Skeleton isibankwa. I Sakhiwo sangekhatsi isibankwa. Izinhlobo kanye namagama izibankwa

Lizard kokuba suborder ekilasini ezihuquzelayo kukhona eziningi kakhulu iqembu lakhe. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka 3,500 zinhlobo futhi zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle Antarctica. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola isakhiwo sangaphakathi, amathambo, izici bokuphila kohlobo isibankwa amagama nemindeni yabo.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo le izibankwa

Izibankwa - lokhu zidalwa ezimangalisayo, okuyinto phakathi nabanye abameleli nezilwane lakhomba inani amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Iqiniso lokuqala - silingana abameleli imiphakathi ezahlukene izibankwa. Ngokwesibonelo komncane kunabo isibankwa brookesia Micra ebudeni 28 mm, kuyilapho omele elikhulu leli qembu ezihuquzelayo - isibankwa Indonesian, udrako Komodo, unesikhundla obuphelele umzimba mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 3 m, nge isisindo cishe isikhathi esisodwa hundredweight nengxenye.

Elesibili, okwenza lezi zilwane ethandwa, hhayi nje phakathi izazi zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi abantu abavamile - yingakho nendlela isibankwa lehla umsila wayo. Leli khono ngokuthi autotomy futhi indlela self-ukulondolozwa. Lapho isibankwa ephunyuka nomzingeli angakwazi ubambe ngomsila, okuyinto empeleni kuyinto usongo ekuphileni we silwane ke. Ukuze asindise ukuphila kwabo izinhlobo ezithile izibankwa naphakathi bayakwazi udedele umsila wayo, okuyinto ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile ikhula futhi. Ukuze ugweme ezinkulu ukopha phakathi autotomy, isibankwa umsila kwesigaba inikezwa neqembu elikhethekile imisipha, kunciphisa imithambo yegazi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho laloku lokubhalwe ngenhla, izibankwa ngokwemvelo ifa enkulu izinga ukumaska, yokuvumelana yombala ambient imvelo. Ezinye zazo, ikakhulukazi chameleon kungathatha umbala elingumakhelwane isihloko ngenxa yemizuzu embalwa. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Iqiniso lokuthi amangqamuzana isikhumba chameleon ehlanganisa izingqimba eziningana cishe esobala, babe izinqubo ezikhethekile kanye lesi sakhi, okuyinto ngaphansi kwethonya amaza emsipheni kungenziwa onomfutho noma decompressed. Ngesikhathi inqubo wokwehla sombala eqoqwe maphakathi esitokisini futhi iba kancane obonakalayo, kodwa lapho inqubo decompressed, lo mbala zibhebhetheka kulo iseli, staining isikhumba umbala ethile.

Uhlaka lwamathambo kanye Sakhiwo sangekhatsi isibankwa

umzimba isibankwa sika yakhiwa izingxenye ezifana ekhanda, emqaleni nasemhlane, isiqu, umsila nasemilenzeni. Umzimba ngaphandle embozwe izikali ehlanganisa uphondo ezincane kanye okwakheke ezithambile kuqhathaniswa amazenga enhlanzi, umjuluko nezindlala esikhumbeni bengekho. Sici sici nakho kwemisipha umzimba eside - Ulimi, ukubamba iqhaza umuzwa izifundo. iso isibankwa ngokungafani nezinye ezihuquzelayo unikezwe ijwabu leso ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Ezicutshini possesses ngezinga elikhulu eliyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho ezihuquzelayo.

