KumiswaIndaba

"Gneisenau '(yempi) izici kanye nencazelo isakhiwo

Adume German Navy yempi "Gneisenau" wafakwa ukusebenza ngo-1938 ngosuku olwandulela seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Umklamo kulomkhumbi isibe omunye ambitious kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo. I yempi wayekhonze kuze 1943, lapho impi elilandelayo bekulimele sina. Wathunywa iyokhandwa, kodwa ekugcineni wanquma ukulondoloza. Ngo-1945, ngaphambi nje kokuba kokunqotshwa eJalimane, umkhumbi waze wethuka. Emlandweni kwaba odumile kungasho neze kuphela Izenzo zakhe izikhali, kodwa futhi ukusebenza oluvelele.

History of the isakhiwo

yempi German "Gneisenau" - Ungomunye wemikhumbi edume kakhulu iMpi Yezwe II. Umlando walo kwaqala ngo-1933, lapho-Third Reich linqume ukwakha eminye emibili imikhumbi uhlobo olusha "Scharnhorst". Le phrojekthi waqalwa ekusithekeni Imininingwane. Ngokusemthethweni, yempi "Gneisenau" eyakhishwa esinye isitsha we "Deutschland". Nokho, phakathi eqanjiwe umphakathi futhi lokhu umkhumbi wawususukile umehluko okukhulu.

"Gneisenau" kwahluka mass omkhulu amathani 19.000, futhi umthamo wayo ozimele yayiba 161.000 amahhashi. yempi nezisebenzi lalinabashumayeli amasosha 1669. Ukuze zonke izici zayo, umkhumbi uJesu wazalwa izikhali grand - German lasolwandle pearl. Futhi yingakho nje kungazange kumangaze, ngoba kobuholi-Third Reich bathandile ukuqalisa amaphrojekthi emangalisayo futhi kuyabiza, enye yazo, akungabazeki, kwaba "Gneisenau". Battleship sidalwe njengempendulo Royal Navy kanye isiFulentshi (ikakhulukazi French umkhumbi "EDunkerque" uhlobo). umehluko Its main kusuka kweminye imihlobo yintuthuko ephawulekayo e ukubhuka nezikhali.

Ngo-1935, umkhumbi ngisho kwadingeka kabusha isibambiso ngenxa ukuvela entsha, kwakwakhiwa nakakhulu mayelana design, iphrojekthi. Ukwethulwa senziwa ngoDisemba 8, 1936-th. Ngalolo suku, omunye emaketangeni ekuqhumeni yenethiwekhi, ngenxa yalokho umkhumbi bahlakazeka yabantu yagijimela ogwini. umonakalo Trouble waphenduka emkhunjini.

izibhamu

Lo mkhumbi "Gneisenau" (Battleship) yaqanjwa idume phakathi neMpi Yezwe I impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu armored okuqondene isigaba Admiral Spee. Ngena ngemvume abakhethiwe akwenzekanga ngephutha. "Gneisenau" waba ngowokuqala yempi we Navy isiJalimane, eyakhelwe esikhathini interwar. Iminyaka Engu fojisa unswinyo ezalandela iSivumelwano SaseVersailles iphelile. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi imikhumbi-German wahlala anda ibuthaka, obekumele ukwenza, "Gneisenau" umkhumbi, yenzelwe kuphela kuphangwa neminyaka engu-30. Ngo-Third Reich isitsha esisha elinde impumelelo, ezifana nalezo okuyinto eyandulela abadumile eponymous.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka interwar, ukukhiqizwa kwanoma 283-mm izibhamu waqala e-Germany, ekhiqizwa ngokuqondile i "Gneisenau". Battleship got isibhamu, efana omisiwe "Dunkirk". Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi ukuzivikela futhi zihlasela emkhunjini German nje yahlolwa iso olulindelekile standoff izitsha French yalolu hlobo. 283-mm izibhamu ziphumelela kangcono nokobana "Deutschland". ububanzi kwabo umlilo kanye firepower ngoba osezingeni yayo ayemakhulu kakhulu. Impumelelo izikhali entsha ayikwazanga kubangele ukwamukelwa Berlin.

