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Onkulunkulu zezwe lasendulo: ohlwini bese ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nabo

Abacwaningi ekugcineni bathi emlandweni wesintu, engazi noma ubani kubantu, ukuphika ukuthi ukhona force ezinye ephakeme eqondisa umhlaba wabo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwelizayo. Wemiqondo wabo zishintshile ukuthuthukiswa nempucuko, okusekelwe kuwo sekukhona izinkolo eziningi zenkolo njengoba lokusinda, futhi ashona mists isikhathi. Asikhumbule kuphela abanye bonkulunkulu bezizwe lonke izwe lasendulo, sivela, ngokuvumelana definition olwamukelwa, esikhathini nezakudala kanye elinganiselwe V leminyaka, lapho izwe bengena enkathini ka ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi.

Drevneshumerskie unkulunkulu

Qala ukhuluma ngani emachawe onkulunkulu zezwe lasendulo ukuba indaba mayelana izinkolelo Sumerians owayehlala eMesophothamiya (Iraq yesimanje) futhi wadala ekuqaleni IV yeminyaka. BC. e. impucuko yezwe yokuqala. Izinkolelo zabo izinganekwane zabo elakhiwe okusekelwe nokukhulekela onkulunkulu abaningi ─ Abadali demiurge zomhlaba futhi zonke izinto kulo, kanye nemimoya, kangcono abantu ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwabo.

Lokhu kungenxa onkulunkulu abaningi lasendulo emhlabeni, awasalayo Imininingwane sasivumela ephelele. Oholela indawo phakathi kwabo matasa unkulunkulu An (noma Anu). Ngokusho izinganekwane nesi, he was fike of the demiurge wadala umhlaba, futhi kwakungekho ngisho nangaphambi umhlaba wehlukaniswa ezulwini. Phakathi kwezinye celestials wajabulela njengegunya obungenakuphikwa, ukuthi Sumerians njalo kuvezwa kuye ohlezi esihlalweni lapho nemikhandlu onkulunkulu ahlelwe ukuze zibhekane nesimo.

Phakathi nesi yonkulunkulu abashisekeli the Marduk edume kakhulu, ogama lakhe kuhlobene isisekelo ukuqhubeka omunye wemizi emikhulu kakhulu zezwe lasendulo ─ eBhabhiloni. Kukholakala ukuthi nguye dolobha ukweleta ukusuka yayo nokuchuma. Akumangalisi, njengoba leli dolobha zokukhula lasendulo ngokuya yokukhulekela okwandile wathatha abavikela yakhe. Esikhathini kela onkulunkulu abaningi nesi Marduk wanikezwa endaweni efanayo onkulunkulu yamaGreki asendulo-Jupiter phakathi.

uthando sinqatshiwe

Njengoba isibonelo, izinganekwane nesi sabe ukucaphuna omunye izindaba u-Ishtar, ngempumelelo kangcono enjalo izinto ezibonakala akuhambisani, ezinjengothando impi. legend eyayisekhona ulandisa indlela olulodwa inhliziyo unkulunkulukazi wothando yavutha iqhawe abanesibindi Gilgamesh, owabuyela evela emkhankasweni wempi, lapho wathola sibonga ukusekelwa wakhe.

Ukuze inkonzo zika-Ishtar ayefisa ilowo hero yomyeni wakhe, kodwa wenqaba ngoba Gilgamesh lezwakala ayigcinanga ngokuchaza ukuthi abaningi uthando nezindaba zalo, kodwa futhi mayelana nendlela ukuvula ecasulayo besilisa izicabucabu, izimpisi, izimvu nezinye izidalwa eyisimungulu. Yiqiniso, lena akuyona ngayo izandla, behlela, phela lokho kungaba sibi kakhulu kunalokho okuboniswa yokuziphindiselela sinqatshiwe abesifazane?

inkunzi waseZulwini

Angry Ishtar benyukela ezulwini kubazali bakhe ─ ophakeme unkulunkulu Anu nomkakhe Antu, owatshela ka ngokuthotshiswa kwakhe. Okuziphindiselela, wathonya asebekhulile ukudala wo inkunzi ezimbi ezulwini, ongabhubhisa Gilgamesh. Kungenjalo, indodakazi edlubulundayo ezisengozini ukukhulisa ethuneni we abahlongakeleko begodu babanikela udliwe yesintu.

