Patristics Western: ngabameli izimfundiso eziyisisekelo kanye nokuqukethwe

Ngo ukwakheka emfundisweni yobuKristu nefilosofi iye yaba nendima enkulu ohlangothini ezifana patristic. Abameleli lokhu stratum yokucabanga zenkolo ngokuvamile obizwa nangokuthi oFata beSonto, kungakho igama elithi Latin Pater, okungukuthi, uyise. Ezinsukwini zokuqala we kuyifilosofi yobuKristu balaba bantu zazivame abaholi umbono emaqenjini amaKristu. Futhi abathintekayo pheceza umbhedesho ezindabeni eziningi ezibalulekile kakhulu. Izazi-mlando uphola kwesikhathi patristic wobuKristu bokuqala kuze kube ngolwesikhombisa AD leminyaka. Lolu cwaningo kwalesi sikhathi, kanye impumelelo yayo esemqoka ukwenza isayensi ekhethekile.

periodization

Ngokwesiko, le ndawo yokucabanga Christian sehlukaniswe entshonalanga nasempumalanga. Ngamanye amazwi, sikhuluma LamaRoma (Latin) kanye patristic ngesiGreki. Lesi sigaba esekelwe ulimi oluzobe ebhaliwe imisebenzi emikhulu kwalesi sikhathi. Nakuba ezinye Obaba bakhuleka ngokulinganayo kuzo zombili ubu-Orthodox futhi yamaKatolika. Ngokohlelo lwezikhathi, patristic, abameleli ezichazwe kulesi sihloko ihlukaniswe nezikhathi ezinkulu ezintathu. Kokuqala waqhubeka kwaze kwaba eMkhandlwini WaseNicaea ngo-325. Sokuthuthwa kwempahla akhawunti yakhe iminyaka 451, kodwa saqhubeka siwohloka kuze Ngekhulu lesikhombisa.

Inkathi kuze eMkhandlwini WaseNicaea - kokuqala

Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze libuye lithi ezikhathini zasendulo kwakukhona kakade patristic. Abamele wabhala imibhalo yakhe yokuqala yesonto neziqondiso zokuphila isonto. Ngokuvamile chasiselwe Fathers of the Church futhi abaphostoli, kodwa idatha ngomlando Lahlala elincane kakhulu. Can waqonda njengoba enjalo, uma kungeyilokho ukuthi uPawulu, uPetru, uJakobe nabanye abafundi bakaKristu. Laba bameleli be-lokuqala patristic futhi ngokuthi oFata Abangabaphostoli. Phakathi kwabo singakhumbula noClement waseRoma, uTertullian, Cyprian, Lactantius, futhi Novatian. Siyabonga kubo, kwakheka patristics Western. Imibono kanye nabamele lo mkhuba kuthiwa ogxile kuhlotshaniswa ukuxolisa ubuKristu. Okungukuthi, labo ngqondongqondo uzamile ukufakazela ukuthi ukholo lwabo nefilosofi ungcono lutho, kodwa kungcono kakhulu abezizwe.

uTertullian

Lo muntu abanothando ongagunci walilwela nge Ubu. Nakuba esichithwa ukuphila kwakhe wahlanganyela apologetics, kungenzeka ukunikeza entendeni ekwakhekeni imfundiso yebandla lokuqala. Yena bachazela imicabango yakhe ayiwona ehlelekile - ngemisebenzi isazi semfundiso yenkolo ukuze kutholakale agumenti okuxubile mayelana nendlela yokuziphatha, Cosmology kanye psychology. Singasho ukuthi lena omele eziyingqayizivele patristic. Hhayi lutho, naphezu ukuzibophezela kwabo yenkolelo, ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, wahlanganyela ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni ngaphakathi ubuKristu - Montanists. UTertullian kwaba isitha esinolaka ngakho yabezizwe, kanye Gnostic, ukuthi, wahlaselwa amacala ngoba zonke nefilosofi lasendulo bebonke. Ngaye waba ngunina wabo bonke esontweni kanye ngeziphambeko. isiko lamaGreki namaRoma, kusukela ngombono wakhe, ahlukaniswa precipice zobuKristu, ayikwazi ukunqoba. Ngoba indida owaziwa uTertullian kuqhathaniswa lo mkhuba nefilosofi patristic. Abamele kwesikhathi kamuva waya ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele.

