Ukuhlolwa Serological: izinhlobo, ukusetshenziswa

Laboratory uphethwe ephelele cishe zakho konke kwezifo ezithathelwanayo kumane esekelwe ukuthola igazi eziningi ezivikela umzimba wesiguli, okuyinto ekhishwa antigen lwegciwane, izindlela serological. Bangena zokwelapha e nesishiyagalolunye ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi iye yabasiza ukuchaza isakhiwo antigenic kwamagciwane kanye namafomula chemical ubuthi babo. Kungenzeka ukudala serum zokwelapha nje kuphela kodwa futhi zokuxilonga. Basuke etholwe esasikhipha Amagciwane attenuated izilwane zokucwaninga. Ngemva kwezinsuku eziningana sifakwe emanzini onogwaja igazi noma amagundane imikhiqizo esetshenziselwa ukuhlonza amagciwane noma ubuthi babo besebenzisa ukuhlola serological okulungiselelwe.

Ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle okunjena kuncike nemibandela ekwakhiweni yayo kanye isimo antigen e umthamo wegazi lesiguli. Uma amagciwane izinhlayiya zingaxazululeki, ezinza, lysed, akasakwazi noma eboshiwe serum. Uma antigen kukhona encibilikayo, kubonakala lo mkhuba neutralization noma kwezulu.

agglutination (PA)

Serological agglutination yokuhlola eqondile kakhulu. Kulula ukwenza Kucacile ngokushesha ukuthola ubukhona antigen e serum nesineke. Isetshenziselwa ukubeka Vidal yokusabela (sitholakele typhoid neparatyphoid ebangelwa) kanye Weigl (typhus).

Kusekelwe ukuxhumana ethize phakathi amasosha omzimba womuntu (noma agglutinins) namaseli microbial (agglyutenogenami). Ukulandela ekusebenzelaneni kwabo akhiwa izinhlayiya ukuthi kwenze. Lokhu kuzakuba yisibonakaliso kundlu omuhle. Ukuze ukubeka ukuphendula lingasetshenziswa ejenti ophilayo noma osewafa microbial, isikhunta, lenyama, amangqamuzana egazi kanye amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo.

ukuphendula Chemical ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili:

1. Specific amasosha omzimba kwakwakhe (AT) nge antigen (Ag).
2. Non-ethize - sebethule conglomerates AG-AT, ie ukwakheka agglutinate.

Ukusabela agglutination engaqondile (TPHA)

Cishe le ndlela yokusabela ezwela kwalowo odlule. Isetshenziselwa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, izimuncagazi intracellular, lenyama. Kuyinto ngakho okuqondile okungakusiza ukubona ngisho lokuhlala aphansi kakhulu yamasosha omzimba.

Ukuze ekwakhiweni yayo usebenzisa abomvu egazi ukuhlanzwa semvu futhi amaseli abomvu egazi kwabantu pretreated ngamasosha omzimba noma antigen (incike kulokho lab ufuna ukuthola). Kwezinye izimo, amangqamuzana omuntu abomvu ziphathwe immunoglobulin, ayisiza. Serologic ukusabela erythrocyte kubhekwa evumelekile uma kwezulu yalo iphutha ezansi tube. Ukusabela okuhle singasho lapho amaseli ahlelwe ukuma isambulela nabokhulumile, bangazihluphi yonke phansi. Ukusabela okunge- is amaphuzu lapho amangqamuzana abomvu egazi axazulule ngesimo ikholomu noma izinkinobho maphakathi phansi.

kwezulu yokusabela (RP)

ukusabela Serological yalolu hlobo ukukhonza ukuhlonza encane kakhulu izinhlayiya antigen. Lokhu kungaba, isibonelo, amaprotheni (noma izingxenye yalo), anezela amaprotheni ne lipids noma ama-carbohydrate, ingxenye amagciwane kanye ubuthi babo.