Ukuze ukulawula umlilo emkhunjini "Gneisenau" wathola iqoqo lezinsimbi zomculo, wayeseyitholile efakazelwe ngohlobo "Bismarck" yempi futhi "hipper" uhlobo Cruisers. Artogon ezilungisiwe kusuka emaposini elise yayinemibhoshongo ngemuva nangaphambili abaqondisi. Yapha ngezibonakude esetshenziswa izikhulu obhekene kokudubula, Gunners. Pinnacle uhlaliseke ngumuntu gyroscope.

Ngesikhathi okuthunyelwe imishini yesimanje esikhathini esiningi. Ngokwesibonelo, isivinini computer ballistic fixed, ebizwa, izinguquko ibanga elitsheni ngisho acabangele sezulu. izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi lwenziwa emabhuloki nge mishini ekhethekile. wezikhali ukulawula umlilo uhlelo ezilungisiwe kwemibhoshongo ezintathu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babekwazi nomlilo akhatshana amaningana (noma ukugxila sinye siyafanana).

izinhlamvu

On the "Gneisenau" amaJalimane wasebenzisa izinhlobo eziningana amagobolondo. Okokuqala, udibi ukubhoboza. Ukusebenzisa kwabo ngokumelene Okuqondiwe kahle futhi uvikeleke. Wawuzoba fuse phansi futhi inkokhelo encane alufakwa. Okwesibili, kwaba amagobolondo polubroneboynye. Ngokusho ngezigaba British, nazo ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "Common". Bafika kancane alufakwa futhi abe nokwehlukaniswa nemphumela lomkhulu. Zazisetshenziswa ngokumelene Okuqondiwe nge zempi hhayi obukhulu khulu.

Ekugcineni, okwesithathu, "Gneisenau" babe amagobolondo ephezulu alufakwa. Babefanele fuse ikhanda zasetshenziselwa ukuhlasela Okuqondiwe unarmored (abachithi, anti-aircraft izibhamu, zokukhanyisa, nezisebenzi olungavikelekile kanye nokunye. D.). Le mithetho amagobolondo awushintshanga lemikhumbi yempi German phakathi nempi. Polubroneboynye neziqhumane alufakwa unayo i velocity kokuqala 900 amamitha ngesekhondi futhi ezahlukene isisindo ephansi (ngokuhlukahluka okuthile kweminye nesisindo kg phezu 100). Babekwe icala drive okhethekile wokubacindezela.

amagobolondo Okokuqala bondliwa grippers futhi komzila okwesikhashana. Khona-ke, amatafula indandatho roller bangena lift. amacala Basic kuhluke zethusi imikhono. Ukuze ezokuthutha emathileyi ekhethekile zanikezwa. amagobolondo Secondary fed ngesandla. Ammunition Vehicle lalinabashumayeli amacala 1800 (1350 ezinkulu nezincane 450).

ukubukeka

Iningi "Gneisenau" like umfowabo ayiwele naye "Scharnhorst". Nokho abanye umehluko zangaphandle phakathi kwazo ayekhona. amahange ezahlukene sebetholakele, anti-aircraft izibhamu kanye mainmast. Ngemva ukwakhiwa we "Gneisenau" ababethi ukukhanya grey umbala. Okuwukuphela nezimagqabhagqabha lubonakale babe amajazi izikhali ukuboniswa nhlangothi zombili stem.

Ngo-February 1940, icala, kwanqunywa ukubeka izikwele ebomvu nge swastika abamnyama. Lokhu kwakwenzelwa ukubona kusukela emoyeni. Inkinga yayiwukuthi i-Luftwaffe kwakunebandla elilodwa kuphela kwenyanga eyodwa ngephutha yacwila abachithi ezimbili German. Ekwindla ka-1940, phakathi nezikhathi ezinzima post-wokulungisa aseBaltic Sea "Gneisenau" kwaba sifihle Umbala.

ukufuduka

Ngokuhamba design izifundo, kwaba sobala ukuthi abaklami ngeke bakwazi ukuhlangabezana displacement 26.000 amathani. Ekuqaleni kwathiwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ngabe athobele lezi zibalo, "Gneisenau". Nokho, Battleship, weza okukhulu ngokwengeziwe ukuthi ngo-1936 wayibonisa ngokucacile control isisindo. Ngesikhathi wokwakha igceke lemikhumbi, bahlabe umkhosi. Ochwepheshe kwesatshwa ukuthi umkhumbi kuyoba esingaphansi uqinile, kanye nokwehla yayo seaworthiness. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baphoqeleka ukuba babe ukunciphisa ukuphakama freeboard. Design Lokhu iqhinga uye ayisesemikhulu uhla ukuzinza.