Inkathi Ngemva koMkhandlu WaseNicaea - ukuqhakaza

Manje kubhekwe inkathi yokuchuma patristic. It is lokulandisa kwenqwaba zezincwadi ebhaliwe Fathers of the Church. Inkinga eyinhloko kwesikhathi classical - ingxoxo ngemvelo zintathu, kanye impikiswano Manichaeans. patristics Western, elimalungu alo yalwela saseNicene, ungakwazi ukuziqhayisa izingqondo ezifana Hilary, Martin UVictorine futhi Amvrosiy Mediolansky. Lesi sakamuva wakhethwa umbhishobhi Milan, futhi imisebenzi yakhe njenge-ntshumayelo. Yena wayengumbulali igunya elikhulu elingokomoya isikhathi sakhe. Yena, njengo nabanye ozakwabo, yayithonywe kakhulu imibono neo-kaPlato, futhi kwaba lweli ukuchaza ngendlela engokomfanekiso zeBhayibheli.

Augustine

Lokhu omele esivelele patristic ebusheni bakhe asithandayo Manichaeism. Buyela emphethweni ubuKristu wamsiza lokushumayela Ambrose. Ngemva kwalokho, wathola ubupristi kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe eneminyaka engu-umbhishobhi Hippo. Imisebenzi ka-Augustine kungaba kubhekwe apogee Latin the patristic. imisebenzi Its main - "I-Confession", "Ngo-zintathu" futhi "City of God." Ukuze u-Augustine, Nkulunkulu - luwumgogodla eliphakeme futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwakha okuhle futhi imbangela wonke umphefumulo. Uyaqhubeka adale umhlaba, futhi lokhu kubonakala yonke emlandweni wesintu. UNkulunkulu kokubili kuncike futhi imbangela lonke ulwazi kanye isinyathelo. Ezweni kukhona isigaba sabefundisi izidalwa, futhi i-oda kuwo, njengoba ngangicabanga isazi semfundiso yenkolo, ukusekela imibono enjengokuthi kaPlato okuphakade. U-Augustine wayekholelwa ukuthi ulwazi kungenzeka, kodwa akazange akungabaze ukuthi akekho umqondo noma isizathu hhayi kungaholela iqiniso. It uyakwazi ukwenza ukholo kuphela.

emqansweni bomuntu noNkulunkulu kanye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela ngokuvumelana Augustine

Ukuze ezinye emisha ngokwezinga eyenziwe emfundisweni yobuKristu ukuthi patristic omele, iwukuqhutshwa yeThestamente uTertullian, kodwa ifomu ukuhluka. Augustine wavumelana eyandulela wakhe e iqiniso lokuthi umphefumulo womuntu ngokwemvelo yobuKristu. Ngakho-ke, ummango beya Kumelwe ukuba uNkulunkulu ukuba azinike injabulo yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi umphefumulo womuntu - a sekuba yinto enkulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umphefumulo ingumuntu siseduze noNkulunkulu, nalo lonke ulwazi, ngoba - lena indlela eya kuso, ukuthi ukholo. Ingqikithi kuyintando khulula. Kuyinto ekabili - okubi nokuhle. Zonke okubi ibangelwa kuphela umuntu ngenxa yokugcina unesibopho. Futhi konke okuhle kuphela ngomusa kaNkulunkulu. Ngaphandle-ke ungakwazi lutho, ngisho noma umuntu ecabanga ukuthi kwenza konke wena. Ububi, uNkulunkulu evumela sokuba khona ngokuvumelana. Augustine kwaba umsekeli nemfundiso yokunqunyelwa kusengaphambili. Ngombono wakhe, Nkulunkulu oyi-yiso esinquma ukuthi umphefumulo isihogo noma ezulwini. Kodwa lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uyazi ukuthi abantu uphathe inkululeko yabo yokuzikhethela.

