Elbow - esilinganisweni obuphelele. Elbow Ubude. nesilinganiso indololwane

Umlenze njengengxenye yomzimba, noma kunalokho, "indawo yokugoba engalweni," uyaziwa wonke umuntu. Futhi, akekho onemibuzo noma emangalisa mayelana nencazelo yesibili yaleli gama, elihlobene nezembatho. Le ndawo emkhondeni, lapho ithinta khona umhlanganiso wesigqoko. Kodwa namuhla akuwona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi iminyaka eminengi leli gama lalisetshenziselwa kabanzi okwesithathu, manje okusho okungapheli: ilanga liyinganiso yobude. Sasetshenziswa ngezikhathi eziningi yizizwe eziningi ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba, kubandakanya izakhamuzi kuqala kohulumeni waseRussia Old, futhi kamuva - zoMbuso waseRussia.

U-Elbow - isilinganiso sobude?

Isizathu sokuvela kwegama elinjalo elingavamile ukusuka endaweni yokubuka yendoda yesimanje empeleni lalilula. Kuze kube khona ukubonakala kwamasentimitha wendabuko nezinye izinyathelo zokulinganisa ezijwayele kithi namuhla, kwakulula ukugxila kulokho okujwayelekile. Lokhu, isibonelo, izingxenye ezahlukene zomzimba womuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babehlale 'bekanye nabo.' Iyini ubude beminwe nezandla noma usayizi wesinyathelo wesinyathelo? Umuntu angaphakamisa isisindo esingakanani ngesinye isikhathi? Iyini ibanga eliphakathi kwesithupha nesandiso sangaphambili? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo neminye efana nazo zasiza ezinsukwini zakudala ukucacisa isisindo, ubude, ukuphakama kwezinto. Yiqiniso, idatha etholakalayo yayingalingani futhi ivame ukuhluka, kepha uma kungekho isistimu yokulinganisa evamile kubo bonke, bacishe basombulule ngokuphelele inkinga yokunquma amanani. Ukuzama ukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo, kancane kancane abantu bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi idatha ecacile yaqala ukunikezwa kwiyunithi ngayinye ezindaweni ezihlukene (ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nasesimweni esifanayo).

Yini abantu bethu basekhaya abasebenzisa ezinsukwini zakudala?

Isilinganiso esidala sobude emazweni aseRussia Kungaba namagama ahlukene: phezulu, ububanzi, i-elbow, i-arshin (noma isinyathelo), i-sazhen, impela. Abanye babonakala ngaphambili, abanye ngemva kwesikhathi esincane, kepha bonke isikhathi eside babele uhlelo oluvunywa ngokujwayelekile lwe-calculus esifundazweni . Amayunithi amancane ayetshenziselwa kakhulu emkhakheni wekhaya, okugcina amabili - ngokuvamile ukucacisa ukuthi ubude obukhulu phakathi kweziteshi zeposi kanye nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi.

Ukulinganisa kwe-elbow kwakusakazeke ebhizinisini lokuhweba nakwabathengisi bokuqala nabafanele abathengisi lapho bethengisa izingcezu ezincane zendwangu, ingubo, indwangu. Abanikazi bezindlu abanomsizi bakhe bangakwazi ukubona ukuthi ubude bezintambo buvela ku-hemp noma ngentambo yeboya. Ugqoke osetshenziswayo ekwakheni, isibonelo, ukucacisa ubukhulu bewindi kanye neminyango.

E-Russia, kwakukhona izinketho eziningana kule nqubo elula futhi elula. Ngakho-ke, bahlukanisa i-elbow enkulu, ephindwe kabili ubude obujwayelekile futhi ubude bengalo kusukela ehlombe kuya kutholakala kalula. Kwase kuyisikhathi esithile isistimu ethandwa kakhulu ekuhwebeni (ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaleyo ndlela i-arshin yayilinganiswa). Futhi kwakungaphelele, i-Ivanovo ephindwe kabili, ehlelwe ngokusemthethweni ku-Veliky Novgorod nasezindaweni zayo). Ngamakhulu eminyaka amahlanu noma ayisithupha leminyaka, lobu bude besilinganiso sobude babuqashelwa ngokomthetho futhi basetshenziswa kulo lonke elaseRashiya. Futhi yona kanye igama elithi "elbow" isikhathi eside kakhulu lihlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nale ncazelo. Futhi kwasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 ukuthi emithonjeni ebhaliwe, incazelo eyaziwayo yahlanganiswa kuso-ipulazi esandleni sakhe.

