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Yimbi kangakanani yezinhlayiya? Kuyini ubukhulu engqamuzaneni?

Lapho la ma-athomu amabili noma ngaphezulu ungene izibopho zamakhemikhali nomunye, khona-molecule. Akunandaba ukuthi lokhu athomu efanayo noma bona bonke ihluke nomunye kokubili ukuma ngosayizi. Sonke ukuqonda, lokho ubukhulu lwama-molecule ngalokho kuncike.

Kuyini i-molecule?

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, ososayensi baye wasikisela mayelana imfihlakalo wokuphila, ngalokho okwenzekayo e ivelaphi. Ngokwe Emiphakathini eminingi yasendulo, ukuphila nakho konke, konke kuleli zwe yakhiwa izakhi eziyisisekelo nemvelo - emhlabeni, emoyeni, umoya, amanzi kanye umlilo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izazi eziningi zefilosofi aseqalile ukubeka phambili umqondo wokuthi zonke izinto yakhiwa amancane, izinto indivisible ukuthi ayikwazi ukudalwa noma ubhujiswe.

Nokho, kuphela emva obhekwe inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela-athomu yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali yesimanje, ososayensi baqala postulate ukuthi izinhlayiya ngabe kubhekwa konke, ngidalé ngezici eziyisisekelo zokwakheka zonke izinto. Ngakho kwaba khona eside ukuthi umongo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela yesimanje ye kuyizinhlayiyana libhekisela iyunithi kulencane uyaca.

Ngokusho nenchazelo classical, i-molecule ye - the kuyizinhlayiyana ezincane kunazo zonke ikhemikhali lisiza ekulondolozeni chemical yayo kanye nezimpahla ngokomzimba. It is zenziwe ngama-athomu namaqembu zama-athomu ezifanayo noma ezahlukene labetibambile zihlanganiswa amandla amakhemikhali ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.

Yimbi kangakanani yezinhlayiya? Ebangeni lesi-5 zesayensi yemvelo (esikoleni isihloko) ukunika kuphela umqondo jikelele ubukhulu nomumo, imininingwane eyengeziwe ngalolu daba sifundwa esikoleni esiphakeme kwamakhemikhali amakilasi.

izibonelo zishintshe

Ama-molecule kungaba lelula nobe lelukhuni. Nazi ezinye izibonelo:

  • H 2 O (amanzi);
  • N 2 (nitrogen);
  • O 3 (lwe-ozone);
  • Cao (calcium oxide);
  • C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose).

Ama-molecule kwala maphuzu amabili noma ngaphezulu wathi compounds. Ngakho, amanzi, i-calcium oxide ne-glucose, eziyingxenye esemqoka. Akubona bonke compounds-molecule, kodwa amangqamuzana ayizakhi. big Bangakwenza kanjani kube? Yimbi kangakanani engqamuzaneni? Ekuqaphela yokuthi cishe yonke into esiyibonayo yenziwa ngama-athomu (ngaphandle ukukhanya futhi umsindo). Isisindo sawo Imininingwane kanye isisindo yamangqamuzana kuyoba.

mass yamangqamuzana

Ukukhuluma ngalokho ukubaluleka amangqamuzana, iningi lososayensi bacasulwa isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Lona isisindo esiphelele sama-athomu alo abamelwe:

  • Amanzi zenziwe ngama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen (kokuba omunye-athomu mass iyunithi) kanye ne-athomu elilodwa lomoya-mpilo (16 amu), has a isisindo yamangqamuzana 18 (ngokunembile, 18.01528).
  • Glucose has a isisindo yamangqamuzana 180.
  • DNA lide kakhulu, kungase kube isisindo yamangqamuzana imayelana 1010 (isisindo eseduze elilodwa chromosome).

Ukumeda e nanometer

Ngaphezu isisindo, singakwazi futhi gauge uyini ubukhulu bale-molecule e-nanometer angu-. amanzi iyunithi imayelana 0,27 Nm ububanzi. DNA ifinyelela 2 Nm ububanzi futhi kungaba ukunweba kuze kube ngamamitha ambalwa ubude. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi izinto lezi osayizi ukwazi ukubona kuseli eyodwa. Isilinganiso ubude kanye ukushuba DNA isimanga. Kuyinto 1/100 000 000, lokhu unwele lomuntu ubude ibanga elilingana nenkundla kanobhutshuzwayo.

Nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene

Yimbi kangakanani yezinhlayiya? Bona Zihlukahlukene nosayizi. Amanzi ne-carbon dioxide ngesikhathi esifanayo ingenye kwencani, amaprotheni - one of the ezinkulu. Ama-molecule - izakhi ezinama-athomu, ezixhunywe nomunye. Ukuqonda ukubukeka molecule kuyinto ngokuvamile ingxenye yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngaphandle kwabo engaqondakali ongaziwa chemical ukuziphatha, esinye sezici ezibaluleke siwusayizi yamangqamuzana yabo.

Lapho kungaba wusizo ikakhulukazi ukwazi ngalokho ukubaluleka yezinhlayiya? Impendulo yalo mbuzo kanye neminye eminingi iyasiza kwinanotechnology kanye nomqondo nano-amarobhothi futhi izinto ezihlakaniphile edingekayo ukuze abhekane nemiphumela ezinobukhulu yamangqamuzana nomumo.

