Omnkantsha yilapho? Omnkantsha: umsebenzi, isakhiwo

Omunye izicubu ezibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni wethu kuyigazi. Kuyinto unesibopho umoya-mpilo, okungukuthi, amandla wonke amaseli, kwezitho izinhlelo. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ngesikhathi ubuyise amasheya amangqamuzana akha igazi (erythrocyte, izinhlayiya zegazi leukocyte).

Esaphila ngamunye wala amaseli mncane impela futhi zokhahlamba kusuka izinsuku 5 (ama-leukocyte) izinsuku ezingu-100 (erythrocyte). Lokhu kubandakanya isidingo njalo self-sokuvuselela igazi. Emzimbeni kukhona izitho ukuthi lokhu nje umsebenzi futhi enze.

Human izitho igazi-ukwakha

Phakathi izakhiwo eyinhloko umzimba, okuyizindawo kumiswa entsha egazi abomvu umnkantsha futhi ubende. Uhlelo lymph Ungomunye izingxenye okuyiwona umnkantsha ithambo isebenza. Likuphi leli gunya esimele, zichaziwe ngezansi.

Indawo umnkantsha emzimbeni

I kwasendaweni izingxenye zomzimba, ukwakha egazi, iphuzu ngokwanele. Iqiniso lokuthi izitho eyinhloko hematopoiesis - abomvu umnkantsha futhi ubende - akuzona ezifanayo ukusebenza kwabo. Ngakho, kungcono umnkantsha kuyinto juqu ayingqalasizinda kule ndaba, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba indawo yayo, inombolo bese ukuhlinzwa evamile kuzo zonke emzimbeni womuntu.

Izindawo eyinhloko umnkantsha kwasendaweni kukhona amathambo nje, kodwa hhayi bonke, njengoba obomvu umnkantsha equkethe kuphela ingxenye wethambo, futhi enye - yellow.

Ukuthuthukiswa isakhiwo

Zonke isici ukwakheka umnkantsha amathambo abantu simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. Omnkantsha selibekiwe futhi zavela ekuqaleni kumiswa embryonic umbungu.
2. On umbungu esiteji bese umbungu engimbumbile, kanye nangemuva kokuzalwa, phakathi neminyaka embalwa Wonke amathambo akhe umzimba kukhona abakhiqizi (abakhiqizi) kwamangqamuzana egazi nama-lymphocyte, okungukuthi, zonke izinhlobo obomvu umnkantsha, ifakwe kuphi amaseli abasha undifferentiated.
3. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, it is indawo ophuzi, ehlanganisa zonke amathambo ezinkulu nezincane ijabulise zomzimba.

Ngakho, kusobala ukuthi umnkantsha kungaba amafomu amabili: red yellow.

Izimpawu ophuzi umnkantsha

Kuyinto aphuzi amaseli fat-like izidakamizwa kwakhiwa esikhiqiza izicubu umzimba lipoid. Ayikho ingxenye egazi noma ukwakheka izakhiwo amaselula amasosha omzimba alamukeli. Ngokuhamba ukuphila ubuyisela umnkantsha abomvu emathanjeni eziningi, ukuguga iba eyinhloko yamathebhu diaphysis lamathambo eside. Inani okuqukethwe isisindo somzimba cishe 2.5-3 kg. Lena ingxenye yoquqaba ingqikithi umnkantsha. Isici esiyinhloko - kungcono amandla futhi enikeza amathambo kuyaqina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokulimala esikhulu ezibuhlungu ophuzi nomnkantsha kungenziwa okwesikhashana indawo ezibomvu ukubuyisela umsebenzi evamile kwegazi.

Isakhiwo umnkantsha

Isakhi esiyinhloko siyingxenye ye mass enkulu amaseli undifferentiated futhi ezikhethekile ngokuthi isiqu. Lokhu kwenza nesakhiwo eliyingqayizivele futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphila komuntu. umnkantsha isakhiwo kuhlanganisa izicubu ezimbili ezinkulu: reticular (stroma) kanye hematopoietic.

