Okuncane kanye degree esiphezulu namachibi of uxhumano lokudlulisa. izakhiwo Chemical of uxhumano lokudlulisa

Phakathi kwazo zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali, okungezona izinsimbi ube nenamba ekhethekile - halogens. Lezi ama-athomu ithole igama labo anezakhi ezikhethekile ukuthi abonise ekuxhumaneni zamakhemikhali. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• iodine;
• chloro;
• bromo;
• sasekhaya.

Chloro futhi fluoro - a amagesi anobuthi, enamandla eqinile oxidizing. Iodine ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kuyinto crystalline izidakamizwa dark umbala onsomi ne ayebuthaka metallic libizwa. Liveza property-ejenti ukunciphisa. Eyesine libukeka nokubingelela? Yiziphi izindawo uxhumano lokudlulisa compounds ezakhiwe kubo kanye nezici njengoba isici, futhi uyinto elula? Zama ukuqonda.

Uxhumano lokudlulisa: incazelo jikelele element

Njengoba kuyizinhlayiyana kohlelo gqwa, bromo usesikhundleni inombolo cell ukulandelana 35. Ngakho, njengengxenye yalo proton core 35 futhi electron igobolondo yokuhlala inani elifanayo electron. Ukucushwa kwe olwelwesini: 4s ^{2 5} p.

VII iqembu elise iqembu sub-main liyingxenye halogens - anezakhi ezikhethekile leqembu izakhi zamakhemikhali. Sekukonke kukhona mayelana 28 kwezinhlobo ezahlukene athomu IKhompyuthaYami. izinombolo IMisa isukela 67 kuya kwengu-94 I kugcineke ukuzinza kanye linqoba ku iphesenti ngokwemvelo aziwayo ezimbili:

• bromo ⁷⁹ - 51% wako;
• bromo ⁸¹ - 49% walo.
  

Isilinganiso mass athomu we isici elilingana amayunithi 79,904. I degree of namachibi of uxhumano lokudlulisa zokhahlamba kusuka -1 kuya +7. Liveza eqinile oxidizing izakhiwo, kodwa eliphansi kuya nabo chlorine ne sasekhaya, iodine ezidlula zonke.

Umlando yokutholakala

Vula lesi sici kwaba umhla ozakwabo ku iqeqebana. Ngesikhathi kwakuvele kwaziwa mayelana chlorine ne-iodine. Ubani owenza le mbali ukutholakala? Ungashayela ngokushesha ezintathu amagama, njengoba ukuthi singakanani ososayensi bakwazi synthesize cishe kanyekanye isici amasha avela kamuva kubhekwe athomu. La magama yilezi:

• Antoine UJérôme Balard.
• Karl Levig.
• Yustus Libih.

Nokho, lesi sikhulu "Ubaba" kubhekwa uBalaram, selokhu yayingekhona nje wathola futhi kuchazwe, kodwa futhi ukuthumela Engqungqutheleni yesayensi ye bamakhemikhali kwenziwe into entsha, okuyinto element engaziwa.

Antuan Balar enza ucwaningo kuyi-uLwandle Lukasawoti kwengoma. Ethwele phezu kwalo eziningi ucwaningo kwamakhemikhali, it is olulodwa badabula isixazululo chloro futhi bathola ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo ekhuthaza ophuzi. Ukuthatha lokhu njengendlela umkhiqizo ukuxhumana chlorine ne-iodine isixazululo, kwaphinde ukuhlola umkhiqizo okuholela. Njengoba ayefa zokwelapha ezilandelayo:

• Wayesebenza ether;
• ofakwe potassium hydroxide ;
• kusetshenzwe pyrolusite;
• Mina ukondleka sulfuric acid.

Ngenxa yalokho, wanikwa isigamu oluyingozi uketshezi sinombala-red nge nephunga ezingezinhle. Lokhu kwaba uxhumano lokudlulisa. Khona-ke wazenzela Ukutadisha ngokucophelela izici ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali yalolu ketshezi. Ngemva uthumele umbiko kuyo, wachaza izakhiwo uxhumano lokudlulisa. Isihloko, okwakunginika uBalaram isici kwaba murid, kodwa akazange anamathele.