skeleton isibankwa futhi inezici ezithile ezikhethekile. Siqukethe entanyeni, emahlombe, lumbar neminyango okhalo exhumanisa yomgogodla. Skeleton isibankwa icanjwe ukuze kukhule ndawonye, izimbambo (ngowokuqala emihlanu) yakha phansi ngasese sternum, okuyisici nobuntu leli qembu ezihuquzelayo ziqhathaniswa nezinye ezihuquzelayo. Thorax eyenza umsebenzi zokuzivikela, ekunciphiseni ingozi mechanical kwezitho ezingaphakathi, ukuba-ke kungase kwandise futhi umthamo enqubeni ukuphefumula. Emikhawulweni Lizard, kanye nezinye eliwumhlaba yezilwane ezinomgogodla ngamadijithi amahlanu, kodwa ngokungafani nezilwane eziphila ezweni zitholakala esimweni uqotho ngaphezulu ukuthi ihlinzeka kokuphakama ezithile ngaphezu kwenhlabathi umzimba, ngenxa yalokho, ukunyakaza ngokushesha. usizo lelincomekako kule nhlangano futhi ube izimpiko eside, okuyinto anemisila ezihuquzelayo ngezidladla. Olunye uhlobo, zingabantu olukhuni ikakhulukazi nokusiza inkosi yayo nimbly ukukhuphuka izihlahla kanye elamadwala.

skeleton isibankwa sika ihlukile kwezinye amaqembu nezilwane ezihamba ezweni ebukhoneni yomgogodla sacral-2 amathambo. Futhi isici esiphawuleka yilona hlaka eziyingqayizivele amathambo caudal, interlayer okungukuthi neokostenevayuschey phakathi kwawo, ngenxa okuyinto kukhona kobuhlungu izinyembezi isibankwa umsila.

Kuyini ukufana phakathi isibankwa Newt?

Abanye abantu ukudida zintulo nge izibankwa - abameleli infraorder izilwane zasemhlabeni tailed. Kuyini ukufana phakathi isibankwa Newt? Abamele lezi superclasses ezimbili efana nomunye lalizishaya, isakhiwo sangaphakathi okuhambelana Tritons nokwakheka kwezilwane eziphila ezweni nezilwane. Noma kunjalo, kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa izitho zomzimba kanye izibankwa zintulo futhi zibukeke bheka okufanayo: ikhanda oyinyoka, nezinkophe ezithathekayo phezu kwamehlo, umzimba eside nge nemilenze emihlanu kwabonakala futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinhlangothini nge Crest ngemuva, umsila, ikhono sikhiqize.

amandla isibankwa

Lizard libhekisela izilwane nongenanembeza ukuba, ukuthi, izinga lokushisa emzimbeni waso iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ezingeni lokushisa elifanele, ngakho lezi zilwane ezimatasa emini, lapho emoyeni nendlu yaqala ukufudumala kakhulu. Iningi lazo - kungcono ezidla zinhlobo isibankwa amagama okuyinto bahlanganisa abantu engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Isizinda of isibankwa izilwane ezidla ezinye incike ubukhulu silwane. Ngakho, izinyoni ezincane kanye naphakathi zidla zonke izinhlobo ezingenamgogodla, ezifana izinambuzane, izicabucabu, izimpethu, mollusk. Izisulu zala izibankwa esikhulu - ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo naphakathi (amaxoxo, izinyoka izinyoni ezincane nezibankwa). Ukukhethwa iyona Komodo dragon, okuyinto ngenxa yobukhulu bawo enkulu angakwazi ukukhokhela yokuzingela umdlalo omkhulu (izinyamazane, izingulube ngisho inyathi naphakathi).

Enye ingxenye isibankwa kungokwalabo herbivorous, ukudla amaqabunga, iingojwana nezinyo kwezimila. Nokho, kukhona kwezinhlobo omnivorous ezifana Madagascar geckos, kanye ukudla izinambuzane nokudla isitshalo (izithelo, umpe).

Ukwahlukaniswa izibankwa

Ukwehlukahluka kwezimangaliso izibankwa kuyinto ngempela umxhwele futhi kuhlanganisa 6 superfamily, selihlukene laba ingqikithi imindeni 37:

• Iguanas.
• Geckos.
• Skinks.
• Veretenitseobraznye.
• Izibankwa.
• Worm-like.

