Roza Lyuksemburg: impilo nokufa izinguquko

Mhlawumbe abaningi baye bezwa noma ufunde ukuthi ngo-2009 imbali ekhethekile wethulwa Europe - rose "Princess of Luxembourg." Lesi senzakalo samenyezelwa kuyo siyigubhe weminyaka engu-18 e-Alexandra - Grand Duchy wasebukhosini. Kodwa namuhla uya ngakho. abantu asebekhulile bayakhumbula ukuthi ekuqaleni XX leminyaka ngasekupheleni XIX futhi kwaba izinguquko kanye enethonya muntu German ngokwanele ababedlala indima ebalulekile ukwakheka ukunyakaza lamaKhomanisi eYurophu. Igama lakhe kwakungu ungwaqa nge igama imbali enhle - Roza Lyuksemburg. Iminyaka yokuphila lona wesifazane wayesekhulile impela ngokuphelele ezinikele emzabalazweni amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu abasemazingeni aphansi. Kuyinto ngaye futhi uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

emkhayeni wamaJuda

Rose Born (igama langempela Rosalia) March 5, 1871 abamemezeli boMbuso Poland Zamosc edolobheni, emaphethelweni umbuso Russian. Nguye okwakubhekwe ukuthi ingane yesihlanu emkhayeni yomthengisi-Jewish ugodo yomthengisi Elias Luxembourg. Le ntombazane wayengumfundi okhuthele futhi iziqu honours ezisuka kwenye zokuzivocavoca Warsaw sika.

Kulesi emkhayeni wamaJuda obumbene ngangiyithanda kakhulu izingane, ikakhulukazi rosettes kunani nonke, okuyinto yakhutshazwa (dislocation we ngokuhlanganyela hip). Kufika engu-10 emzimbeni wakhe kuyinto inqubo okungenakuhlehliswa futhi kubuhlungu kakhulu, eboshelwe kuye embhedeni, ngezinye izikhathi izinyanga eziningana. Lapho esekhulile isifo zinhlanga, kodwa kwakusasele Limp. Ukuze kancane ukufihla le nkinga, babegqoka izicathulo ezikhethekile. Intombazane, esineminyaka engu-ke, ukukhathazeka kakhulu izinyonga, ngakho akumangalisi ukuthi kule phansi yena kungaqala eziningi izakhiwo.

ekuqaleni komgwaqo

Mangisho ukuthi Roza Lyuksemburg, ogama biography iyaziwa ziye ikakhulu ezihlobene ne imisebenzi wamavukelambuso baqala ukubonisa isithakazelo kwezombusazwe ekuqaleni kakhulu, ngisho nalapho ngitadisha. Ngemva kokuphothula abazali esikoleni esiphakeme ngazo zonke izindlela sazama ukumvimbela kuleli umdlalo kunalokho yingozi ngisho waqasha wakhe ngoba uthisha ongcono umculo. Basaqhubeka Kwethenjwa ukuthi intombazane abahlakaniphe kakhulu uyolikhohlwa mayelana art nezepolitiki, kodwa Rose isibe indlela revolution, okuyinto ulindele ukuba uqaphele wonke izifiso zakhe. Phakathi abangane bakhe abasha ayehlale i nokuwumisa alinganayo, ngoba akekho kubo ikhokhwe noma iyiphi ukunakekela icala sakhe esingokomzimba.

Ekupheleni 1880. amaqembu amaningi emthethweni wamavukelambuso aseqalile ukuhluka kwemibono eziye zihlotshaniswa Ukukhetha indlela. By the way, kwaba kakade kucace ukuthi ukwesaba ayikwazi elungisisiwe futhi zigcinwe abashisekeli. Kwenqwaba yabantu abasha ethambekele izindlela esisemthethweni emzabalazweni.

Roza Lyuksemburg kwadingeka emjikelezweni wamavukelambuso esikhathini lapho ingxabano anti-amaphekula wakhula phakathi kwamalungu ayo, futhi abe esehlanganyela naye kulabo ababengabafo abangamaqhawe ngokunamandla ngokumelene ukubulalana futhi wadlalela ze ukuyaluza. Kodwa amaphekula baye baqhubeka izenzo zabo okungekho emthethweni, kunalokho wanika siqu amalungu abo ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni party ezandleni zamaphoyisa.

Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu kakade Rose engu-18 ubudala sicashe woshushiso iziphathimandla ngokubamba kwabo iqhaza enhlanganweni komhlaba "yesigaba sabasebenzi." Kwadingeka bathutha eSwitzerland, lapho aqhubeka khona imfundo yakhe e-University of Zurich. Lapho, wafunda umthetho, ifilosofi wezomnotho kwezombangazwe.

uthando kuqala

I iminyaka eminingi kuthule Switzerland, Roza Lyuksemburg (bheka isithombe. Kusahlaziywa) ukukhunjulwa njengombulali olujabulisa ekuphileni kwakhe. Lapha wazizwa efikelwa ukuthula futhi beqiniseka. Ngo Zurich, wahlangana nomuntu othile Leo Iogihesom, lawo ngokushesha bathandile wakhe. ngokuvamile abantu abasha unesithakazelo Rose, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungase isinyathelo esiwujuqu noma ukwenze - nobuhlobo babo kuyehla kuphela ukukhuluma mayelana nenqubomgomo kanye ngokuhlanganyela umtapo ukuvakashelwa. Ngakho-ke kwadingeka ukuba athathe isinyathelo kuqala uqobo futhi simemezele uthando lwakho kuye.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphambi Leo kwaba impohlo kuqinisekisiwe, wanikela kuphela ngemva somlilo ukuqashelwa Roses. Wayengumngane umuntu lisebenza kakhulu, kodwa kancane kancane waqala obulimaza indoda umsebenzi esisuka amantombazane, unikezwa ukuthi imisebenzi ye Iogihesa Kwakungelula. Ngakho-ke, ngokwemvelo, babe izingxabano njalo zenzeka abathandi. Ekugcineni, Roza Lyuksemburg e-University of Zurich lolungenamaphutsa bavikela mqondo yakhe, ijubane ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo ePoland. Lo mcimbi yayiwumsebenzi owumphumela futhi izingxabano zabo.

Wayeziqhenya kakhulu ukuphumelela kwakhe, njengoba umsebenzi wakhe waba kuyancomeka oprofesa abaziwayo, futhi ezihlokweni ezilotshwe wakhe base ezinyatheliswa komagazini elihle lokukholisa sezenhlalo. Ngakho, igama lakhe saziwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kodwa Leo yena akazange abe nomuzwa wokuthi injabulo esuka ipumelelo Rose nakuba bazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi wayengumuntu ngaphansi kwethonya owesifazane eqinile kakhulu, futhi eziyimbangela yalokhu akazange ivumelane kuye ngaso sonke.

Isiphetho sokuqala

Ngokushesha ngemva Roza Lyuksemburg ngokumenywa Socialist Party Germany uyavuma ukubamba iqhaza okhethweni endawo njengenhlangano uvukela. Owesifazane wahlanganyela inkulumo-ze Elingenhla yeSilesia esifundeni, lapho nabasePoland eziningi. Ngakho, ngokushesha okukhulu ukwazi bakwethembe le Socialists German. Esimweni esinjalo, umngane wakhe omkhulu iba wamavukelambuso Clara Zetkin. Sethula Luxembourg nendodana yakhe, kanye kanye edume theoretician Karlom Kautskim. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapha eJalimane, ngo-1901, wavuka ukuhlangana uVladimir Lenin.

Ngemva ekuqaleni izenzakalo wamavukelambuso eRussia ngo-1905, lapho efika e Warsaw futhi ngenkuthalo ahileleke izenzo umbhikisho wezisebenzi Polish. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, amaphoyisa tsarist imfihlo uphathe ukubamba wafaka wakhe ejele. Luxembourg eqhutshelwa kuzona izinyanga eziningana, kuyilapho ngaphansi usongo kanzima noma ngisho nokubulawa imbala. Nokho, ngenxa yemizamo abangane German ngo-1907, wadedelwa ejele, okwathi ngemva kwalokho baya eJalimane kube kuhle kimi.

ukuphila Siqu

Ukuze udlulele izwe yokuhlala unomphela, uRosa kwadingeka yisakhamuzi udaba German. Indlela esheshayo ukwenza lokhu isiphetho umshado isakhamuzi ngalesi simo. Luxembourg baba Gustav eLübeck umyeni esisemthethweni. Ngawo lowo nyaka, owesifazane lowacala eside kuthandana indodana yomngane wakhe Clara Zetkin, Constantine. Leli qiniso kufakazela izincwadi mayelana 600 eziye zalondolozwa kuze kube yilolu suku.

UConstantine umxhwele izinkulumo evuthayo indlovukazi yakhe, ngakho-ke ngokoqobo baba abeluleki bakhe ekutadisheni Marxism. Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, lo mbhangqwana behlukana. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, akukho izindaba uthando kungaqali Roza Lyuksemburg. Izingane zakhe isithakazelo, ngoba ayikaze saphela ahlele ukuhamba wamavukelambuso, futhi kuye, uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, kwakungeyona, yibona abazikhethelayo.