Sera ngenxa yokusabela is etholwe KWAMAGUNDANE yokufakelwa kwezilwane, ngokuvamile onogwaja. Kule ndlela, ungathola ngokuphelele yimuphi serum ayeke ukunisa. Okuzobe kudlalelwa serological kwezulu indlela efanayo isinyathelo ku agglutination. Amasosha omzimba eziqukethwe bophezela serum ukuba antigen ku isixazululo colloidal ukwakha amaprotheni molecule ezinkulu, okuyinto imali kwi phansi tube noma substrate (gel). Le ndlela ubhekwa ethize kakhulu futhi sikwazi ukubona ngisho umkhondo amanani we ketshezi.

Ukusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga isifo, tularemia, i-anthrax, meningitis nezinye izifo. Omunye owaba nengxenye luhlolo forensic.

Gel kwezulu test

ukuhlolwa Serological kungaba kwenziwe, hhayi nje kuphela konemimoya ewuketshezi, kodwa ijeli agarose. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi ngokukhukhumala kwentamo kwezulu indlela. Ngalo, ukufunda indlela yokwakheka Izingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi antigenic. Le ndlela isekelwe chemotaxis antigen ukuba amasosha omzimba, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ijeli bona iphokophele nomunye, aphenduka ngejubane elingafani futhi umhlangano ukwakha kwezulu imigqa. Umugqa ngamunye - isethi eyodwa K-AT.

Neutralization exotoxin antitoxin (RN)

serum Antitoxic singadambisa exotoxin okuyinto nezilwanyana ezincane ukukhiqiza. Kususelwa kule idatha kanye nezivivinyo serological. Microbiology isebenzisa le ndlela ukuze Titration ka sera, ubuthi toxoids, kanye umsebenzi wabo zokwelapha. Amandla neutralization we ubuthi kunqunywa amayunithi ezivamile - AE.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa okunjena kungacacisa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo noma izinhlobo okuqondene exotoxin. It is lisetshenziswe sitholakele ngqi, idiphtheria, botulism. Ucwaningo kungaba kwenziwe "phezu ingilazi", futhi ijeli.

lysis yokusabela (RL)

I serum mzimba olunceleka umzimba wesiguli, has, ngaphandle umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko bangangenwa yilesi sifo yokwenziwa, ngisho nezindawo lytic. Umzimba womuntu ungakwazi Ukuqedwa ejenti microbial, izakhi amaselula kanye angaphandle igciwane engena emzimbeni wesiguli. Kuye ngokucacile we amasosha omzimba kufakwe serum isehlane bactericidin, cytolysins, spirohetoliziny, hemolysins nezinye.

La masosha omzimba athile abizwa ngokuthi "umphelelisi". Sitholakala cishe yonke uketshezi lomzimba, it has a amaprotheni isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kakhulu sensitive lokushisa ukwanda, kutshengisa ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezinyakaziswayo, acid kanye elangeni. Kodwa esimweni omisiwe uyakwazi ukugcina izakhiwo zabo lytic ka izinyanga eziyisithupha.

Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zovivinyo serological yalolu hlobo:

- bacteriolysis;

- hemolysis.

Bacteriolysis Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa igazi serum lesiguli kanye serum ethize mzimba namagciwane bukhoma. Uma-ke umcwaningi ubona lysis amagciwane, futhi ukusabela kuyoba kubhekwe njengendlela inombolo ezanele umphelelisi omuhle elikhona igazi.

Eyesibili igazi serological impendulo wukuthi ukumiswa erythrocyte ziphathwe nesineke serum equkethe hemolysins, okuyinto ocushiwe kuphela khona ukuba nginconywe ethile. Uma kukhona esinye sazo, bese lab ubukele nokonakala kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela is kabanzi kwezokwelapha zanamuhla ukunquma titer ka umphelelisi (ie, senani kulencane ingqondo lysis zamangqamuzana abomvu egazi) ku serum igazi ukwenziwa umphelelisi ngibopha Assay. Kwakungenxa ngale ndlela olwenziwa ukuphendula serological ngoba ugcunsula - Wasserman.

nenkanuko edlulele umphelelisi (RSK)

Cishe le ndlela yokusabela isetshenziswa ukuthola serum amasosha ogulayo umenzeli ezithathelwanayo kanye ukuhlonza umsunguli yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu antigenic.