Indlela yokunquma ubukhulu be-elbow

Umbuzo oyinhloko ovame ukubathintana nabantu abathola incazelo yegama okusetshenzisiwe namuhla: "I-elbow ingakanani?"

Ukufuna impendulo, kufanele uqale uvule emithonjeni esemthethweni - izichazamazwi ezichazayo. Abakhiqizi babo abaziwayo nabahloniphekile uS. Ozhegov noD. D. Ushakov ngesinye sezimo zinikeza incazelo efanayo, manje esivele ibhalwe ngokuthi "ingasebenzi". Unesigqoko - isilinganiso sobude, esetshenziswe endaweni yesifunda saseRussia sasendulo futhi silingana nesigamu semitha. Nokho, uma ubheka ezinye izincwadi, ungathola izibalo ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ngokuvamile, u-46-47 cm ukhonjisiwe. Endaweni ethile ungathola usayizi ka-38-46 cm nangaphezu kuka-50 cm. Ngokuvamile, umbuzo uvela: "Yayiyini ibhotela ezinsukwini zakudala futhi yini eyabangela umehluko onjalo kuncazelo yobude bayo?"

Ukucabangela ngalesi sihloko, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi, ekuqaleni, ngaphambi kokusakazwa kwemidwebo kanye nezinyunithi zokulinganisa kwamakhilomitha ahlukahlukene, "umthombo" wokunquma usayizi wabo, kuhlanganise ne-elbow efanayo, kwakuyingxenye yomzimba womuntu. Kodwa-ke, bonke abantu banesidingo esithile semvelo namakhono. Ngenxa yalokho, ibanga elivela ehlangothini lombono kuze kube semlonyeni womunwe ophakathi noma isibalo esisikihliwe (yilokho ubukhulu beliyunithi bezimisele khona) kwaba ngabanye kumuntu ngamunye. Ngakho-ke kwathi ensimini cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe esifundazweni saseRussia ubude belobow behlukile kwezinye. Ukuze ngandlela-thile ifike ekufaneni futhi ihlele ukuhleleka okungenani indawo eyodwa, amagoya ngezinye izikhathi abeka amayunithi akhethekile kule unit of measurement, bese bonke abathengisi ezimakethe kanye nezitolo kanye nabathengi sebevele behlelwe kuzo. Lo myalelo ukhona isikhathi esithile: kusukela ku-XI (kunoma yikuphi, ngaleso sikhathi ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwegqeni "kuyiqiniso leRussia" likaMkhulukazi u-Yaroslav ohlakaniphile ubhekisela) kuze kube sekhulwini le-16. Khona-ke yashintsha i-arshin, eyasebenza eMbusweni waseRussia kuze kube khona ukubonakala kwamayunithi wamanje wesilinganiso.

Kusukela emlandweni wokulinganisa usayizi we-elbow

Ngokuvamile, isihluthulelo sokuqonda izenzakalo zomlando ezedlule yimithombo ebhaliwe, okwathi amakhulu eminyaka igcina ubufakazi bezenzakalo ezenzeka. Lapha, idatha emayunithi akhona wokulinganisa ingatholakala ezincwadini.

Esinye sezikhumbuzo zakudala zakudala zesiRashiya kwakuyi-"The Journey of the Hegumen kaDaniyeli ezweni elingcwele," elilotshwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-12. Umlobi walo, owayengumonakalo, wayehola uhambo oluya ePalestina futhi, ngesisekelo sezinto azithola, wahlanganisa uhlobo lwemibiko. Ngulo msebenzi owasiza abantu abaphila ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuba bathole impendulo yombuzo othi: "I-elbow ingakanani?"