Inkinga ukufuduka anda wathola ngesikhathi lapho kwase kwephuzile ukushintsha izici eziyisisekelo "Gneisenau" kakade. Battleship, ogama design kwaba legumbi wonke umsebenzi ukulondolozwa ngokwandisa ububanzi emzimbeni. Ngenxa yalokho, displacement anda emathanini ayizinkulungwane 33.

amandla isitshalo

izingxabano abaningi okuye kwabangela ngayo abakhi amandla plant. Kwakuwusuku isici impikiswano kakhulu kunabo bonke iphrojekthi "Gneisenau". Battleship, izimfanelo okuyinto kwahluka engakaze ibonwe lokuqala izibalo kwenziwa amaphutha. Nge zonke ukuthi akekho kulabo obhekene akafunanga ngokuphindaphindiwe ukubambezela yonke ukwakhiwa bomkhumbi.

Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala design njengendlela amayunithi amandla plant ekhethiwe turbozubchatye. Ngosizo lwabo, baceba ukubabulala izinyoni ezimbili ngetshe elilodwa: ukuqinisekisa high speed bomkhumbi futhi ukusheshisa isikhathi kwezidingo zayo. Iyunithi usebenza ku ambalwa. Udizili yasala dengwane, ngoba i-komkhumbi omkhulu onjalo futhi wayengekho injini yalolu hlobo. ukukhetha okuyingozi esenziwa Admiral Erich Raeder. Waqaphela ukuthi dalnohodnost umkhumbi kuyoba ephansi kakhulu kunalokho uma usebenzisa udizili. Nokho, Navy akazange abe nesikhathi ukulinda zentuthuko yawo kanye ukukhiqizwa.

izindlu

Ezezindlu yempi kwadingeka umklamo longitudinal. It is ezenziwe ngensimbi. Kwanqunywa ukuba zisebenzisa ukukhanya Alloys - ngakho wakwazi ukunciphisa isisindo. I keel eyinhloko umkhumbi wawususukile amanzi angangeni. Lonke Umzimba wawuhlukaniswe waba 21 gumbi engangikulo. 7 wabo bekwi amandla plant.

Kuyinto ukwazi ukuthi ekwakhiweni ezinkulu umkhumbi arc Welding okokuqala ku esigabeni ngasinye zokukhiqiza yasetshenziselwa ngokunembile endabeni le "Gneisenau". Battleship, ukudalulwa kwalo okungahle design kuyinto lesikhumbuzo ukwazi inkathi, yikona okungcono hhayi kuphela izici zawo, kodwa futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza.

Ashiselwe steel izindlu ukuba ungene esikhundleni izindlu. Nale yokukhiqiza indlela entsha ke yayigubha. Imiphumela walo kwakunamafasitela amaphutha amaningi ehambisana 'nemizamo umbhalo ongaphansi. " Ngo-June 1940, "Gneisenau" wathola ukulimala kwezinto, eyabonisa ukuthi ochwepheshe abaningi kuyodingeka smash ikhanda lakhe phezu indlela yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi welds. Ayehlukile sengozini sokuqhuma kwamabhomu nokungabi torpedo hits. Futhi, nokho, ukusetshenziswa Welding abe intuthuko sina, setha indlela yokuthuthuka lonke umkhakha.

Omunye izici eziphawulekayo kakhulu hulls yempi babe ozimele acinene, izici ukuwohloka encane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wahlala amahange bendabuko. Bakhandwa elise Clusaz - omunye usohlangothini uhlangothi lomkhumbi lwesandla sokudla, ezimbili ngakwesokunxele. Kuqhathaniswa onobuhle angaphandle, freeboard lalilincane, kodwa ngokuhamba ekupheleni kanye redrawing yephrojekthi kwaba ngisho ezincane. Ngezinye izikhathi isici design kwaholela ekubeni ukuthi izilwandle kwamiswa spray enamandla, ngenxa okuye kwadingeka kuphela usebenze isitsha kusukela embhoshongweni conning.

