Izindaba UmphakathiNefilosofi

Philosophy Berdyaev

Berdyaev (1874-1948) wayevela emkhayeni zasebukhosini. Ngesikhathi ngisafunda e-University of Kiev, waqala ukuya le zizungeza of Social Democrats kanye balithanda imibono Marxism. Kakade kule nkathi ukuthi waba nesithakazelo imibuzo zefilosofi, ngifunda Hegel, Kant, Schelling, Marx, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Tolstoy. Kancane kancane kwakhiwa nefilosofi yayo Berdyaev, maphakathi okwakuwuphawu zenkolo idealist nefilosofi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, waba ngomunye abagxeki uhambisane kakhulu izinto ezibonakalayo futhi Marxism.

kwamiswa yalelozwe wakhe ngesikhathi umsebenzi "Imibuzo of Life 'futhi" Indlela Entsha ". Wayengumuntu umsunguli senhlangano yenkolo-zefilosofi, ngokuthi "Memory Soloviev." Ngo-1911 wakhipha umqulu umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala. "Ifilosofi inkululeko," Berdyaev kwaqedela ukunxanela kwakhe e lokulungisiswa ifilosofi "neo-ubuKristu" futhi incazelo "omusha ukwazi yenkolo". Ngo-1916 yabonakala emsebenzini wakhe ozayo, "Okushiwo Ukudala", okuyinto waqaphela imibono yakhe.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu isimo sengqondo sefilosofi, wawuthatha njengoba ekupheleni neyobuntu umlando. amandla zomlando ukuthi wakwazi ukufeza ukuthunywa okuvela sihlangane lwesintu Christian, wayeyibonile kuphela eRussia. Wathi-ke wabemukela ngemfudumalo Februwari Revolution kanye Okthoba ngokucijile omubi waqonda. KwamaBolshevik socialism encwadini yakhe 'Ifilosofi zokungalingani "yena elibizwa" ophoqelelwe yobuzalwane. "

Berdyaev wadala Mahhala Academy of Culture Elingokomoya. Ukwenqatshwa KwamaBolshevik amafilosofi ubangelé ukuba ke ukunakwa neziphathimandla, waboshwa kabili ngo-1922 - wathumela phesheya "isikebhe zefilosofi".

Imisebenzi esemqoka ukuthi baveze ubuntu ifilosofi Berdyaev, adalwe ku kwenkathi ethile edingiselwe (Berlin kuqala, bese edolobheni isiFulentshi Clamart). Imisebenzi yakhe enkulu - "Philosophy of the Free Spirit", "Okushiwo Ukudala", "Ubugqila Nama inkululeko yomuntu", "uMoya Namaqiniso," "UMbuso UMoya umbuso kaKhesari, '". Okwenzeka Metaphysics lokuphela kwezwe "

Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo reflection wakhe zefilosofi - isihloko indoda. nefilosofi Berdyaev sika yayisekelwe postulate inkululeko lokusungula nobuntu. Ayekufundisa ubizwa ukuthambekela existentialism futhi personalism.

Berdyaev babekholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwabantu isizungu, ukungalondeki nokulahlwa ezisuka imvelo kwezenhlalo, ngokugqilaza umuntu futhi usenza ordinariness melancholy. Ekwesabeni okucindezelayo indoda uyakwazi ukukhulula ifilosofi kuphela okungukuthi intuthuko kusukela saba abangenangqondo, ubuntu enobudlova zomhlaba (umsebenzi "Mina nezwe lezinto," okuyinto Berdyaev alibhala ngokushesha).

Ifilosofi inkululeko emsebenzini wakhe ludaluliwe ezincwadini eziningi, phakathi kwabo "Self-ulwazi". Ayekufundisa yayihloselwe ukusiza umuntu ukuba athathe isikhundla zokungenelela kungakonakali kanjalo yokudala, ephula ukungapheleli zokuphila.

imibono yayo ezintathu eziyinhloko - umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu "UbuKristu jikelele," le Umqondo wokuba nenkululeko futhi lokusungula okuxolisa. Ngokuvamile, imibono yakhe paradoskalno umqondo esingokwemvelo sokuphila ezibucayi kanye romantic ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuqiniseka isikhathi ukunqoba kwe-ekahle.

Njengoba wayecabangisisa zenkolo Berdyaev udale umbono yasekuqaleni cosmogonic zomhlaba. Ngaphambi ukuphila yayikhona kwalasha (isimo engenangqondo inkululeko). Okungukuthi, inkululeko kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ngokuphelele konke, yebo, uNkulunkulu, owazalelwa futhi kamuva wadala umhlaba nabantu. Of uNkulunkulu ethululela umoya ephefumula kubo mathupha. Ngakho-ke, umhlaba lezisekelo ezimbili: umoya kanye nenkululeko. Lezi zisekelo ehlangana indoda futhi iyaphikisana. UMoya kuyinto eyinhloko maqondana kulomhlaba futhi obubaluleke kakhulu ngabantu. Njengoba kuhilela ukwazi nokuzenyeza of abantu.

nefilosofi Berdyaev ucele ukunginika irhuluphelo nenkululeko umphakathi, alibiza ngokuthi "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni personalist," okwakusho le igunya lalowo muntu phezu umphakathi. Kodwa lo mphakathi wabantu abakwazi ukufeza emphakathini, kodwa uNkulunkulu ( "collegiality"). Ngakho-ke, lokho okushiwo umlando wesintu ngokuvamile kwenchubo zombuso kaNkulunkulu. umlando eMhlabeni ezilinganiselwe, kodwa akusiwona inhlekelele, futhi ukunqoba inzondo, beqinisekisa ukungamethembi uRamaphosa futhi objectification.

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