Shintsha ukuthengiselana: izinhlobo, izici kanye nezici

Izenzo zomphakathi zabahlanganyeli zendlela ethile yokuthenga nokudayiswa kwezimpahla ezibonakalayo, okuthiwa "ukuhweba", kuthiwa yigama elithi "ukuthengiswa kwempahla". Izinhlobo zezinto ezinjalo ezididiyelwe zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo ezine ezibanzi. Ngokufanayo, zibandakanya ukuthengiselana, okuyizinto ezinhlobonhlobo zezimpahla nempahla ephethe izimali eziningi. Izinhlobo zokuthengiselana ngezimali kanye nezici zazo zinikezwe kusihloko sethu.

Ukwaziswa okujwayelekile kwemfundiso

Ukushintshanisa ukuthengiselana, umqondo kanye nezinhlobo zazo ezisemkhakheni wezenzo ezisebenzayo zabahlanganyeli bawo, zihloswe ekuthengeni (noma ukuhlukaniswa) kwamalungelo nezibopho ezihlobene nezimpahla ezithengiwe ngaphansi kwenhlobo ethize yokuthengisa. Ngesikhathi sokuthengiselana okunjalo, izinto ezifinyelela ekuhlolweni kanye nembukiso endalini ziyadluliselwa.

Njengomthetho, izinqubo ze-so-called exchange exchange zibonakala ngabahlaziyi abavela ezinhlangothini eziningana. Babhekwa njengombono wokuvumelanisa nemithetho yezomthetho, yezomnotho kanye ehlelekile kanye nezokuziphatha.

Lokho kungukuthengiselana kwezimali, izinhlobo zazo okungaba uhlu olulandelayo:

• Ukuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo ehambisane nokunikezwa kwamasampuli abo ekhwalithi;
• Isiphetho sezinkontileka ekuhlinzekeni kwezimpahla;
• Izivumelwano ezibandakanya ukudluliswa kwempahla endaweni ngaphandle kwemali yokukhokha;
• Ukufinyelela izivumelwano eziholela ekulungile (kodwa hhayi isibopho) ukuthenga izimali ezithile noma izimpahla ezithile ngesikhathi sokuvunyelwana.

Ukuqinisekisa inqubo yokubhida

Ilungelo lokusungula izinqubo ezithile zokuqaliswa kwenqubo yokuhweba ekushintsheni kunomhlangano ngamunye owemukela abathengisi nabathengi abasebenza ensimini ekhethekile yomthetho. Okufanayo esikhungweni ngasinye, okuthiwa ukushintshaniswa, kuyimfuneko yesimo esibhaliwe sesivumelwano phakathi kwababhidi.

Esikhathini sesampula samanje sedokhumende efakazela iqiniso lokuthengiselana, okulandelayo kufanele kubhalwe:

• Isikhathi esithile lapho isihloko sokuhweba kufanele sifike kumamukeli;
• Inombolo yamayunithi wezimpahla;
• Izinkomba lapho umuntu angakwazi khona ukukwahlulela ukuhambisana kwezimpahla ezibonakalayo nezindinganiso zabo zekhwalithi;
• Ukubambisana kobuhlanga kwendaba yokuthengiselana;
• Imigomo kanye nendlela yokukhokha ngaphansi kwenkontileka;
• Ama-Nuances of delivery kanye ne-degree of duty of the parties.

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenkontileka yesikhashana esinqunyiwe, kuphela izinto ezimbili zokugcina ezivela ohlwini ezixoxwe ngazo. Intengo, njengombuso, ibizwa ngokuthi imingcele. Amalungiselelo anjalo abizwa ngokuthi ikusasa.

Izivumelwano ezinikeza ilungelo lokuthenga izimpahla futhi zinganikeli izibopho zidayiswa njengenhlobo ekhethekile yezibambiso, ezibizwa ngokuthi izinketho. Umthengisi othenga idokhumenti elinjalo kanye naye uba ngumnikazi welungelo lokuthenga umkhiqizo othize esikhathini esibekiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zibambiso zingasetshenziswa kokubili ngenhloso futhi zithengise, zidlulisele nayo ithuba lokuthenga into echazwe kuzo.