Iqiniso liwukuthi "Ukuhamba ..." incazelo eningiliziwe inikezwa yendlu engcwele yaseJerusalema - iSepulcher Engcwele, kuhlanganise nobukhulu bayo. Ngakho-ke, uDaniel waphawula ukuthi ubude nobubanzi betshe lesikhumbuzo lihlobene nokuyizingalo ezine kuya kweyesibili. Kamuva, kakade phakathi nekhulu le-17, omunye umfundisi waseRussia - uMphathiswa uNicon - wenza into engavamile kakhulu, kanti ngisho nomuntu ophuphayo. Ebhange lomfula i-Istra ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe kwakhiwa ivuko elimangalisayo lokuvuka kwabafundi baseJerusalema laseJerusalem, ngokuphindaphindiwe, kodwa ngesamba esincane, izakhiwo ezidumile zasePalestina. Kuye kwahlelwa futhi ikhophi eqondile ye-Holy Sepulcher, eyayinezilinganiso ezifanayo njengeZwe Elingcwele, kodwa ikhonjiswe kuphela ngabakhi abasebenza emagqumeni nasezinhlakeni. Yilezi zici ezimbili, ezixhunywe ngamagama kaDaniel noNicon, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi avunyelwe ukuthola ngokuqhathanisa idatha etholakalayo nezibalo ezilula ze-arithmetic ukuthi ngokomthetho 1 cubit yayilingana no 46.6 cm. Lesi sibalo sivame ukuhlangana lapho kukhulunywa ngaso.

I-Ivanskii elbow

Kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi leyunithi yokulinganisa ubude yayithandwa kangakanani.

Ngakho-ke, phakathi nekhulu lama-20, ngesikhathi sokucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala ezisezindaweni zedolobha lasendulo laseNizhny Novgorod, izinto ezithakazelisayo ezivela embonweni womlando nezinto ezihlobene nazo zatholakala. Omunye wabo wayeyinduku eyenziwe, mhlawumbe, evela esihlahleni esingenalutho somjunipha futhi ehlotshiswe yizintende zezandla (lokhu kufakazela ukuthi wayehamba njalo). Futhi emaphethelweni afaneleke ngokucophelela futhi ngokucophelela kubonise ukuthi le nto igcinwe ngendlela yayo yasekuqaleni. Ngemuva kokuhlola nokunquma iminyaka yalesi "wand" engavamile, kwaphetha ngokuthi kungaba uhlobo lwezinga lokulinganisa futhi lwenzeke edolobheni elizungeze amakhulu e-XI-XII. Kule nkinga, ubude be-elbow (nenduku etholakalayo ngobukhulu ngokuhambisana nayo) yayingu-54.7 cm.

Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, endaweni efanayo, isigaba esingamatshumi ayishumi nanhlanu sesigatshana esifanayo sitholakale, cishe okuhlobene nesikhathi esizayo - i-XIV leminyaka. Naphezu komonakalo, kwaze kwaba nokugcina umbhalo weSlavic othi "svatogivanos".

Lokhu kutholakala kubonisa ukuthi izindinganiso ezinjalo kungenzeka ngempela zikhona, uma kungezona zonke, ezindaweni eziphakeme kunazo zonke zesifundazwe. Futhi badlala indima yokulawula isilinganiso sobude lapho bethengisa. Ngakho, iziphathimandla zazama ukuvikela izithakazelo zabadayisi nabathengi.

Kuyini isikhathi eside: i-sazhen noma i-elbow?

Ngo-1017, umonaki odumile we-Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, uNestor, owe emlandweni njengomlobi wokuqala, ukhuluma ngeyodwa insimbi yokulinganisa yaseRussia eyinhloko. Leli yi-sazhen, elithatha indawo esikalini esilandela i-elbow. Ubude bayo buphinde bufinyelele futhi buzimisele ngezindlela eziningana. Okudume kakhulu futhi evamile ibanga eliphakathi kwezinguquko zeminwe yezingalo, ezihlukanisiwe ngezindlela ezahlukene (lena yi-sazhen ehamba ngezinyawo). Enye indlela yokukhetha ivela phezulu phezulu kusukela ezingeni lehlombe kuya phansi. Ekugcineni, umugqa oqondile ohlangene ohlangothini lwesobunxele kuya emlonyeni weminwe yesandla sokunene, ophakanyisiwe (oblique sazhen). Igama ngokwalo lakhiwa kusukela esenzweni esidala saseRussia esithi "shyagat," okusho ukuthi "ungafinyelela kude kangakanani ngesandla sakho". Konke lokhu kakade, eqinisweni, kunika impendulo kumbuzo wesikhathi eside - i-sazhen noma i-elbow.

