandulelwe ekuqaleni Inyanga Unyaka owodwa, ogama lakhe behlonipha unkulunkulu zenyanga, ke wahamba inyanga Faofi, wabe eselandela Atir behlonipha unkulunkulukazi Hathor, Hoyyak waxhumana amakhosi Pharaonic, Tibi e ahloniphe unkulunkulu Khnum, uMehiri sanikezelwa unkulunkulu esabekayo Montu, Famenot elihlobene ne Amenophis, Farmuti anikezelwe unkulunkulukazi Ermuti, Pahon e ahloniphe unkulunkulu Khonsu, le Piney yaqanjwa esigodini Nile, epiphyte futhi Mesori anikezelwe ukubukeka ilanga. Asele izinsuku ezinhlanu ukungezwa ikhalenda kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi igama lesiGreki epagomeny, okusho izinsuku sverhgodichnye. Ikhalenda lag zingaxazululwa ngokufaka usuku olulodwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, kodwa uFaro ezenza lukhuni indiva leli qiniso. Cishe, lokhu kungenxa inazo izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, ukuze isistimu ngilunge kwezikhathi Hyksos eGibhithe lasendulo akazange athathe.

A umzamo wesibili ukushintsha kwezikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo

Imizamo ukushintsha ikhalenda babungenziwa kuphela ngezizwe ayimizulane we Hyksos. Nokho, lokhu kwenziwa ngemva kwesikhathi eside kakhulu, ngenkathi yamaGreki Ptolemaic lwamakhosi. I faro wesithathu nabangane Aleksandra Velikogo inzalo wazama ukushintsha kwezikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo. Ikakhulu, kuchazwa "Kanopskom ngesinqumo somthetho." Ngo-1866 ngesikhathi kumbiwa kwatholakala setshe itshe lapho waseGibhithe nowase ngolimi lwesiGreki okuye kwabhalwa umyalo kaFaro Evergeta ukwenza izinguquko ikhalenda. Ngakho uvele ngonyaka eqa, okuyinto bekumele ukuxazulula inkinga lokusalela emuva yezinkanyezi. Nakuba lolu shintsho is hhayi ixazululwe kuleli zwe, kwakukhona iphutha kwasekuqaleni, esikhundleni ungeze olulodwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, wayewenza njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Lokhu kuye kwathinta ukunemba nesiphambeko kwaqashelwa eminyakeni kuphela emva 48.

ikhalenda Alexandria

isimemezelo kaFaro iyala ukwethulwa ngonyaka eqa, futhi azizange zikhishwe ukuphila. Uma-ke zonke-endaweni efanayo, bese ngonyaka ngabe zaba izinsuku 365,25, futhi eseduze izibalo yezinkanyezi. A umzamo wesithathu ukushintsha kwezikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo iye kwenziwa kakade lase libhujiswa ngemaRoma. Eselinqobile ezweni, basuke cishe ngokushesha waba kabusha ikhalenda. Ngakho, njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine kunesidingo olulodwa, kodwa zonke eqa eminyakeni oda lokushintsha lashintsha kuka kwakuyisiko eRoma. ikhalenda Alexandria Bahlala nge Julian parallel iminyaka engaphezu kuka-1500.

Uhlelo kwezikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo njengoba elula kakhulu futhi elula

Uhlelo kwezikhathi eGibhithe lasendulo wayazi okuningi ngezindlela ezahlukene ngokubala iminyaka. Nokho, ukuthandwa enkulu ukuthi ithole ikhalenda welanga. Ngokusho uHerodotus, kwaba ikhalenda elula kakhulu futhi Ukugunda endulo. Ukusilela muva, ngalo uyalandelwa, akazange izinkinga ezimpilweni kwabaseGibhithe. Mhlawumbe uma kunesidingo sangempela salokhu, ngalolo suku ke kungenzeka avele ikhalenda ngesisekelo eside abapristi observation ayeqiniseka ukuthi izinsuku 365,25 futhi uhambelana lena yinkathi ephakathi ezimbili izikhukhula iNayile. Bathola ukuthi iminyaka kanye 130 uzamcolo Sothis kuqhathaniswa kwelanga uwela Ngayizolo, ngakho khathisimbe they sidebeselele ngokunemba yezinkanyezi ngenxa lula futhi engeyona inkimbinkimbi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, amazinga ikhalenda lwaseGibhithe lasendulo wabeka kwakhiwa amakhalenda yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo ukwenzangcono ikhalenda welanga.