Ukuthengwa kwemali

Enye yezinhlobonhlobo zezivumelwano zokushintshaniswa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuthengiswa kokubulawa ngokushesha. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwabo, ukudluliselwa kwamasheya kanye nokulungiswa kwenzeka ngosuku lokusayina inkontileka. Olunye uhlobo lokuthengiselana ngezimali luyizinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo, okuqukethwe okuthengwayo nokuthengiswa kwemali yangaphandle.

Ngokushesha ukuthengiswa kokuthengiswa kubizwa ngokuthi yi-cash futhi kungaba izivumelwano ezilula nezivumelwano nezinzuzo ezilindelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusekelwe emisebenzini yomhlaba, ukukhokhwa kwezibambiso ezithintekayo kufanele kwenziwe masinyane noma kungakapheli usuku lwesihlanu lokusebenza ngemuva kokubhaliswa kwemibhalo efanele. Uma iphakheji etholakalayo ihlanganisa amasheya angaphezu kuka-100, ukubalwa kungenziwa zingakapheli amasonto amabili.

Imakethe yemasheya yaseRussia ibeka amanye amanani amaningi ukuze akhokhe ekuthengiseni okusheshayo. Izimali kumele zihanjiswe kungakapheli izinsuku ezimbili. Ngokuthengiselana okujwayelekile, ukubalwa kungathatha izinyanga ezintathu.

Izivumelwano zesikhathi esizayo

Izivumelwano ezinjalo zidinga ukuzwakala kwemigomo ethile yokukhokha nosuku lokusayina kwazo, kanye nefomu elibala lokubeka inani. Izinhlobo zalezi zinkontileka zihlukaniswa ngokucacile, ngokusekelwe kwezici ezilandelayo:

• Isikhathi sekhalenda lapho imali ingakhokhwa khona (inani lezinsuku elichaziwe futhi libhalwe kusengaphambili);
• Idethi yesinqumo ngokubaluleka (okungenzeka kube usuku lokuthengiselana noma yimuphi omunye inombolo);
• Amaphuzu esiphetho sesivumelwano, okuyinto ngokuyinhloko kuxhomeke kohlobo lwawo (ngokubonisa isihloko sesivumelwano, umuntu ngamunye, inketho, njll).

Ngokuvamile, ukuthengiselana okunjalo kuhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili:

• Ukubhekela (uma umuntu obambe iqhaza enkontileka enjalo enelungelo elingokomthetho lokusebenza njengomdayisi futhi ngokuphambene nokuphela kwesikhathi esivumelwaneni);
• Bika (isivumelwano esivumelwaneni mayelana nokudluliswa kwezimpahla zokugcina, ngaphansi kwalokhu iqembu elitholayo lizozithenga ngokuzithengisa).

Kukhona futhi ukuthengiselana kwamasheya, izinhlobo zazo, ekuphetheni kwazo, okufakazela inqubo lapho omunye wabathintekayo esivumelwaneni athola ilungelo lokufuna kusuka kwezinye ukulethwa kwezibambiso, inani lawo elingathathwa yi-coefficient ethile. Izindleko zomunye nomunye, noma kunjalo, zihlala zihleliwe futhi zilingana nalokho okubekiwe ngesikhathi sokuphetha kwesivumelwano.

Ukuthengiselana nokuhlengwa okulandelayo, inketho nokucabangela

Isiphetho sezinkontileka zohlobo lwe "umbiko" kufakwe ezinhlobonhlobo eziyinhloko zokuthengiselana kwezimali futhi kungenye yezinhlobo zezivumelwano ezihlehlisiwe, okuhambisana nokuntuleka kokuzinza emakethe yokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ukuthengiselana okunjalo kufaka ukuthengiselana lapho izibambiso zidluliselwa khona umholo kumxhumanisi okhethiwe ngaphambilini. Ifa eliphakathi lihlala isikhathi esithile futhi likhokhwa ngentengo ephansi kunaleyo esungulwe ukuhlengwa okulandelayo.