Ulwazi oluthe xaxa lungatholakala ngokujwayela amaqiniso alandelayo. E-Russia, amagama angaphezu kweyishumi okuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene ahanjiswa: amancane, oblique (noma oblique), iphoyisa, ama-mahovaja, ubukhosi, ubuciko nabanye. Inani lazo lilinganiselwa ku-1.34 amamitha kuya kweyesibili nengxenye noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indaba yetshe elitholile elibhalwe ngolimi lwesi-Slavic liyaziwa. I-Prince Gleb, okukhulunywe ngayo kuyo, yaqala ukukala ibanga esifundeni, nokulungisa imiphumela ayisebenzisayo kakhulu kule nilinganiso yobude - i-sazhen. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abahloli, bebefundele irekhodi kanye nomhlaba phansi, baphetha ngokuthi ngokwesilinganiso kwakungamamitha ayisithupha nengxenye. Lezi datha zihambelana nobukhulu be-sazhen, eziboniswe ngabadwebi emithonjeni ehlukahlukene ehlobene nokwakhiwa. Kwakuvame ukukhonza ukunquma ukuthi akude kangakanani.

Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi isilinganiso esikhulu sobude sisona. Umlenze wawuwumyalelo wokunciphisa ubukhulu, okusho ukuthi kwakufanelekile ukulinganisa izinto ezincane ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Arshin esikhundleni salokho

Kusukela ngekhulu le-XVI, isilinganiso se-elbow sishaya kancane kancane esikhathini esidlule. Futhi ungabona izizathu eziningana zalesi simo. Enye yazo ixhunywe neqiniso lokuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVI-XVII i-"Book Book" yashicilelwe, ehloselwe abathengisi nabanye abathengisi. Wethula isakhiwo esisha - i-arshin - futhi isilinganisela ubukhulu bayo - ububanzi buka-71 cm. Kwaqunywa ngokulinganisa ibanga kusukela ehlombe kuze kube sekupheleni komunwe ophakathi wengalo eyeluliwe. Ngokungafani ne-original "elbow" yesiRashiya, leli gama lalingu "wesinye isizwe". Kwafika eRussia kusukela eMpumalanga ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kobudlelwane bezohwebo phakathi kwamazwe. Le ncwadi inikeza itafula lezinyathelo zobude, lapho isilinganiso esilandelayo sezinyunithi ezintsha nezindala kuboniswa: ama-arshin amabili ayelingana nezingalo ezintathu. Sekuyisikhathi bekhona ngokufana futhi behluke emkhakheni wokusetshenziswa. Abathengisi baseRussia basesebenzela emgqeni, abantu bezinye izizwe abaya e-alshin. Kancane kancane, lesi sigaba saqala ukusetshenziselwa kaningi. Owokuqala waqala ukulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwawo, futhi lokhu naphezu kokuthi yiyunithi eyinhloko yokulinganisa ekuhwebeni isikhathi eside.

Esinye isizathu ukuthi akuzona zonke izimpahla ezithengiswayo ezingahlanganiswa kahle nge-elbow. Ngamamitha, indwangu efanayo yayingcono kakhulu ukukala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, naphezu kwazo zonke izinyathelo ezithathwe ezifundazweni, ubukhulu be-elbow behluke kakhulu kubathengisi abahlukene. Futhi ekugcineni kwaholela ekwandeni kokunganeliseki kubantu. Ngenxa yalokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, i-unit yangempela yaseRussia yokulinganisa-i-elbow-yayisinyamalale ngokuphelele. U-Arshin naye wasinda eRussia kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngesikhathi isimiso esisha sesilinganiso esiseduze nesistimu yaseYurophu senziwa.

Indima ethile "emzabalazweni" phakathi kwamaRashiya kanye "namazwe angaphandle" adlalwa yizindinganiso - ababizwa ngokuthi ababusi bezinkuni abanezigaba ezibekwe kuwo. Yilabo abasheshe baqale ukudlala indima yokubamba iqhaza. Isigaba esilandelayo sokwamukelwa kwayo eRussia sichazwe ngesikhathi lapho isikhala esincane nesiphakamiso sihambisana neyunithi entsha. Futhi ukukhipha ukukhohliswa kwabathengi (umthengisi ngamunye ekuqaleni walinganisa izimpahla nomlawuli wakhe - kwanele ukukhumbula isisho esithi "Linganisa umgcini wakho wamasethi"), umbuso wethula okuthiwa "i-arshin esemthethweni", eyayiphethe iziphetho ezikhethekile zensimbi. Ngokwemvelo, isilinganiso esinjalo sobude sasihle kakhulu kunokuba sibe nesigqoko.