Namuhla igama ovamile ye-athomu ye uxhumano lokudlulisa, okuyinto elihunyushwe esuka Latin kusho "esinuka", "ezinukayo". Lokhu ngokugcwele kuqinisekiswa izakhiwo lomcebo yayo elula. Unyaka we-elementi ukuvulwa - 1825.

degree olungenzeka namachibi of uxhumano lokudlulisa

Labo ungakwazi ukusho nje okumbalwa. Phela, sibonga yayo ukucushwa electronic, uxhumano lokudlulisa kungaba kokubili izakhiwo oxidizing kanye nokunciphisa, nge predominance okucacile kuqala. Kukhona emihlanu ongakhetha kunokwenzeka yilezi:

• -1 - namachibi aphansi degree uxhumano lokudlulisa;
• ukubeka +1;
• +2;
• 3;
• 5;
• 7.

Emvelweni, ihlangabezane kuphela lezi zakhi lapho isakhiwo isici ngomqondo ongemuhle. 7 - degree esiphezulu uxhumano lokudlulisa namachibi. ke kwalo nemibukiso ehlanganisa HBrO ₄ bromic acid bromates nosawoti yalo (NaBrO _4). Ngokuvamile, lokhu ngezinga elithile namachibi of uxhumano lokudlulisa kukalutshwana kakhulu, kanye ezimbili. Kodwa kwakwakhe nge -1; 3 no-5 - ajwayelekile kakhulu ibalulekile hhayi kuphela umkhakha zamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi imithi, ubunjiniyela kanye nezinye imikhakha yezomnotho.

Uxhumano lokudlulisa uyinto elula

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile element ngaphansi okubheka molecule diatomic Nokho, akuyona igesi futhi uketshezi. enobuthi kakhulu, kabi emoyeni, futhi ishicilela nephunga ezingemnandi kakhulu. Ngisho nemibhangqwana e lokuhlala aphansi kungabangela ukusha phezu kwesikhumba futhi ukucasuka we nolwelwesi lwamafinyila zomzimba. Uma Nokho, umkhawulo kuvunyelwe, kungenzeka ukuba ukufuthelana nokufa.

I chemical ifomula oketshezi inikezwe - Br _2. Kusobala ukuthi kwakheka uphawu is kusukela igama lesiGreki kwento - bromos. Ukuhlobana phakathi ama-athomu eyodwa, covalent nonpolar. Elikhulu engaba athomu, ngakho bromo iyaphendula ngempela kalula. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuyisebenzisa kabanzi e syntheses zamakhemikhali, ngokuvamile njengoba reagent ekutholweni qualitative of organic compounds.

Ngo into elula hhayi ezitholakala emvelweni, njengoba volatilized kalula ngesimo intuthu iba nsundu ngokubomvu nemphumela ezonakalisayo. Kuphela ngesimo ezihlukahlukene multi-ingxenye izinhlelo. I degree of namachibi of uxhumano lokudlulisa compounds ezihlukahlukene incike isici ngalo ukuba asabele, isb nanoma iyiphi ikhemikhali.

izakhiwo

Lezi zimo zokuma kungenziwa esashiwo amaphuzu ambalwa.

1. Solubility emanzini - Ngokwesilinganiso, kodwa kunenye halogens. Ayegcwele isixazululo amanzi uxhumano lokudlulisa ibizwa ngokuthi, it has a umbala onsundu ngokubomvu.
2. I ukuvala abacaphuni ketshezi - 59.2 ⁰ C.
3. Ukuncibilika iphuzu -7.25 ⁰ C.
4. Iphunga - ebukhali, ezingemnandi, angafi.
5. Umbala - iba nsundu ngokubomvu.
6. isimo Physical into elula - elisindayo (high density), liquid obukhulu.
7. Electronegativity ngokuvumelana Pauling esikalini - 2.8.