Indwangu kulo zonke izakhi kwakhiwa Ukwakheka sangaphakathi umnkantsha obomvu, ebizwa ngokuthi stroma reticular. It igcwalisa lonke ingaphakathi esihlasela amathambo futhi iqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:

• inani elikhulu imithambo yegazi, emnika ukungaguquguquki semifluid futhi abomvu;
• amaseli fibroblast (nabakhiqizi fibrin futhi fibrinogen)
• amaseli endothelial.

Kanye nezicubu reticular umnkantsha iqukethe hematopoietic izakhi - stem cell. Bona phakathi kwamangqamuzana futhi ifomu lunye erythrocyte, ama-lymphocyte, izinhlayiya zegazi nezinye nabavoti igazi lymph.

Ngakho, emzimbeni zikhona izindawo eziningana kuyofika emnkantsheni wethambo, lapho main hematopoietic izicubu - ezihlukahlukene obomvu kobuchopho ndaba.

1. Epifazy amathambo lamafisha.
2. Diaphysis ka osteons ijabulise.
3. amathambo Flat.
4. Amathambo.

Ilungiselelo elinjalo futhi kwasendaweni - sivamile omdala.

Amaseli we umnkantsha

izicubu hematopoietic iqukethe eziningi lwama-stem cell ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo efana igciwane sombungu. Lezi zici ezibalulekile kakhulu, ngoba zonke ezinye kumaseli emzimbeni (futhi kunezinkulungwane zezigidi) kukhona ezikhethekile kakhulu futhi ayisoze yasivala nezinye amaseli izicubu noma perespetsializirovatsya. Kodwa kungaba ekunqandeni. Ngakho-ke, kukhona isisekelo, okuyinto kuphakamisa zonke corpuscles igazi futhi izakhiwo kohlelo lymph.

Amangqamuzana omnkantsha yakha amagciwane amahlanu hematopoiesis, ngalinye elikwazi simenza isici esithile.

1. Erythrocyte hlumela eliveza abomvu egazi ashaye - abomvu egazi, enze imisebenzi ebalulekile ukuthwala umoya-mpilo ukuze kwezitho nezicubu.
2. Granulocyte yakha ama-germ cells, eosinophils, ama-neutrophil futhi basophils, okuyizinto ezibalulekile izakhiwo umzimba ezifweni, futhi zakha amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi.
3. ihlumela Lymphocytic kuphakamisa lymphocyte - ngesisekelo uhlelo lymph.
4. Monocyte amafomu lwegciwane monocytes - izakhi mzimba okwenyanga.
5. ihlumela Megakaryocytic simenza impilo platelet - kwesinye sezitokisi igazi main obhekene ekunqandeni.

Ngakho, imisebenzi umnkantsha kuzoncika okungukuthi isakhiwo cell, ugesi walo. Laba yibo bonke ukwakheka okubalulekile. Ukunyamalala okungenani eyodwa uhlobo izakhi kuholela ezifweni eziyingozi womuntu ezidinga umnikelo umnkantsha stem cells.

umnkantsha

Isakhiwo akhethekile ukuqokwa ingxenye sangaphakathi amathambo flat banga them okukhulu umzimba. Kule ndaba singazibona izindawo ezimbalwa imisebenzi umnkantsha. Umsebenzi wayo ngale ndlela:

1. Kuyinto umphakeli okuqhubekayo abasha, fresh egazi, okumele olusha usuku ngalunye (amangqamuzana abomvu egazi ukuphila cishe ngosuku, nsuku zonke, kufa izigidi zalezi zakhiwo, futhi idinga ukushintshwa nge new).
2. Zihlanganisa eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezakhiwo, asephule zonke ndaba angaphandle nemizimba njengengxenye umzimba, ie izivikeli mzimba.
3. Lawula siqu izingxenye amaselula kanye ukubulala engadingeki (isib isimila).
4. Ngokunciphisa esiphezulu self-ukubhujiswa cell angaphakathi emzimbeni, okungase kubangelwe izinqubo sokugembula.

