Onguthelawayeka eSiberia: umlando, incazelo, ubude

onguthelawayeka laseSiberia - umzila umhlaba ngilulekela kusukela European eRussia China ngokusebenzisa eSiberia imingcele. It unamagama amaningi. Phakathi kwabo:
- onguthelawayeka eMoscow-laseSiberia.
- ipheshana elikhulu.
- I-Moscow-Irkutinsky ipheshana.
- main laseSiberia okuthunyelwe komgwaqo.

Ukuphela kwalesi endleleni amagatsha ukuze Nerchinsk futhi Kyakhta okhethiwe. Ubude ipheshana laseSiberia, kulinganiselwa ukuthi, zazilingana ayizinkulungwane 11. Amakhilomitha. Lena ingxenye yesine ka ibanga we kwesiyingi somhlaba ku yenkabazwe yayo.

isidingo ukudala

Phakathi nenkathi sasivumela eside yokuxhumana phakathi ingxenye European Russia naseSiberia ke kwenziwa kuphela ehlukene imizila emfuleni. Kwakuhlangene iba ukungabi khona kwemigwaqo.

Ngo 1689, i-Russia kanye China ngemvume iSivumelwano Nerchinsk, lapho phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili sebekwazi okokuqala ebuhlotsheni olusemthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sivumelwano kwavula indlela ezihlukahlukene ubudlelwane ukuhweba, okwabangela isidingo ukudalwa nezithuthi zomphakathi phakathi uthi.

Ukuqala ukwakhiwa

12 (22). 11. 1689 wakhishwa isimemezelo sasebukhosini, okuyinto wayala ukuhlomisa indlela yokuxhuma eMoscow nge eSiberia. Nokho, ukwakhiwa esalibele ipheshana. Kuthethe iminyaka ematjhumi amane, akukho senzo likhishiwe. Isinqumo wahlala phezu ephepheni.

Ngaphansi uPetru Okokuqala uthole kusuka eMoscow kuya China ubengase isethwe nge nemizila elomile, nemifula kanye umzila. Kuphela 1725, eChina wathumela amanxusa, eliholwa Bala Sawa Raguzinsky Vladislavovich. Ngenxa yalokho izingxoxo yayo 1727 inkontileka esayinwe Bura. Lesi sivumelwano esungulwe imingcele esiseduze esizayo isiphetho Kahta. Kwakunesidingo futhi esayiniwe Kahtinsky sivumelwano ukuthi kuchazwe ubudlelwano zayo zezentengiselwano nezombusazwe phakathi kwamazwe. Ekugcineni ngo-1730, i-Russia waqala ukwakha umgwaqo omusha, othiwa onguthelawayeka laseSiberia. Imisebenzi yaqedwa phakathi nekhulu le-19.

geography

onguthelawayeka laseSiberia - endleleni ende kunazo zonke sikhathi, okuyinto exhumene ndawonye izingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene zomhlaba. Kodwa ngesikhathi umzila efanayo ezweni kusukela eMoscow kuze kube China isibe enqamulelayo, yokuxhuma ngumgogodla isimo Russian nedlelo layo empumalanga.

Yakhelwe onguthelawayeka laseSiberia okuyinto kumephu Russia? ngentambo yakhe evela eMoscow ngokwayo, bese uya Moore, sidlula Kozmodemyansk neKazan, Osu futhi Perm, Kungur futhi Ekaterinburg, Tyumen futhi Tobolsk, Tara futhi Kainsk, Kolyvan futhi Yeniseisk, Irkutsk Verneudinsk futhi Nerchinsk. Kuyinto iphuzu lokugcina Kyakhta. Ngakho, nomendo laseSiberia welula yonkana eSiberia imingcele China.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, umzila onqamula ezweni ishintshile kancane. Uma uthatha ibalazwe isikhathi, khona-ke onguthelawayeka laseSiberia eseningizimu nje Tyumen. It ligijima Yalutorovsk futhi Ishim, Omsk futhi saseTomsk, Achinsk futhi Krasnoyarsk. Iphindze kudlulela Irkutsk kuvumelana umzila wangaphambili.

Nokho, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. onguthelawayeka laseSiberia - omunye imigwaqo ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni - isibe nje asikwazi ukuhlangabezana yokwanda izidingo zokuthutha isimo Russian. Yingakho uHulumeni babenqume ku ukwakhiwa kwalesi sesitimela Trans-Siberian.