Ukwazi kokuhlangabezanwe nakho bokobana ukuphikisana indodakazi yakhe kuyize, An futhi Antu wagcwalisa esicelweni sakhe. Emhlabeni unkulunkulukazi wabuya esephethe inkunzi, okuyinto ukuqala ukuphuza wonke amanzi oMfula i-Ewufrathe, waqala ukuba ashwabadele Sumerians ngeshwa. Futhi sasizofika ekupheleni kwalesi ngempucuko yasendulo, kodwa, ngenhlanhla, efika wonke Gilgamesh esifanayo, ngubani, kanye nomngane wakhe Enkidu wanqoba lesi silo futhi waletha isidumbu sakhe ukuze bahlabele nezinye, onkulunkulu bamanga ehloniphekile ngaphezulu.

Iphela nganekwane ukuthi Ishtar, imi ezindongeni zomuzi ka Uruk lasendulo, Gilgamesh Day esiyisigwegwe Wabutha bonke wezifebe nesi, kamunyu uyabalisa nabo inkunzi ukucekela. Kungani wayedinga salokhu omele mkhakha endala ─ umlando bathulile.

Impucuko Lost

It kuphela uhlala ukwengeza ukuthi kela onkulunkulu abaningi zezwe lasendulo, lihlonishwa Sumerians, lisabalele. Ukuze kakade yaqanjwa add kuphela kunazo owaziwa: i Anunnaki, Adad, uBel Dumuzi, Inanna, Tiamat, uTamuzi, Sumukan, Sina futhi Tsarpanitu.

Phakathi no II ayizinkulungwane. BC. e. State Schumer wakhala yokuthola amandla waseBhabhiloni Empire, futhi ulimi nesi njengoba ngikhulume ukusetshenziswa. Esinye Iminyaka ecishe 2 ayizinkulungwane. Kuso zalotshelwa izincwadi, ezinye zazo Kwatholakala ngesikhathi abavubukuli.

konkulunkulu baseGibithe

Umlando zezwe lasendulo kuyinto nolimi kusukela isifiso sabantu ukwazi nezwe elalimzungezile, ngezinye izikhathi elisabisayo full of imfihlakalo esingangeneki kubo. Ubufakazi AbaseGibhithe lasendulo abazama ukuqonda isakhiwo salo ukudalwa onkulunkulu eminingi yonkulunkulu eziye abe umkhiqizo nemicabango yabo futhi samuntu ngabo ngamandla emvelo.

Isici sici inkolo yasendulo abaseGibhithe kwaba inkolelo ngomsunguli waphezulu oFaro, eyayisekelwe amandla abo ngokuphelele. Njengoba uMbusi wababusi wasezulwini lababusi nomhlaba akuzona njalo friendly kubantu, futhi ngenxa yalezo nabanye kwadingeka bangene propitiate hhayi kuphela imithandazo nokudumisa, kodwa futhi anikele ngayo, uhlobo okuyinto iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi umuntu bona ayehloselwe bani.

Onkulunkulu zezwe lasendulo kanye izinganekwane ekhuluma kubo, njalo babe ikhasi elikhanyayo of empucukweni yomhlaba. Iyathinteka kanye nenqwaba enkulukazi onkulunkulu, ozalwa loMfula iNayile. Izazimlando ziye ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 2. Abameleli zayo, kodwa ezikhulekelwayo jikelele wajabulela akukho ngaphezu kuka-100 babo, kuyilapho bonke abanye ekukhulekeleni kwaba bemvelo bendawo.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ne ushintsho umgwaqo amabutho zezombusazwe ishintshile nesikhundla phezulu kuleli zwe bekwi lezi noma abanye onkulunkulu. Umlando Yezwe Lasendulo, neGibithe ngokukhethekile, igcwele zezinxushunxushu nezinxushunxushu, umphumela okwakukhona izinguquko njalo zababusi ukuthi ngokuyinhloko washintsha isimo onkulunkulu ikakhulukazi ohlonishwayo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, onkulunkulu jikelele ungenziwa ukukhomba Inani lezinhlamvu kabani "isilinganiso" kwaba njalo okusezingeni eliphezulu kuwo wonke umlando ngempucuko yasendulo baseGibhithe.