Kuze kube kuleli qophelo siye echazwe elula ukuhlolwa serological. RAC kubhekwe ukuphendula nzima, ngoba engahambisani oluxube ababili noma bebathathu; i omzimba, i antigen futhi umphelelisi. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye omzimba futhi antigen kwenzeka kuphela uma kukhona amaprotheni uncoma zazo adsorbed phezu kobuso kwakhiwa eziyinkimbinkimbi K-AT.

Ngokwabo antigen ngemva kwalokho umphelelisi, kuncike ushintsho olukhulu, okuyinto ibonisa izinga ukusabela. Lokhu kungaba lysis, hemolysis, immobilization, amagciwane noma umphumela bacteriostatic.

Ukusabela ngokwayo kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili:

1. Ukwakheka omzimba-antigen, engesiyo zibukeke umcwaningi lubonakale.
2. Ukushintsha antigen ngaphansi isenzo umphelelisi. Lesi sigaba ngokuvamile usukela ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama. Uma impendulo ezibukwayo ayibonakali, bese usebenzisa ezengeziwe inkomba uhlelo evumela ukuthi ukuthola izinguquko.

uhlelo inkomba

Cishe le ndlela yokusabela kusekelwe yokubopha umphelelisi. Ihora yokuhlola amashubhu ngemva kokuhlela RSK ungeze ukuhlanzwa imvu erythrocyte futhi serum hemolytic hhayi equkethe umphelelisi. Uma tube wasala umphelelisi itho olukhululekile, ngeke ukujoyina eziyinkimbinkimbi N-AT obakhiwa amaseli imvu igazi hemolysin, futhi kubangele nokonakala kwabo. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi DGC alivumi. Ukube amangqamuzana egazi abomvu abephule ke, ngokufanelekile, ukusabela kahle.

hemagglutination (rha)

Zimbili hemagglutination bahluke. Omunye wabo - serological, isetshenziswa sokunquma zamaqembu egazi. Kulokhu erythrocyte uxhumana amasosha omzimba.

Futhi ukusabela Owesibili okuhlobene serological, kusukela zamangqamuzana abomvu egazi ukuxubana hemagglutinin ezivezwa amagciwane. Njengoba exciter ngamunye izenzo kuphela erythrocyte ethize (inkukhu, izimvu, inkawu), kuthathwa esinda okunjena ethize.

Sula impendulo emihle noma emibi, kungenzeka ngoba indawo egazi e phansi tube. Uma ukuthola ufana isambulela okuhlanekezelwe ke igciwane oyifunayo elikhona umthamo wegazi lesiguli. Futhi uma wonke amangqamuzana abomvu egazi kwakhiwa njengomuntu amakholomu uhlamvu lwemali, azikho Amagciwane engaziwa.

Basabela kanjani hemagglutination okusithiyayo (HAI)

Cishe le ndlela yokusabela ethize kakhulu, okuvumela ukuba ukusungula ifomu, uhlobo igciwane noma khona omzimba athile e-serum wegazi lesiguli.

essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi amasosha omzimba ukungezwa tube equkethe umsebenzi test, evimbela sebethule antigen ku erythrocyte, kanjalo ephumula hemagglutination. Lokhu kuyinkomba egqame qualitative khona antigen athile egazini ukuze igciwane elithile ofiselekayo.

Ukusabela immunofluorescence (RIF)

Ukusabela kusekelwe iyakwazi izakhiwo ne-AT-AH Fluorescent microscopy emva kokwelashwa flyuorohromnymi nodayi. Le ndlela ilula ukusebenzisa, akudingi kwemihlambi isiko okumsulwa futhi kuthatha isikhathi esincane. Kuyinto esisemqoka uphethwe okusheshayo yezifo ezithathelwanayo.

Ekusebenteni, vivinyo serological zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: nenkhulumombiko.

Rif Direct ekhiqizwa antigen elalikade kusetshenzwe serum Fluorescent. Futhi bukhoma kusho ukuthi umuthi wokuqala ziphathwe diagnosticum ezivamile ehlanganisa amasosha le antigen oyifunayo bese kabusha isicelo whey Fluorescent, okuyinto ethize namaprotheni of the complex K-AT namaseli microbial kuzobonakala by microscopy.