Ukwakhiwa nemizana

I okudalwe onguthelawayeka laseSiberia bafuna ilungiselelo ezithile. Kuze kube yimanje, ubude bayo eyakhelwe zokuhlala. Futhi nasemizaneni nakweminye emincanyana ezisebusweni onguthelawayeka, kwadingeka Ngezinga elikhulu futhi babe nhlangothi zombili zomgwaqo. nemizana emaphethelweni pritraktovyh atholiwe at ibanga amakhilomitha amabili ukusuka enkabeni.

Ukuze ezitaladini babe amakhaya emfishane ukubeka emgaqweni uhlangothi ezincane eziningi. I Ingcenye ephakathi yesigaba emzaneni, etholakala eduze isonto, njengoba umthetho, wandisa ngezithukuthuku ezitaladini ukuthi wagijima parallel umzila elomile.

ukuthuthukiswa zensimu

onguthelawayeka aseSiberia liye seziyimbangela zokuhlala ezindaweni ngaphambili ezigqagqene. Uhulumeni sokwakha ngendlela ezibizayo ukuze ikoloni ophoqelelwe. onguthelawayeka laseSiberia - kuba endaweni lapho izifunda European Russia baphinde coachmen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapha baqhutshwa abalimi abadingisiwe, abanikazi bamazwe kabani ukuhweba-e-credit futhi bavume ukubuthwa. Thina lezizindawo izindawo kanye ababaleki yokuzithandela. Bavela ezindaweni ezahlukene yeSiberia, eRussia.

Njengoba umzila onqamula ezweni futhi ukuthutheleka elikhulayo ababaleki kulezi zindawo. Kancane kancane, laba ezindaweni babé wahlala-eSiberia kakhulu. Abantu abathuthela lapha, kwadingeka izinzuzo uhulumeni. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili badedelwa kuzo zonke izibopho ekhona ngaleso sikhathi, ngaphandle-poll.

Lapho umgwaqo laseSiberia wagcina eyakhelwe abalimi ezigodini nakweminye emincanyana pritraktovyh uhulumeni saphathiswa imithwalo yemfanelo eyengeziwe ngokuqukethwe yokuwela futhi amabhuloho, ezempi kanye provozki t. D. imisebenzi enjalo kuze kube izikhathi 40 ephakeme ukwedlula izindleko zalabo abalimi efanayo owaphila izifundazwe Russian.

Thumela umlayezo

Ngaphezu asungula ubuhlobo China, onguthelawayeka laseSiberia kwakudingeka Russia esengeziwe umgomo ofanayo. Ngaphandle kwale umzila onqamula ezweni kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhlela inkonzo leposi yomphakathi. Ukwakhiwa komgwaqo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze uhulumeni wakufeza lokho okwakulindelwe. Ngakho, uma 1724 lo mailpieces kusuka eMoscow kuya Tobolsk zithutha kanye kuphela ngenyanga, abese 1734 - masonto onke, futhi ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili - zonke izinsuku ezintathu noma ezine.

Enombono inhlangano abushelelezi ukulethwa eziningi iziteshi okuthunyelwe ayetholakala kuwo wonke onguthelawayeka laseSiberia. Delivery lwezinto ngesikhathi esifanayo kwenziwe coachmen futhi abalimi.

indlela emaketangeni

onguthelawayeka laseSiberia - umzila ezweni, lapho ngaphezu isethi iziteshi leposi zonke amamayela 25-40 amabanga. Abokuqala ngeminyaka yawo-eko kwekhulu le-19. Ngokusho izinguquko zokuphatha, iqembu walandela isiboshwa waqhubeka nendlela yakhe, ihlukaniswe 61 esiteji. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela nsuku zonke iziboshwa emgwaqeni omkhulu laseSiberia kulawulwa idokhumenti ekhethekile. Kwakuyisikhathi "Charter phezu izigaba." Kwakuthinta ababethi imithetho eyisisekelo emajele ilungiselelo, oda ukunyakazisa amaqembu abadingisiwe zezombusazwe nokunye. D.

onguthelawayeka laseSiberia - lena lapho iziboshwa ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili ikhambo endleleni ungakhululeka etilongweni yezokuthutha. Zazisetshenziswa le nhloso futhi izigaba eqhugwaneni, ababe cishe zonke iziteshi okuthunyelwe. Ibanga 25-30 amamayela ezinsukwini ezimbili awela ngisho uyisa ejele, njengengxenye kuyo ngezinye izikhathi kanye nezinqola, ethutha izimpahla zasendlini. Ngezinye izikhathi indlela kwesiboshwa angase agule noma afe. Khona-ke isidumbu sakhe wagqoka inqola waya ithrekhi ukushayela esigabeni esilandelayo. It is kungakho zwi wazalwa: "Khulula ephilayo noma efile."