Ukuthengiselana, ekuphetheni lapho ilungelo lokuthenga izimpahla kuvela khona, kufakazela ukukhokha ngemuva kwesikhathi esibekiwe, okungeke sibe ngaphansi kwesonto elilodwa lokusebenza kanye nezinyanga ezimbili. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi usuku lokukhokha luhambisana nosuku lwekhalenda, isibopho sokukhokha imali edingekayo sivuselelwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuze kube sevikini eliseduze.

Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi izinhlobo kanye nezici zokuthengiselana kwezimali zingakwazi ukuchazwa ngokugcwele ngaphandle kokubalula izinkomba ezenziwa kulokhu kubhalwa. Kulokhu, naphezu kokuchazwa kabi kweli gama, imisebenzi enjalo ngabachwepheshe abaningi kuthiwa iyinzuzo. Okokuqala, lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi ukuthengiselana okucabangelayo ngandlela-thile kuphazamisa ukungalingani kwamanani ngisho nokuphikisana nabo.

Imithetho Yokuhweba

Ukushintshaniswa kokushintshaniswa kuphethwe ngokubhala ngokuhlelwa kwangaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona isipho esenziwe ngencazelo eningiliziwe yezimo ezincwadini, imiyalezo e-inthanethi, izingxoxo zocingo, njll.

Labo abathintekayo emdlalweni wokushintshanisa, ongabekwa njengabaqeqeshi, ngokuvamile baphetha ngamadili kuphela egameni labo nangendlela yabo. Kuzo, ngokwemigomo yesikhungo, kungumsebenzi wezindleko zezwi kusengaphambili futhi ungaphambuki kuzo kuzo zonke izintandokazi.

Ukuthengiselana okunjalo kubhalisiwe njalo, okwenzeka kuphela uma kukhona idokhumenti efanelekile. Kulo dokhumenti, igunya elifanele lenza inothi futhi linikeze inombolo yocingo yomuntu siqu. Ngemva kokuthola ukuphepha, umnikazi wayo omusha unesibopho sokukwazisa umuntu okhishwayo.

Izihloko nezinto zezinkontileka ezishintshaniswayo

Njengoba imidlalo emakethe yamasheya yenziwa ngokusho kwemithetho eqinile, eyakha isakhiwo esicacile kanye nezinqubo zezinqubo eziqhubekayo, uhlu lwabahlanganyeli balo luqondiswa ngokucacile. Lokhu kufaka:

• Izihloko ezisebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka lomdlalo wokushintshanisa kuphela egameni labo (abathengisi);
• Abantu bezomthetho noma bemvelo abanesimo somthetho sabasunguli bezimathenda;
• Abadayisi benza izenzo zabo egameni labaklayenti.

Bonke ababambiqhaza okubalulwe ngenhla, benza izenzo zabo, bacabange njengezinto zokuthengiselana:

• Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpahla;
• Izinto eziwusizo;
• Imisebenzi;
• Izinzuzo ezivela kumkhiqizo omkhulu noma kumadokhumenti wezezimali zesevisi (ezivela);
• Imali kazwelonke.

Abantu abahlela lo mdlalo ngokushintshanisa banikeza usizo olusemthethweni lwabahwebi ngabanye, futhi benze nokubonisana okujwayelekile kwabo bonke abathintekayo kule ndayini, uma izinhlobo zokuthengiselana ngezimali kanye nenqubo yokubulawa kwazo zibeka isidingo esinjalo.

Impahla kanye nezinqubo zokubamba eziyisisekelo

Ekhuluma ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yezezimali ezibekwe ukudayiswa njengengxenye yomdlalo wokushintshanisa, okulandelayo kukhonjisiwe:

• Imikhiqizo yokukhiqiza ezimboni;
• Amathengi ahloselwe ukucubungula;
• Impahla emkhakheni wezolimo.