I phezulu sabaphathi saphezulu

Lena ngokuyinhloko umdali wazo zonke izinto zasemhlabeni ─ kukankulunkulu u-Amoni-Ra, eyaziwa ngaphansi amagama Amun noma Atum. Nguye okwakuthiwa nguyise wabo bonke oFaro. Ngezinye izikhathi, ezingqondweni abaseGibhithe-Amoni-Ra wathatha ifomu zesifazane, futhi ngaleso sikhathi owayebizwa ngokuthi Amunet unkulunkulukazi. Lokhu Owayegqoka unkulunkulu ikakhulukazi liyahlonishwa eThebes, isikhathi eside yilona dolobha yezwe. Ngokuvamile, sibonisa indoda izembatho zasebukhosini umqhele, ehlotshiswe izimpaphe, okungenani ─ ngesimo a ihansi noma ngenqama.

Kancane zingaphansi kwakhe e ukuthandwa unkulunkulu wenzalo nokuphila ngemva kokufa, u-Osiris, uhlu oyisihlobo esiseduze lapho kumbangela inhlonipho ejulile. Njengoba indodana kankulunkulu yomhlaba Geb kanye Nut esibhakabhakeni unkulunkulukazi yena, umkakhe wamletha ekhaya Isis udade ─ umvikeli wenzalo, ukuba ngumama, ezempilo ukuhamba olwandle (imishado consanguineous kungukuthi sinqatshiwe ngaleso sikhathi). Ukuzuza kusukela esikhathini isihloko umbusi ophakeme, wafundisa abaseGibhithe yokulima izwe, bagcine imithetho zokuhlonipha onkulunkulu.

Usongo Nothando e Ezinganekwaneni zaseGibithe

Nokho, njengoba zaziningi lonkulunkulu basendulo bezizwe zomhlaba, u-Osiris esendleleni eya ubukhulu bakhe usebhekene nobunzima obukhulu ezahlukene kanye kuhlukunyezwa. Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi yokuthi ehlane unkulunkulu uSeti emelela ukuthambekela okubi, ziceba ukumbulala futhi ukuthatha indawo yombusi. iPlani lakhe kunganakekile, waqaphela ngempela yasekuqaleni.

Njengoba sebezinikele kule esifubeni yegolide usayizi ofanele futhi bameme isivakashi phakathi kwabo kwakukhona u-Osiris, villain umemezele ukuthi uyonika leli gugu ukuze noma ubani ahlale kahle kuwo. Zonke kudingeke uzame futhi uma it sondela u-Osiris, uSeti yaphahlazeka isivalo kwesifuba, wambopha ngezindophi sawuphosa saseNayile, lapho amagagasi futhi ngiya endaweni uNkulunkulu uyazi lapho.

Njengoba yayazi ukunyamalala umyeni wakhe, u-Isis wayofuna wamthola esifubeni zenzisa yakhe ngaleso ogwini lwaseFenike. Kodwa injabulo yakhe yaba kwesikhathi. Ukulandela phezu izithende zikaSeti ngaphambi Isis kanye phambi isidumbu somyeni wakhe wakwazi izingcezu, azihlakaze kizo zoke kulo lonke elaseGibhithe.

Kodwa villain ezimbi nje osezingqondweni zethu, nabo esebenzelana ─ unkulunkulukazi eqoqwe cishe izinsalela Osiris mummy wenza wabo, kangangokuthi yimpumelelo ukuthi maduze wakhuleliswa indodana yakhe noHorus, kamuva owaba unkulunkulu ukuzingela Uvezwa njengendoda indoda enekhanda ukhozi. Isithende, Gore wahlulwa uSeti nonina wasiza okuvusa mummy kayise.

Okunye abakhileyo onkulunkulu baseGibhithe lasendulo

Asikhumbule ezinye amagama onkulunkulu zezwe lasendulo, wahlala phezu nomlambo iNayili. Kuyinto ngaphezu kwakho konke unkulunkulu Shu. Yena nomkakhe Tefnut babe ezakhamuzi zokuqala ezahlala ezulwini, adalwe unkulunkulu ophakeme Atum futhi kwasho ukuqala ukwehlukana abesilisa nabesifazane. Shu kubhekwe unkulunkulu kwelanga kanye nomoya. Wayelethwa eboniswa indoda e umnqwazo nodwendwe, lapho umkayo kwadingeka ukubukeka angawengonyamakazi.