Ngokuqondene nomsuka nencazelo yegama elithi "arshin", akuzange kunikelwe incazelo engavamile. Abanye bahlobanisa ukubonakala kwakhe ne-Turkic "ar" ("umhlaba"), abanye - nge-Persian "arsh" ("elbow"). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasekeli bokuhluka kokuqala baphetha ngokuthi uma i-arshin ibonakala, ingaqondana nobukhulu besinyathelo somuntu.

Izwe lidlule kumlando

Sekuyiminyaka eyikhulu eRussia kunesimiso esisha sokulinganisa ubude, kodwa ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kweyunithi yamaRussia yasendulo kungatholwa emisebenzini yobuciko namasiko. Esikhathini esilandelayo, lokhu akuyona nje ubufakazi bokuthuthukiswa komlando wabantu kanye nezwe lonke, kodwa futhi uhlobo lokuziphatha okuye lwasungulwa amakhulu eminyaka.

Isibonelo, isaga esiyaziwa kakhulu: "Yena ngokwakhe nge-fingernail, nesilevu enezigqoko" kubonisa umuntu onokubonakala okungakahleleki, kodwa Ngokwethembeka okuqinile emphakathini, wathokoza ngengqondo, ukuhlangenwe nakho okujabulisayo noma ukuma endaweni ehlelekile yomphakathi. Izimpande zale ncazelo zibuyela emuva ezikhathini zangaphambi kwePeterrine. Khona-ke intshebe enhle ehlanjululwe kahle yayiyisihloko sokuqhosha kwabantu abaphawulekayo. Yingakho, lapho elahlekelwe yimithetho kaPeter Omkhulu, ama-boyars azizwa ehlazekile futhi ehlambalazwa. Yile ndlela i-unit of length "elbow" eqala ukusetshenziswa ngayo, okuyi-value.

Esinye isibonelo. Isaga: "Ezilweni zangaphandle i-nail evela ehlangothini," elichaza ngokuphelele umuntu onomona nomhahayo. Noma: "Uthi ku-nail, bese uphendulela ku-elbow" - mayelana namahemuhemu angaqondakali, anesakhiwo esasakazeka ngokushesha.

U-Elbow kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni

Isilinganiso esinjalo sobude asisebenziswanga kuphela eRussia. Kwabantu abaningi, kwaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo (nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu asebenza kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX). Njengoba ungakwazi ukuqagela, ubukhulu be-elbow ezweni ngalinye behlukile. Isibonelo, itafula elilandelayo lamazwe wezinyathelo zobude nalo lunithi linganikwa.

NjengaseRussia, kwakukhona nezinhlobonhlobo ze-elbow: ezinkulu, ezincane futhi eziphindwe kabili (99-99.6 cm) - inkosi yaseSumeriya iLagash Gudea, eyasebenza ekhulwini lama-22 BC. E. Abahwebi bavame ukulinganisa indwangu noma ezinye izimpahla ezifanayo.

Okuseleyo okudlule noma inguqulo elula yomugqa?

Esikhathini sethu, incazelo engaphelele yegama elithi "elbow" - isilinganiso sobude, empeleni, asisetshenzisiwe, futhi ulwazi lomlando walo lubonisa kakhulu izinga lobuhlakani lokuthuthukiswa komuntu. Kodwa-ke, empilweni kunezikhathi eziningi lapho umuntu efuna ngokuphuthumayo ukulinganisa okuthile, futhi eduze kwalo akukho umbusi noma okuthiwa ucezu. Yilapho izindinganiso ezenziwe abantu ezenziwe khona esikhathini eside esidlule zingasindiswa. Bazosiza kusibili sokuhlukanisa ukuze banqume ukubaluleka kwezinto ezincane. Ukwenza lokhu, kwanele ukwazi, isibonelo, ubukhulu bebanga phakathi kwesithupha nesithupha (lokhu yisikhathi esidala saseRussia) noma izingalo zihanjiswe ngesandla (ukuphawula kwe-saben).

Kulula kakhulu ukufunda nokuthi yini elingana ne-elbow. Ibanga kusuka kwinqonga lomunwe ophakathi kuya emathangeni we-ulnar yisilinganiso sakho somuntu ngamunye.