Intengo yezinto ezibalwe ngazo zokuhweba yenziwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinqubo zokushintshanisa. Isizathu salokhu, njengokungumthetho, ukulungiswa kwamahhala mahhala, noma kunjalo, ngokuya ngokuqondile emithethweni esungulwe yesikhungo esenza imisebenzi, ikakhulukazi labo abamele izinhlobo zokuthengiselana ngezimpahla zangempela.

Uhlu oluyinhloko lokuthengiselana kwezezimali olwenziwe ohlelweni lwemisebenzi enjalo luhlanganisa:

• Ukuthengwa nokudayiswa;
• Inqubo yokufaka amasheya ohlwini oluvunyelwe ekuhwebeni;
• Ukulawulwa kokulandelwa kwemali yokugcina izimali kanye nezidingo ezibekwa yi-exchange (kanye nezinqubo zemidlalo yokushintshaniswa - izimo ezibekiwe);
• Ukubhaliswa kwezivumelwano kufinyelelwe;
• Ukubeka izintengo zezimali eziyisisekelo nezicatshangwayo;
• Ukufeza izinqubo zokubambisana;
• Ukwesekwa kwezomthetho kokuhlala;
• Ukukhokha nokukhokha okungewona ukheshi kwe-invoyisi;
• Ukuqhuba izibalo ngenhloso yokutadisha imakethe yezimali nokunikeza ulwazi olufanele;
• Imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezimali;
• Ukukhishwa kwamasheya.

Ukwakheka kwamanani

Emkhakheni wegeyimu yokushintshanisa, inani lezimpahla ngokujwayelekile kanye nokuvikeleka ngokukhethekile libekwe kuye ngezimo eziningana:

• Imiphumela yezivumelwano zabathengisi mahhala (abahwebi);
• Ngokuhambisana namaphethini wamakethe wamanje (kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-macroeconomics yesimanje);
• Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zokuthengiswa kwe-auction.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanani asetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuxoxisana ngandlela-thile asekelwe emakethe yamanje, ngokuvamile ewumthombo oyinhloko wolwazi odluliselwa kuwo, okwenza ukhetho ngokuvumelana nesinqumo esisodwa sokugcina.

Izivumelwano, eziza kumaqembu ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuphikisana nohlobo lwe-auction, nazo ziwela esigabeni "sokuthengiselana kwezimali". Izinhlobo zezinkontileka ezinjalo zinezici eziningana zezici futhi zinesithakazelo esikhulu, njengeziko elikhethekile lezezimali.

Izici zendalini

Indalonda yomphakathi, ebanjwe njengengxenye yomdlalo wokushintshaniswa, ihlukaniswe ngokucacile ibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko - ezijwayelekile (zakudala) noma kabili. Owokuqala uhlanganisa nalabo abasendleleni lapho, ngokuncintisana okuncane kakhulu kwezimpahla ezinikeziwe, ngokuncintisana okunzima phakathi kwabo kungabathengisi. Uhlobo lwesibili lubonisa ukusebenzisana okusebenzayo nokuphikisana phakathi kwabathengi njengoba kuchazwe izinhlobo nezinhloso zokushintshanisa Ukuthengiselana.

Uhlobo lwe-auction lwe-classic yilona ukhetho lwaseBrithani lokufaka amabhidi, isici sesici esivela ukwanda kwamanani enqubo - kusukela ekungenani kuze kube yilapho umkhiqizo ekugcineni uzothengiswa khona.

Izicelo zokubamba iqhaza kumabhizinisi ngesimo sabathengisi zihanjiswe kusengaphambili, okudingekayo ekutadisheni, ukuhlolwa kwesitoreji sokuqala kwemikhiqizo ehlongozwayo nokwakhiwa kohlu lwemikhiqizo ehlisiwe. Ukunqunywa kwangaphambili nokuphakama kwesinyathelo, okuzokwandisa inani labo ngesikhathi semidlalo yendali.