Phakathi kuka-1783 kuya ku-1883. ESiberia ipheshana umzila sekudlule cishe 1.5 Mill. Iziboshwa. Phakathi kwabo kwakuno-izihlubuki zezombusazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-90s kwekhulu le-18. lo mgwaqo kabili alethwe AN Radishchev, umsunguli samizdat Russian.

umzila obalulekile wezohwebo

Yakhelwe kusuka eMoscow kuya China ipheshana savuka akubona ubuhlobo kwezomnotho kuphela emhlabeni wonke kuphela kodwa yasekhaya. Phakathi naso sonke lesi umzila onqamula ezweni eziqhutshwa Fairs enkulu - Makarevskaya futhi Irbit. Futhi, sibonga indlela njalo kwenziwe Ukuhwebelana kwezimpahla phakathi izifunda ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, esifundazweni Kazan babe bai ocebile, abavule komgwaqo eduze izimboni zabo.

Siyabonga ukuya emgwaqweni omkhulu laseSiberia emangala ubudlelwane bezomnotho phakathi Russia nase-China. Lo mgwaqo phesheya udilivwe isikhumba futhi uboya, isiliva, amafutha, uphayini nuts nenhlanzi ezingavamile, ihansi inyama nokunye okuningi. Ngajabulela onguthelawayeka laseSiberia Holland, eNgilandi naseFrance. Kulo mzila, bona ziphuthunyiswe China imikhiqizo. Kumele wathi ukuthi amakalishi welulela eduze laseSiberia onguthelawayeka uchungechunge okuqhubekayo phakathi nawo wonke unyaka.

Ukuvela nezithuthi zomphakathi kuleli zwe saba negalelo ekwakhiweni kwezikhali ezinkulu izimboni ezintathu. Ohlwini yabo isibhamu Perm, Izhevsk Izingalo neziqhumane Kazan. imikhiqizo bakhona zithutha njengoba behamba endleleni maphakathi isimo Russian.

Eastern ingxenye umzila elomile, elise eSiberia, ngokuthi "The Tea Olukhulu." Ngokusho ke, udwendwe, ukuletha itiye kusuka China. ERussia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. ngisho inkampani entsha "amagugu obuseduze namadodana akhe." Ubethula ukuthengisa itiye, wokuyinikeza ukuba zonke izifunda zombuso.

isimo endleleni

Izikhangibavakashi ngemgwaco eSiberia kwaba nzima kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi isimo wonke umgwaqo usesimweni esibi kakhulu. Incazelo endaweni yaleli pheshana laseSiberia atholakala Umlando kwezinye abahambi. Ngokusho kwabo ngale ndlela endaweni Kwakungathi insimu walima lisikiwe lengthwise anemifantu. Lokhu kakhulu behlisa ukunyakaza, ngakhoke ibanga elingamakhilomitha amabili wayekunqoba kuphela amahora 7-8.

East saseTomsk umzila badabula sezwe elinamagquma, kodwa futhi kwaba esibi kakhulu. Iphinde kwaholela izikhalazo ezivela abahambi, ogama izinombolo zikhulisa njalo. Nokho, naphezu lesi simo, endleleni phezu izinkulungwane amakhilomitha bekulokhu indlela zokuxhumana onokwethenjelwa futhi zamanani aphansi. Ekuqaleni walulama mlando kuphela, ibhuloho, edabula izintaba nemifula, futhi ehlathini indlela enqamula olwandle engamamitha. Khona-ke uCatherine II umhlaba ngokufanele kanye birch ipheshana. Izihlahla atholiwe komunye nomunye at ibanga 2 m 84 cm (ezine egcekeni), ukuvikela endleleni esuka iqhwa emigodini futhi singavumeli isihambi ukuze bayaduka sezulu esibi.

Indlela namuhla

Moscow-laseSiberia izwe umzila waba obalulekile esizweni kakhulu cishe eminyakeni engamashumi ayisihlanu. Nokho, ngemva kokutholakala ngo-1840 steamship emfuleni traffic, kanye ukufakwa e-1890 kulezi izingxenye ujantshi, ukusetshenziswa kwalo iye yenziwa ku siyibuka ngelinye iso. ukukhula komnotho Russia liye landa ngendlela izidingo ezokuthutha wezwe. Lokhu kwaholela esinqumweni ukuqala ukwakhiwa we sesitimela Trans-Siberian. Ngemva liqedwa ngo-1903, kancane nendlwana ukuhweba uye wathuthela ithrekhi entsha.