Lezi zimo zokuma ezithinta uhlelo lokulungisa lokhu kwakwakhe, kanye ephoqelela isibopho ukuhambisana ngokucophelela okukhulu lapho esebenza kuwo.

izakhiwo Chemical of uxhumano lokudlulisa

Ngokombono i-chemistry, bromo siziphathe ngezindlela ezimbili. Imibukiso oxidizing futhi izakhiwo ukunciphisa. Njengazo zonke izakhi, okwazi ukwamukela electron kusukela izinsimbi kancane electronegative futhi nonmetals. Ukunciphisa i-ejenti, he is a strong oxidizing ejenti, njenge:

• umoya-mpilo;
• fluoro;
• chloro;
• abanye acid.

Ngokwemvelo, degree of uxhumano lokudlulisa lapho namachibi kuhluka -1 kuya +7. Nge yini ngokuqondile ukwazi usabela isici ehilelekile?

1. Nge amanzi - umphumela inhlanganisela acid (hydrobromic futhi hypobromous).
2. Nge iodides ezihlukahlukene baye bakwazi ukuba azixoshe bromo iodo nosawoti yayo.
3. Nge zonke nonmetals ngqo kuka nomoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, bese kuthi amagesi zasebukhosini.
4. Cishe zonke izinsimbi njenge-ejenti enamandla oxidizing. Nge izinto eziningi ngisho ne ukuthungela.
5. Ngo ukusabela OVR bromo sivame ukukhuthaza izinhlelo namachibi zezakhi. Ngokwesibonelo, isibabule sulfite ibe sulfate ion, iodine iodides uyinto elula.
6. C ukwakha alikhali bromides, bromates noma gipobromatov.

Okubaluleke kakhulu kukhona uxhumano lokudlulisa chemical izakhiwo uma ingxenye acid kanye nosawoti ezakhiwe ngazo. Kulesi hlobo izakhiwo enamandla kakhulu njengoba oxidant. Kuyinto evelele okuningi kunalokho into elula.

reception

Iqiniso esiyicabangelayo into okubaluleke futhi okuphawulekayo ngokuya amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, kuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa yayo yonyaka e inani amathani ayinkulungwane 550. abaholi bezwe ngalezi zinkomba:

• US.
• China.
• Israyeli.

Industrial khulula uxhumano lokudlulisa isizinda indlela sigxile esixazululweni ekwelapheni usawoti amachibi, imithombo kanye nezilwandle. Wabo usawoti timphawu oyifunayo, okuyinto ibe ifomu ene-asidi. It is idlule emoyeni ekusakazeni enamandla noma isisi. Ngakho, i-uxhumano lokudlulisa gaseous. Kwase ziphathwe soda umlotha kanye ingxube sodium nosawoti - bromides futhi bromates. Laba yini ikhambi labo is acidified futhi esidayisa amahhala izidakamizwa liquid.

izindlela Laboratory ngoba zamagama esekelwe displacement uxhumano lokudlulisa chlorine nosawoti yalo njengoba Halogen namandla.

Ukuba nemvelo

Ngesimo okumsulwa, sisuke sicabanga into hhayi ezitholakala emvelweni, njengoba kabi emoyeni okusamanzi oluyingozi. Empeleni, ingxenye compounds okuyinto abonise ngezinga ubuncane namachibi of uxhumano lokudlulisa -1. Lokhu usawoti hydrobromic acid - bromides. Kuningi kwalesi sakhi esihambisana yemvelo usawoti chlorine - Silvina, carnallite, nabanye.

Minerals ye uxhumano lokudlulisa avuleka kamuva kunaye. Okuvame kakhulu kulezi ezintathu:

• Embolism - inhlanganisela chlorine ne uxhumano lokudlulisa ngesiliva;
• bromarginit;
• bromsilvinit - ingxube potassium, magnesium kanye uxhumano lokudlulisa ngamanzi lesibopho (crystalline hydrate).

Futhi, lento ifakiwe ngempela lichaza ekwakheni izinto eziphilayo. ukuntula kwalo kuholela sezinzwa izifo ezihlukahlukene uhlelo, iziyaluyalu, izinkinga zokulala kanye inkumbulo ukungakhuli. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ngaphezulu ukusongela nenzalo. Fish, izilwane zasemanzini bromo uyakwazi buthelela eziningi eziphawulekayo ifomu nosawoti.