Ngokungangabazeki, eyigugu kakhulu izinzuzo umnkantsha. Likuphi esinye isakhiwo ukuthi ongenza imisebenzi esibaluleke ngaleyo ndlela? Akukho ndawo. Analogue emzimbeni womuntu alusekho. Linikeza ukubaluleka akhethekile ohlukile obomvu ithambo ubuchopho bomuntu.

ubende

Ekuqaleni sishilo ukuthi hhayi kuphela umnkantsha ithambo ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwegazi. Yebo, ukwakheka ngokushesha mass enkulu amaseli yayo kanye kwamangqamuzana of stem cells isici kuphela kuye. Nokho, zikhona nezinye izitho hematopoietic ezisiza umsebenzi umnkantsha. Chief phakathi kwabo - ubende. Cabangela izici zako ezisemqoka:

• Kuyinto erythrocytic edepho umzimba, uma kudingekile (krovepoteri ezinkulu, ukuhlukumezeka, njll) likhipha ethile la mangqamuzana kulo lonke mass Blutwurst.
• Ubende - unogada, ukuhlunga, okuyothi ngalo mass elikhulu legazi. It neutralizes ke aqede izinhlayiya angaphandle chaza amangqamuzana afile. It - i wezindlu esisemqoka emzimbeni wethu.
• Amafomu monocytes - inhliziyo ukwakheka kwezicubu.

Ubende ngokwawo elincane ubukhulu nesisindo mayelana 150 amagremu. Kutholwe ngaphezu esiswini, ukuze nje kwesokunxele ke.

ukufakelwa

Ngeshwa, yokuphila inikeza umuntu izinkinga ezinjalo, ukuqeda okuyinto Sekuyisikhathi eside njengento engenakwenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokuba 1968 kwakubhekwa njengesenzo ezingelapheki umdlavuza wegazi. Kuyefana nasendleleni izifo ezifana nesifo sokuntuleka kwegazi aplastic, lymphoma, izifo umnkantsha. Kulezi zimo, umuthi ithole okuwukuphela kwendlela - ukufakelwa umnkantsha. Inqubo esemancane nzima ngenxa akuphelele umthelela nekuhlolana has okwamanje njalo uneventful. Kodwa njalo ngonyaka, imisebenzi enjalo Sekuvamile kakhudlwana futhi lolumalula design.

Umnkantsha transplantation kungaba izinhlobo ezintathu:

1. Ngokushesha ithambo izidakamizwa.
2. Stem cells.
3. Intambo okusamanzi (igazi).

Kukhethwa hlobo incike uhlobo lwesifo. Namuhla, zonke izinhlobonhlobo emithathu kabanzi. Inkinga eyinhloko ezibhekene ochwepheshe - iqoqo lokuthi izindleko zokuhlinzwa kwakho. Kunezindlela eziningana izinkomba ngawo kumele kube efanelekayo ukufakela yimpumelelo ngaye, futhi umemukeli.

Ukukhetha abanikele

Ukuze uthole donor efanelekayo ukufakelwa gomeopoeticheskih izakhiwo kungenziwa okusekelwe izimo eziningana:

• iqembu ofanayo igazi (ngaso sonke isikhathi kubalulekile, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu);
• izifo yokuntuleka womuntu esindayo noma ezingamahlalakhona, izifo ezithathelwanayo;
• yokuntuleka donor nokugula ngengqondo nezifo sitholwa njengefa.

Ngokuvamile ukhetho esihle kakhulu umnikelo abantu bomdabu: odadewethu, abafowethu nezingane noma abazali. Kodwa kulokhu, ukuhambisana izicubu yibhange kuphela waphawula abangamaphesenti angu-25 amacala. Kunzima kakhulu ukunquma umthombo ekahle, okuzokwenza ukunikeza umnkantsha enempilo (isithombe indlela okubukeka ngayo, ungabona esihlokweni). Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba ufune abanikeli phakathi kwabantu abangabazi. Abantu abanjalo kungaba abameleli bazo zonke izizwe, izinhlanga kanye namazwe.

Izinhlobo umnkantsha transplantation

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• ukufakelwa autologous - lapho ama-stem cell ithathwe isiguli kusengaphambili futhi PUK ezimweni ezithile ngaphambi kokuba uhlinzwe;
• ukufakelwa allogeneic - indaba othathwe donor, okuyizinto wonke efanelekayo izimo zabantu, kuhlanganise izihlobo.

Ngokusho zamanje idatha phansi ubuholi zephasi ngokukhanyiselwa donor inikezwa eJalimane nase-United States. ERussia, abanikeli ezimbalwa kakhulu, ngakho iziguli zethu utshalwe stem cells bezinye izizwe.