Namuhla, igatsha yayo yangaphambili oseningizimu umzila laseSiberia yilona umyalezo ovela Kazan cishe ngokuphelele isetshenziswa edolobheni Malmyzh abese Perm futhi Ekaterinburg. Kulokhu, ababekade onguthelawayeka laseSiberia kabusha cishe ngokuphelele futhi namuhla kuwumgogodla esigabeni esiphezulu. Ngale indlela yesimanje kwaba, isibonelo, engxenyeni kusukela Zura Debyosy kuleyo ndawo, kube sezingeni okusalayo ezahlukene. Ngezenzo esetshenziselwa izidingo zendawo kuphela omunye ingxenye yayo. Lo mzila kusukela Syurnoguta ukuze Debyosy.

Emgwaqweni Kazan-Perm kunezindawo ipheshana eSiberia, lapho kwakufanele ngaphandle kwemingcele umgwaqo ovulekile entsha. Isimo sabo lihlukile. Ezinye izindlela ngaphambilini kwavula ayagcinwa kahle futhi asetshenziswa zokuhamba, kuyilapho ezinye ziba kuhoxiswe ngokuphelele kwegazi futhi okwamanje yene.

Museum

Ngo-1991, isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele lavulwa ngo emzaneni Debyosy. Kuyinto Museum yomlando ipheshana laseSiberia. Inhloso Its main ukulondoloza inkumbulo umgwaqo omkhulu phakathi eMoscow China, okuyinto 18-19 eminyaka. Kwakuwusuku okuthunyelwe main, ezohwebo kanye amaketanga-Russia.

Indawo egcina amagugu esizwe itholakala isakhiwo esakhiwe ngo-1911 ngumthengisi lenhlangano yabakhandi yesibili Murtaza ukuthenga Mulyukova. Ezinsukwini ubudala kwaba ebhalekisi ka ezinhlwini aphansi, kwaba Awukude ejele-esiteji, lapho iziboshwa yayiqhutshelwa phakathi izimpahla. Lesi sakhiwo Museum ingaphansi Ukuvikelwa isimo.

Abasebenzi be-eziyinkimbinkimbi liqukethe amalungu abasebenzi nanhlanu kanye nabacwaningi ezine. Zivikela nande Museum, okuyinto namuhla kugcinwa izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu ezingavamile, izinto ethnographic nezinye izinsalela.
Exposure lokhu eziyinkimbinkimbi esiyingqayizivele wavula emahholo ezintathu. izifundo zabo:
- "umgwaqo Tsar sika."
- "Village yaleli pheshana laseSiberia."
- "Ihlathi lomhlangano."

Esitezi sesibili zitholakala embukisweni ezifana "esikoleni sendawo Karaduvan Umlando" futhi "Umlando yaleli pheshana laseSiberia." ziphephile ziveza mayelana nokuthuthukiswa neteliposi e 1790 kuze kube namuhla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izivakashi bangajwayelana izingubo coachmen, futhi esetshenziselwa ukuthutha izinsimbi, amahanisi, nokunye. D. isithakazelo esikhulu izivakashi imbangela eziyinkimbinkimbi imibhalo oyi-wamavukelambuso, phakathi okuyizinto izincwadi namakhadi izifunda post-ngokwebalazwe, okuyinto ebonisa Kazan wesifunda. Phakathi ziphephile ungabona ngocingo, senziwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Morse apharathasi, umklami izingubo abasebenzi leposi inkathi eyiminyaka engu-40-yalolucwaningo we-20., Futhi TV lokuqala Soviet.

Isigaba ngomlando we Karaduvan ngomzana, ifakwe izinto cwaningo, kuhlanganise IKoran ngesandla, izimpahla zabo nabanikazi yangaphambili endlini abathengisi, nokunye. D.

Abasebenzi bahlele hambo hhayi kuphela Museum, kodwa futhi emzaneni Debyosy, kanye ezisemaphethelweni yayo. Umsebenzi esemqoka yalolu eziyinkimbinkimbi zomlando esiyingqayizivele akusilo ngokuhweba, ucwaningo kanye namasiko.