Omunye unkulunkulu wezwe lasendulo, kubhekwa owumthombo ilanga, waba ngumbusi obuphakeme Ra. ngomfanekiso waKhe njengoba umuntu ikhanda uheshe, ebekiwe umqhele inhlamvu yelanga, ngokuvamile atholakala kwi izindonga amathempeli waseGibhithe kwenkathi endala. Isici esivelele sesimiso RA yikhono layo kukhiqizwa nsuku zonke i-engcwele inkomo Insinjana wasebenza indlela yakhe odabulile amazulu, bagxuma abafileyo, ukuphinda lonke futhi ngakusasa.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi of Osiris, esixoxe kabanzi ngazo ngenhla, ngaphandle kwezwe nomkakhe u-Isis, kwaba nomunye udade okuthiwa Nephthys. Yena kwakufanele unkulunkulukazi kunalokho elimnyama elibulalayo kanye indima inkosikazi umbuso abafileyo Ezinganekwaneni zaseGibithe. Kusukela impahla yabo ngomshoshaphansi futhi kudingeka yena uvele kuphela kwelanga kanye esibhakabhakeni ebusuku ngendlela lokwamukelisa esikebheni zakhe ezimnyama. umfanekiso wakhe avame ukubonakala ku isivalo sarcophagus, lapho kubonakala ngesimo owesifazane ezinamaphiko.

Akusona uhlu oluphelele onkulunkulu baseGibhithe uya ngamagama ezifana Sekhmet, Bastet, Nepid, omunye Mönch, Ptah, Hathor, Shesemu, Honshu, Heket nabanye abaningi. Ngamunye wabo has umlando walo nomfanekiso waso sihleli izindonga nokuhlobisa amathempeli ingaphakathi imibhoshongo.

Izwe onkulunkulu yaseGrisi yasendulo

Ancient inganekwane ukwenza ukuthi kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni lonke isiko European, iphuzu zayo eliphakeme safinyelela sokuthuthwa kwempahla Hellas lasendulo. Umsuka emhlabeni futhi onkulunkulu eGrisi lasendulo, kanye e-Egypt, kubonakala hhayi ngephutha. Ukudalwa zonke izinto isibaluli umdali ophakeme, ogama indima kulesi simo Kwenziwa uZeyusi. Wayeyinkosi yabo bonke abanye onkulunkulu, uJehova kombani futhi samuntu esibhakabhakeni angenamkhawulo. Ezinganekwaneni saseRoma, okwakumnika isibe ezinwetshiwe ngesiGreki, lesi sithombe zivumelana Jupiter, wanika ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye nezici Ingaphandle ngofuzo kukhokho wakhe. unkosikazi uZeyusi sika Hera kwaba unkulunkulukazi ngumama ─ umvikeli, ukuvikela abesifazane ngesikhathi sokubeletha.

Isici nobuntu ababaziwa yesiGreki konkulunkulu elitism yayo. Ngokungafani izinhlamvu izinganekwane waseGibhithe ngo Hellas asendulo, kwakuba ingqikithi onkulunkulu 12 owayehlala phezu INtaba i-Olympus futhi zehlela phansi kuphela uma eziphuthumayo. Kulokhu, isimo abanye onkulunkulu babengcono kakhulu ephansi, futhi baba nendima yesibili.

Kuhle kokusho eyodwa ngaphezulu sici nobuntu onkulunkulu bamaGreki namaRoma ─ bamukelwa ukumela kuphela esinjengomuntu, enika ukuphelela izici ngamunye. Ezweni lanamuhla elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe of lonkulunkulu basendulo yaseGrisi kukhona eyaziwayo, njengoba eziqoshiwe yabo zemabula kukhona imodeli lungafinyeleleki ubuciko lasendulo.

Elite ababaziwa Greek

Konke okwakunikelwe ngandlela-thile ezihlobene impi futhi kwakuhambisana ngokuchitha igazi, wayala, ku ukumelwa ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo, lab 'onkulunkulu ababili. Omunye wabo kwakungu-Ares, okwadingeka intukuthelo engalawulwa wathuthukisa yena ngezibuko zamehlo izimpi ashisayo. UZeyusi akakuthandanga kuye ngokuba bloodlust kakhulu futhi ibekezelelwe kuphela Olympus ngoba indodana yakhe. Nozwela nokuduma babe ohlangothini indodakazi yakhe siqu Athena ─ unkulunkulukazi impi fair, okuhlakanipha nowokwazi. Ukuvela enkundleni yempi, ke tames ngokweqile ukuhluka umzalwane yayo. Ezinganekwaneni Roman, it ihambelana Minerva.