Ikhala futhi ingxenye ebhodini

Adume yempi "Gneisenau", isithombe eyabonakala ngokuvamile ngokulinganayo kwemibiko isitha intelligence amaphephandaba aseJalimane, usebhekene ukulungiswa eziningana ukuba "ubuso" yayo - umnsalo. Ngemva kwempi ngokumelene "Rawalpindi" zisusiwe ebhodini esiqinile. kudivayisi Mooring efakwe phezulu stem.

Kwesinye isigameko enkonzweni yenze ezinye izinguquko ekwakhiweni le "Gneisenau" ngo-December 1940. Battleship, Kharkteristika kabani main kwamsiza impi, babe engenamsebenzi phakathi nesiphepho. Ngo-December 1940, kwaba nesivunguvungu eNorth Sea yabangela umonakalo ezinzima emkhunjini. Ngemva kwalokho, "Gneisenau" isiqephu waba njalo nakakhulu foredeck nezindonga ezivimba amanzi. Akumangalisi ukuthi ezintsha avele ngesikhathi ukusebenza ngokushesha emva kuphakama izinkinga esilandelayo. Nokho, Elinye ikhambi design kwakungeke kuxazulule ngokuphelele inkinga ka "isikhwehlela" onezitezi, encishisiwe nobukhulu bayo ukuba umkhawulo eyamukelekayo.

Kwakukhona omunye icala esiphawulekayo, othinta yempi "Scharnhorst", "Gneisenau". ezimbili Le mikhumbi yohlobo olufanayo kwahluka ikufanelekela ukuhamba olwandle engabalulekile. Isixazululo kungaba ukwanda ukuphakama bead. Nokho, ukushintsha okunjalo kwakuyohlanganisa kuholele ukwanda isisindo zempi, okwakuyindawo engeke asebenze. AmaJalimane kulo ukusebenza kokubili imikhumbi laleli ecishe ifane - bawahlabela seaworthiness.

zempi

Ngu isiko, wonke yempi enkulu German possessed zempi esindayo. Mina yayiphumula futhi "Gneisenau". Battleship, ukudalulwa kwalo okungahle yisibonelo esibuthakathaka kahle futhi uvikeleke, kwakusakazwa ngendlela ekhethekile kakhulu yezembatho zethu mpo futhi enezingqimba. Basiza nomunye ukuvikela yempi ekulimaleni izingxenye ezibalulekile zomzimba. Uma le shot hits ebhodini, kuyadingeka ukuhlangabezana bronepalubu ethuthukisiwe.

Abaningi izixazululo asetshenziswe project, ziye wazama okokuqala. Lesi sici futhi ugcizelela ukuthi ezintsha futhi eliyingqayizivele "Gneisenau" (Battleship). IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala wanikeza abaklami German ingcebo yolwazi. Zibancishe umsebenzi iminyaka Weimar Republic, benomfutho omusha, bathatha umsebenzi wabo wokwakha ngoxhaxha sokubusa kwamaNazi.

ukuzinza

Lomgomo umkhumbi ku linezingxenye wazimisa ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Wabuye isetshenzisiwe ekuklanyweni "Gneisenau". Battleship, impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu futhi yimuphi omunye umkhumbi yayibaluleke abanye kuphela kuze kube umzuzu kucwila. Ngakho-ke, inkinga ukuzinza ukugcina umkhumbi untanta njalo emi phambi ochwepheshe German kwenye yezindawo zokuqala.

Ukwakhiwa "Gneisenau" lwenzelwe ukuze esikhukhulayo linezingxenye ezimbili eduze angabangela izikhukhula emphemeni. Ababhali yephrojekthi imikhawulo imibono ebalulekile kanye nama-practical eziningana. Ngakho, bonke linezingxenye, ngaphandle emincane futhi sise ithiphu, zahlukaniswa izikhala ezimbalwa amanzi angangeni.

Kuqhathaniswa ezazingaphambi kwayo, kanye "Scharnhorst" futhi "Gneisenau" izici eziningana olukhudlwana ka transverse kanye bulkheads longitudinal. Baqala ukusebenzisa elinye Dreadnought. Kuyinto ngenxa lezi izingxenye ngisho izimpi ezinzima kunazo wakwazi ukugcina zewayini, enecala futhi engine- futhi kubhayela amakamelo. Ngakho, kwehlisa kakhulu ingozi heeling yingozi.

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