Yimbi kangakanani yezinhlayiya?

Ikilasi 5 isayensi yemvelo ngesihloko inikeza ulwazi olujwayelekile kuphela, wonke ama-molecule enziwe ngama-athomu, okuyizinto njalo ezinyakazayo okungahleliwe. Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, ungakwazi kakade ukubona amafomula kwesakhiwo kwamakhemikhali izincwadi, efana ukuma langempela yezinhlayiya. Nokho, akunakwenzeka ukukala ubude bawo nge umbusi abajwayelekile, kodwa ukwenza lokhu, udinga ukwazi ukuthi amangqamuzana kukhona netintfo letingemadayimenshini lamatsatfu. isithombe sabo ephepheni Iwumbono ebhanoyini mgudumbili. Ubude engqamuzaneni washintsha nge ukuxhumana ubude emagumbini alo. Kukhona izingane ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  • Tetrahedron engela 109 °, lapho zonke izixhumanisi le-athomu nazo zonke ezinye ama-athomu awushadile (dash eyodwa kuphela).
  • I-engeli we-hexagon 120 °, lapho-athomu elilodwa has a isibopho double kwenye athomu.
  • Angle umugqa 180 °, uma kuyi-athomu ye lingahle liphelelwe izibopho ezimbili double noma omunye kathathu nomunye athomu.

emakhoneni Real ngokuvamile zihluke lezi engeli, ngoba kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele eziningana imiphumela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ekusebenzisaneni electrostatic.

Indlela ukucabanga ubukhulu zishintshe: izibonelo

Yimbi kangakanani yezinhlayiya? Libanga 5 izimpendulo zalo mbuzo, njengoba sishilo, kukhona jikelele endalweni. Abafundi bayazi ukuthi ubukhulu lezi zakhi lincane kakhulu. Isibonelo, uma i-molecule ye ukuze ujike isihlabathi ibe okusanhlamvu elilodwa isihlabathi lonke uhlamvu lwenhlabathi ke ngaphansi mass okuholela Ingafihleka endlini ezinhlanu emabhilidini. Yimbi kangakanani yezinhlayiya? Impendulo, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi lwesayensi ngaphezulu, kanje.

Isisindo yamangqamuzana ilingana isihlobo mass ubukhulu ingqikithi ketshezi into noma molecule isihlobo mass izinyo lomhlathi we Avogadro njalo. Lesi simiso kg. Isilinganiso isisindo yamangqamuzana 10 -23 -10 -26 kg. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, amanzi. isisindo kwama-molecule ayo 3 × 10 -26 kg.

Njengoba ubukhulu engqamuzaneni kuthinta amandla okudonsa?

Lubhekele Luhambo phakathi molecule iyona amandla kazibuthe, okuyinto kubonakala ngokusebenzisa Ukuheha umuzwa wokwenyanya zalezi amacala okuphambene. Amandla electrostatic obukhona phakathi amacala okuphambene, obusa ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana phakathi ama-molecule. Amandla elanga adonsela phansi incane ngakho kulesi simo ukuthi kungenziwa dengwane.

Usayizi engqamuzaneni kuthinta amandla adonsela phansi engale electron ka Ukuhlanekezelwa okungahleliwe ekusakazeni electron-molecule. Endabeni nonpolar izinhlayiya umbukiso kuphela ababuthakathaka van der Waals ukuxhumana noma ukuhlakazwa amabutho, usayizi yamangqamuzana liyithinta ngokuqondile ku ubukhulu efwini electron ezizungezile-molecule wathi. I emikhulu kunjalo, aba maningi ensimini icala elilizungezile.

A elikhudlwana electron ifu kusho ukuthi phakathi molecule engumakhelwane kungaba ekusebenzisaneni electronic ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, omunye ingxenye engqamuzaneni eba ngokwengxenye icala omuhle zesikhashana, kanye nezinye - ezingezinhle. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, i-molecule ye kungenziwa lihlukaniswe electron ifu e angomakhelwane. Ukukhangwa yingoba ohlangothini ngokwengxenye omuhle ka-molecule ikhangwa ohlangothini engakhi enye ingxenye.

isiphetho

Ngakho, liyini ubukhulu bale-molecule? Umlando yemvelo, njengoba sathola, ungathola ukumelwa ngokomfanekiso nobukhulu yalezi izinhlayiya ezincane. Kodwa siyazi ukuthi kukhona compounds elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Futhi yesibili akunakubangelwa into efana macromolecule. Lena iyunithi esikhulu kakhulu, ezifana iprotheni ngokuvamile kuveza polymerization of subunits ezincane (monomers). Ngokuvamile aqukethe izinkulungwane zama-athomu, noma ngaphezulu.

Okuvame kakhulu e-biochemistry macromolecules kukhona biopolymers (acid nucleic, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, futhi polyphenol) kanye nama-molecule non-polymeric ezinkulu (njenge lipids). macromolecules Zokwenziwa zihlanganisa amapulasitiki ezivamile futhi nezindwangu zokwenziwa, kanye izinto zokuhlola ezifana ngama-carbon nanotubes.

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