Umhlaba heroes nonkulunkulu ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle unkulunkulu Apollo ─ kwelanga, inyanga onekhono kanye engumxhasi Muses. Igama lakhe waba undabuzekwayo sibonga izithombe sculptural Ihlanganisa esezingeni ubuhle besilisa. emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva eziningana amaRoma Apollo owawusekelwe umfanekiso uFibhi.

Izinga ubuhle nabesifazane, bezibona wakhe ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo, kuyinto unkulunkulukazi wothando Aphrodite, owawungumnyaka prototype ESonto LamaRoma Venus. Wazalelwa kusukela Foam kolwandle, ubuhle uthethe ngaphansi kwakhe iphiko uthando, umshado, ukuzala futhi entwasahlobo. Kuyinto ukwazi ukuthi, naphezu ngokuchichima suitors abafanelekile kakhulu, wamnika inhliziyo izinyonga Hephaestus (amaRoma lalibizwa Vulcan) ─ unkulunkulu Blacksmithing, zikhetha kanzima zokusebenza nomyeni engongi amadoda handsome kusuka phezulu INtaba i-Olympus.

Ukuze ungabacasuli ibaphi onkulunkulu zezwe lasendulo, ukufunda kanye ogwini Greece, masikhumbule umvikeli zenyanga, wenzalo ukuzingela nobumsulwa besifazane, u-Arthemisi (Roma Diana), umbusi umbuso lwabafileyo, neHayidesi, unkulunkulu kolwandle Poseidon (owaziwa nangokuthi Neptune) kanye odakiwe budedengu, unkulunkulu iwayini futhi kumnandi ─ Dionysus, owaziwa kakhulu ngegama lakhe lesiRoma Bacchus.

Njengoba kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, isibalo abakhulekeli bakaNkulunkulu hhayi kuphela akuzange kwehle, kodwa liyakhula njalo ngonyaka, wanikezela imigqa embalwa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Dionysus wazalwa ngenxa uthando imfihlo kaZeyusi inkosazana Theban Semele. unkosikazi Enomona nokuduma, unkulunkulukazi Hera, yakhetha i ingamanga, wabulala uthando lwakhe ngenjongo yokuvusa inkanuko umyeni wakhe, kodwa asikwazanga wokubulala umntwana uyazondwa.

Njengoba yakhetha ngosizo sikankulunkulu uHermesi ─ ngezebhizinisi futhi connoisseur of imiphefumulo engabantu, izinkulungwane ─ uZeyusi ekusithekeni umkakhe wetha indodana yakhe imfundo Nymphs ─ patronesses anikeza ukuphila emvelo. Lapho Dionysus wakhula begodu kusukela ingane rozovoschokogo yaphenduka insizwa enhle, bamnika ngumvini ayefunda ukupheka ezivela kuye anikeza ukuphila izithelo neziphuzo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le engumlanjwana indodana kaZeyusi wayengunkulunkulu iwayini oxokozelayo. Greece izakhamizi wakhuleka kuye, adorning ngokwabo nemiklamo amahlamvu umvini nokucula amaculo behlonipha yakhe.

Ukuqala kwenkathi entsha

Izakhamuzi 12 wezulu akugcini uhlu bonke onkulunkulu zezwe lasendulo, sung uma imbongi engumGreki, ezisekhona kuze kube nomoya wethu esiyingqayizivele izinganekwane lasendulo. Kodwa uma ziba abakhileyo Olympus, liphefumulelwe izithombe kwabo Okugweda abavelele abadwebi kwezikhathi kamuva owanikhipha udumo emhlabeni wonke le sitheza us ukujiya eminyaka onkulunkulu.

Umlando wasendulo, njengoba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile, yaphela lapho kuwa njengombusi waseRoma ngo-476, futhi abdication kwakhe umbusi wokugcina kukaRomulus Awugustu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi izwe yayiswa esigabeni esisha yentuthuko ─ ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Kancane kancane waya lwanyamalala hhayi kuphela indlela empilweni yakho yakudala, kodwa futhi onkulunkulu wadala futhi wamvikela.

Esikhundleni onkulunkulu babo eziningi bafika ─ uNkulunkulu oyedwa uMdali uMdali wazo zonke izinto. Ihlelo lika-konkulunkulu bakudala kwathiwa ubuqaba amnyama, futhi abalandeli bakhe kwakumelwe ezingengaphansi ezinzima ushushiso, kwendlula labo labashada ihlelwe muva nje namaKristu.

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