Augustine isikhathi

Indoda, njengoba ngangicabanga sefilosofi Christian, amandla phezu samanje. Nkulunkulu kuyafana - umnikazi we esizayo. Ngaphambi kwasekelwa izwe sasingekho isikhathi. Futhi manje kuba kunalokho umqondo kwengqondo. Siyamazi ukunakwa, oxhumanisa esidlule kanye inkumbulo, futhi esikhathini esizayo - ithemba. Umlando, ngokuvumelana Augustine - indlela esiqalekisweni ukuwa lokusindiswa nelokuphila entsha kuNkulunkulu. Nge isifundiso isikhathi ixhunyiwe, futhi inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela mikhakha emibili - yasemhlabeni noNkulunkulu. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwayo banemizwa engqubuzanayo kakhulu - kuba nokuhlalisana nokulwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Izwe yasemhlabeni kubhekene ukuvelela bawe, futhi isono sika-Adamu Yayinesikhwanyana hhayi kuphela yokuthi wenqaba ukulalela uNkulunkulu, kodwa ukuthi yena wakhetha izinto kunokuba ekupheleleni okungokomoya. Okuwukuphela kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu umbuso kaNkulunkulu emhlabeni, okumele kwenzeke ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi, ibandla, umlamuleli phakathi komuntu emhlabeni ephakeme. Kodwa isazi semfundiso yenkolo neyaziwayo, kukhona okuningi amakhoba. Ngakho-ke, uma umuntu imiselwe sifinyelele sindiso, angababaza ekugcineni ukwenze ngaphandle esontweni. Ngemva kwakho konke lokhu, uNkulunkulu ayehlose. Ukuhlolwa imfundiso Augustine kuyadida kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi imibono yakhe babe sebekhonze njengamaphayona ekwakhiweni nezimfundiso lobuKristu, elalilisha ikhona iminyaka eyinkulungwane futhi uzilungiselele eNkathini Yezinguquko.

inkathi ukwehla

Njenganoma yimuphi mkhuba zomlando, ehlukahlukene kanye patristic. abameleli balo aseqalile bahlanganyele ezindabeni zezombusazwe kakhudlwana kunokuba zenkolo. Ikakhulukazi uma uqala ukwakha LamaRoma izimangalo lopapa ukuze amandla wokuziphilisa. Phakathi zefilosofi ezithakazelisayo sikhathi kungenziwa ngokuthi Martianus Capella, Pseudo-Dionysius, Boethius, u-Isidore waseSeville. Ngaphandle imele uPapa Grigoriy Veliky, obhekwa zinyanga umbhali omkhulu inkathi patristic. Nokho, it is baziswa hhayi kuphela yokuzihlola zenkolo, njengoba wenhlamvu lapho yena eyabekwa ngezimiso abefundisi kuphela, futhi amakhono yenhlangano.

Izinkinga eyinhloko patristic

Oyise isonto wacabanga mayelana okusindisa nohlelo lukaNkulunkulu ngesintu esikhundleni ubuKristu phakathi amasiko ezungeze (ubuJuda kobuHellenism, isiko empumalanga). Bafika esiphethweni sokuthi ukwazi iqiniso eliphelele ngokwemvelo engenakwenzeka. Kuyinto kufinyeleleke kuphela ngesambulo. Bavumelana ngokuthi izwe wadalwa uNkulunkulu out of lutho, it has a isiqalo nesiphetho. Baye kwavula theodicy kunalokho nzima, owawuthi, imbangela eyinhloko kuyinto umuntu omubi, ukusetshenziswa ezimbi inkululeko yabo yokuzikhethela. Le mpi enemisinga ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni ezivukayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle esontweni, kanye nokuthuthukiswa mpendulo ngensimbi ngepeni nezazi wenzé umkhiqizo wabo isampula bachuma yokucabanga yobuKristu. Patristic, futhi abameleli uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka izimpawu ngenhla, wayeneminyaka isihloko mbumbulu eminyaka amaningi kuwo womabili amasiko esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga weBandla.