Okuqukethwe isisindo uqweqwe ifinyelela yayo 0,0021%. Liqukethe eziningi amanzi anosawoti bese wonke hydrosphere eMhlabeni.

Compounds of uxhumano lokudlulisa nge isimo namachibi aphansi

Yini degree of namachibi e uxhumano lokudlulisa in compounds yayo ezisansimbi ne-hydrogen? I aphansi, okuyinto kungenzeka ngoba lento - kushiywa munye. Kuyinto lokhu kuxhuma futhi bamele enkulu isithakazelo esiwusizo indoda.

1. HBr - hydrogen bromide (igesi) noma hydrobromic acid. Esikhathini gaseous isimo aggregate alinaso umbala, kodwa iphunga ebukhali ezingemnandi, eziningi intuthu. It has isinyathelo ezonakalisayo ku nolwelwesi lwamafinyila zomzimba. Kakhulu oncibilikayo emanzini, ukwakha acid. Yena, libhekisela electrolyte eqinile, kuba ejenti ezinhle ukunciphisa. It is kalula aguqulwa kuya uxhumano lokudlulisa khulula ngenxa yesenzo sulfuric acid, nitric acid ne-oksijini. Industrial ukubaluleka deku ion bromide ukwakha nosawoti zensimbi cations.
2. Bromides - wathi acid nosawoti lapho degree of namachibi of uxhumano lokudlulisa in the efanayo ilingana -1. isithakazelo Olungokoqobo yilezi: LiBr, futhi KBR.
3. Zezakhi bemvelo organic equkethe ion bromide.

Compounds ngezinga eliphakeme of namachibi

Lezi zihlanganisa eziningi izinto eziyisisekelo. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu uxhumano lokudlulisa namachibi kuyinto 7, kanjalo lezi zakhi kumane wakhe futhi kufanele kube.

1. Perbromic acid - HBrO _4. Enamandla kunazo zonke acid eyaziwa kule nto, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye nemithi kakhulu nokuhlasela ejenti enamandla ukunciphisa. Lokhu kungenxa isakhiwo ekhethekile Jomethri ye-molecule, okuyinto has ukuma isikhala Tetrahedron.
2. Perbromates - nosawoti acid kukhonjisiwe ngenhla. Kubo, njengoba ebonakala ngu degree esiphezulu uxhumano lokudlulisa namachibi. Inamandla oxidizing-ejenti, kanye ngaleyo ndlela asetshenziswa umkhakha zamakhemikhali. Izibonelo: NaBrO _4, KBrO _4.

Ukusetshenziswa uxhumano lokudlulisa compounds kanye

Kungenzeka ukuqoka izindawo eziningana lapho kwakwakhe bromo futhi uthole isicelo ngqo.

1. Ukukhiqizwa nodayi.
2. Ukuze womshini izinto lokushicilela.
3. Njengoba imithi e womuntu (uxhumano lokudlulisa nosawoti).
4. Embonini yezimoto, okungukuthi, njengenhlangano okufakiwe e uphethiloli.
5. Isetshenziswa njengendlela yokwelapha for ukwehlisa flammability kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
6. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa imishini muds.
7. Ngo ezolimo, ukukhiqizwa zokuzivikela isinambuzane sprayers.
8. Ngenxa magciwane magciwane iyunithi, kuhlanganise namanzi.

Umthelela yemvelo ku umzimba

I ngokweqile noma ukungabi uxhumano lokudlulisa emzimbeni babe nemiphumela ebuhlungu kakhulu.

Ngisho Pavlov kuqala ukuze kubonwe ithonya kwalesi sakhi phezu eziphilayo. izifundo Animal luye lwabonisa ukuthi eside eshodayo ion bromide kuholela:

• ukuphazamiseka isimiso sezinzwa;
• nenkinga ocansini;
• izisu futhi ukungazali;
• ukunciphisa ukukhula;
• ukunciphisa hemoglobin;
• ukuqwasha nokunye.

ekuqongeleleni ngokweqile kule kwezitho nezicubu kuholela okusithiyayo okusebenzela kuyo asebuchosheni nomgogodla, izifo zesikhumba ahlukahlukene yangaphandle.