Imisebenzi ngesikhathi Okokuqala Umhlaba

Ngobusuku obandulela nje kwempi, ngo-1913, ngoba amazwi wenza ngokumelene impi elikhula ngokushesha e-Germany, Luxembourg, waboshwa ngonyaka owodwa. Ngemva kokuphuma ejele, akazange ayeke Amanga akhe anti-impi. Agasti 1, 1914, lapho i-Kaiser Germany iqale impi ngo-uMbuso isiRashiya, iqembu Socialist ke ilungu ephalamende isiJalimane, ezathi aziwuthandi umsebenzi ngokuthatha ukubolekisa lempi. Luxembourg isanda eceleni ngokwakhe ngenxa yokuntula enjalo ekugwemeni izingozi kusengaphambili nozakwabo nabangane bakhe entsha ngokushesha wadala umagazini zezombusazwe "Internationale." Rose akazange abe nesikhathi ukubhala isihloko yami yokuqala yalolu hlobo njengoba waphinde waboshwa futhi bevalelwa ejele e-Berlin.

Ngo-February 1915, it waphinda luwele endaweni yeziboshwa ngenxa yokukhuluma emhlanganweni owawuse-Frankfurt am Main. Ngemva konyaka, yena wadedelwa, kodwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu aphinde waboshwa khona. Lesi sikhathi, wanikwa isikhathi eside - eminyakeni emibili nengxenye. Ngaleso sikhathi wayengaselona abasha, ngaphandle abagulayo nesizungu, kodwa uma ucabanga ukuthi udokotela eliwadlula wonke umsebenzi, Rose wabhala eziningi, ehlezi ejele.

Ukudalwa iCommunist Party of Germany

Lapho Ukulwa kwaba, aluthole i adherent oshisekayo esifanayo, njengoba eseneminyaka, e ebusweni wamavukelambuso noKarla Libknehta. Bebonke, bakusekela ukudala inhlangano entsha - "uSpartacus League". Ngo-December 1918, base futhi ndawonye baba abasunguli we-German Communist Party.

Ngesikhathi engqungqutheleni yenhlangano entsha Roza Lyuksemburg wenza umbiko, okuyinto ngempela ngokhahlo wagxeka Russian amaBolshevik ukusungula wezwe ubushiqela eyodwa yangaphandle, e umbono walo, isandla linyathele ku nenkululeko yeningi, kanye nomthelela nokucindezela zonke amaqembu aphikisayo.

Abanonya rink Revolution

Uma owesifazane seliphinde ephumile ejele ngo-1918, kulokhu eJalimane isivele ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele zineminyaka Novemba Revolution. Ukulawula isimo umphakathi lalahleka ngokuphelele, ukwesaba olunegazi ngokoqobo wachitheka ezitaladini, ethwele nabo bonke intukuthelo esiye zanqwabelana phakathi neminyaka engu-kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Njengoba yaziwa, iyiphi revolution wesabeka ngalolo akunjalo lihlukanisa abantu nanamuhla ngakwesokudla kanye nokungalungile, futhi ngazo wonke umuntu oza ngaphansi rink walo wezimpi ezalandela. Futhi indaba ubufakazi u- Rosa Luxemburg sika. Waba omunye izisulu njengoba ozakwabo wangaphambili kuleli qembu, ngubani washesha ngokushesha, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, phezu zobuqili, ukubabulala enzima kanye nozakwabo baba esingathandeki.

Ukushonelwa umngane wamavukelambuso

15 Januwari 1919 Luxembourg, kanye uzakwabo Karlom Libknehtom waboshwa futhi wayiswa ehhotela "Edene". Emnyango isakhiwo yena kwamhlangabeza isixuku yenziwe yonke ngamafayela we amasosha nezikhulu, owaqala ethululela owesifazane inhlamba. Khona-ke ephenywa kokuphenywa okonakalisayo kakhulu, ngemva kwalokho-ke, ngaphansi kwebhaxa emagcekeni ejele Moabit, okwaholela ophumayo ehhotela.

Lapho wesalukazi emhubheni, yena uhlaselwe elinye lamasosha, washaya kabili ekhanda. Lapho wawa, onogada nda futhi kwaletha imoto, lapho kushaywa baqhubeka. Ukubulala u- Rosa Luxemburg ukulo imoto, endleleni eya ejele lapho ekugcineni kufika isimiso ukweyisa owesifazane esingu abahluphi wakhe, futhi umzimba ziphonswe isiteshi amanzi Landverskogo. Ngemva nje kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, okungukuthi 1 Juni zesidumbu sakhe atholakele badoba ephuma emanzini. Revolutionary wangcwatshwa emva kwezinsuku 13 ngesikhathi Berlin emathuneni Friedrichsfelde.