Yini sayizi selilonke Zomhlaba

Umhlaba uyisiyingi - lena eyaziwayo. Kodwa thina namanje ukwazi ezakheke kanye nosayizi? Ubani phakathi kwethu akhumbule bangaki amakhilomitha iqukethe selilonke eMhlabeni enkabazwe? Futhi eduze Meridian? Ubani bazi lapho nokuthi kwase kuqala ubude selilonke kwezisekelo zomhlaba? Phakathi naleso sikhathi, le miphumela ezithakazelisa kakhulu.

Ngokokuqala ngqá selilonke eMhlabeni sasibalwa ngu sezibalo lasendulo ngesiGreki okuthiwa Eratosthenes, owayehlala emzini Siena. Nakuba ososayensi ayesazi kakade isiphetho sokuthi umhlaba ngesimo kuba sithombe. Ukubuka umzimba ngezikhathi ezingefani kosuku, Eratosthenes waphawula ukuthi kwelinye futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ilanga, kwabonwa kusukela Siena, itholakala ngaso kanye zenith, ngesikhathi esifanayo e Alexandria ngosuku olufanayo futhi ihora baphambukile ngumuntu engela ezithile.

Ukuqaphelwa benziwa unyaka ngamunye ngenjikalanga ehlobo. Ngu yokulinganisa engela amathuluzi nge yezinkanyezi usosayensi sathola ukuthi 1/50 ingxenye selilonke inani.

Njengoba wazi, umbuthano umnyuziki kulingana 360. Ngakho, kwanele ukwazi engela kuzithinta 1 degree (isb. E. ibanga phakathi kwezindawo phezu elele imishayo nge Isikhala emincane 1 degree ne komhlaba). Khona-ke, inani okuholela kufuneka iphindaphindwe 360.

Ukuthatha ubude ibanga kuzithinta phakathi emizini Aleksandriya Siena (5000 izigaba zaseGibhithe), futhi uzitshela ukuthi le mizi ezisebusweni Meridian esifanayo, Eratosthenes wenza izibalo ezidingekayo futhi okuthiwa sibalo ukuthi lilingana selilonke Zomhlaba - ayizinkulungwane 252 izigaba waseGibhithe.

Ukuze sikhathi kwaba nesilinganiso anembile, ngoba izindlela okunokwethenjelwa sokulinganisa ibanga eliphakathi kwale mizi engazange abe khona, futhi indlela kusuka Siena Aleksandriya ukukala isivinini amakamela nendlwana.

Ngemva kwalokho ososayensi emazweni ahlukahlukene futhi elicwengisiswe ukubaluleka ngokuphindaphindiwe kulinganiswa okuyinto selilonke womhlaba. Esikhathini usosayensi Dutch ngekhulu le-17 amagama Sibelius waklama indlela ukukala ibanga ne theodolites lokuqala - mishini ekhethekile geodetic. Le ndlela iye yabizwa ngokuthi triangulation futhi kusekelwe ukwakhiwa inqwaba onxantathu kanye nesilinganiso isisekelo sokuthatheka nesothando wabo.

Indlela triangulation isetshenziswa kuze kube yilolu suku, zonke komhlaba cishe ihlukaniswe futhi ngaphakathi nge onxantathu eside.

ososayensi isiRashiya baye nomthelela lokhu ucwaningo. Ekhulwini le-19 selilonke eMhlabeni sasibalwa ngesikhathi Pulkovo Observatory, wabahola ucwaningo V Ya. Struve.

Kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo ngekhulu le-17 Umhlaba ayebhekwa lesifanele ibhola ukuma. Kodwa kamuva kwathiwa zanqwabelana enobufakazi obuthile ukwehla ngo amandla adonsela phansi abangelwa yenkabazwe isigxobo. Ososayensi baye ngolaka ziphikisana izizathu lokhu ithiyori ozwakalayo kakhulu ubelokhu eqashelwa Emhlabeni izigxobo kokucindezelwa.

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Ngemva kwalokho, amanye izibalo ezinembile waqinisekisa ukuthi selilonke polar yomhlaba mufushane ngaphandle bhé 21.4 km.

Okwamanje kukhiqizwa ephezulu ukucacisa nesilinganiso ne izindlela zakamuva zocwaningo kanye amathuluzi yesimanje. Ezweni lethu, ivume idatha etholwe ososayensi Soviet Izotovym A. A. futhi Krasovskim F. N. Ngokusho la izifundo, ubude selilonke iplanethi yethu enkabazwe - 40,075.7 amakhilomitha, eduze Meridian - 40008,55 km. Irediyasi enkabazwe zomhlaba (.. N t semimajor-eksisi) uyalingana 6.378.245 amamitha, ezibandayo (-eksisi ezincane) - 6.356.863 amamitha.

Endaweni komhlaba - abayizigidi ezingu 510 sikwele. angu, zazo izwe lingelakho% 29 kuphela. Umthamo umhlaba "ibhola" - 1,083 isigidintathu cubic metres. angu. Sisindvo iplanethi yethu libhekene inombolo 6x10 ^ amathani 21. Kulaba, 7% zaba ngamanzi.