Ngayinye yalezi infraorders Ukuqalisa inezici yenza izimo ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo kanye Kucatshangwa indima eziwukudla.

iguania

Iguanas - lokhu infraorder nge izinhlobonhlobo eziningi eziphilayo, ongeyena kuphela zangaphandle, kodwa ngokuvamile lo Sakhiwo sangekhatsi isibankwa. Ngu iguania zihlanganisa olunjalo lomkhaya owaziwa izibankwa njengoba iguanidae, agamidae nomndeni Unwabu. Iguanas uncamela isimo sezulu esifudumele futhi kunomswakama, ngakho endaweni yazo kuyinto sesihlasela ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Nyakatfo Melika, eNingizimu Melika, kanye ezinye tropical island (Madagascar, Cuba, Hawaii, British Virgin Islands , kanye nabanye.).

Abamele infraorder iguanas bungabonakala isici kakhulu side ngenxa namazinyo plevrodontnyh ka umhlathi ongezansi. Futhi isici esiphawuleka kuba phambi iguanas phezu yokhalo emuva umsila izihlahla ezinameva, ukubaluleka okuvamise emikhulu kwabesilisa. Foot iguana isibankwa ifakwe 5 iminwe, okuyinto yafinyelela by izimpiko (ngamazipho eziphilako bok mude kakhulu kunezinye abameleli eliwumhlaba). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iguania kukhona neziqu ekhanda efana nangesigqoko, nomphimbo anezikhwama, ithuluzi ukukhonza okuwuphawu izinsongo, kanye nokudlala indima ebalulekile kokuzalela.

Ukuma komzimba iguana ngokuyinhloko ezimbili zama:

1. High onomfutho umzimba izinhlangothi okuyinto ngokushelela ludlulele nomsila uqweqwe. Lokhu komzimba kungaba ikakhulukazi atholakala abantu abahlala izihlahla, isibonelo uhlobo lwe Polychrus kule ndawo-South America.
2. Isicaba umzimba disk emise - ihlangabezana abameleli iguania ophilayo emhlabeni.

gekkota

I gekkota infraorder kuhlanganisa nomndeni Tsepkopalye, pygopodidae futhi eublepharinae. Futhi isici elivamile laso sonke abameleli infraorder ethile chromosome isethi kanye ingalo ekhethekile indlebe. gekkota Iningi lwaleli zygomatic, futhi ulimi banayo uqweqwe olunjengemfoloko.

• Umkhaya Gekkonovyh (tsepkopalyh) izibankwa ophilayo Emhlabeni abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-50 iminyaka. Amathambo endoda isibankwa izici bokuphila ingashintshwa ukuze baphile kuwo wonke umhlaba. Sinenkosi olwenzeka endaweni ebanzi kakhulu kokubili uma kushisa futhi ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elithokomele. Isibalo zinhlobo omkhaya ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane.
• Pygopodidae umndeni ingenye the izibankwa legless, ubukeka ufana kakhulu izinyoka. Ukuhlukanisa kubo kusukela inyoka kungaba isici ngokucindezela imisindo, okuyinto abazi ukukhiqiza ukuxhumana nomunye. Umzimba njengoba izinyoka, eside, ngokushelela odlula ku umsila, okuyinto ingashintshwa ukuze autotomy. ikhanda isibankwa imbozwe enezinto izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana. Population ibala pygopodidae 7 izizukulwane futhi 41 zinhlobo. Habitat - Australia, Guinea nezindawo ezweni eliseduze.
• Eublepharinae umndeni - isibankwa elincane ubude mayelana 25 cm coloration variegated, ebusuku. Ezidla, zidla izinambuzane. Bahlala phezu amazwekazi aseMelika, e-Asia nase-Afrika.

scincomorpha

Abamele scincomorpha izibankwa zisakazwa wonke amazwekazi nge sezulu imnene, ezishisayo nezithokomele. Ngokuyisisekelo abakhileyo ezweni, nakuba kukhona izinyoni semi zasemanzini, labo ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi ekuphileni kwabo izihlahla. Lokhu infraorder lihlanganisa imindeni ezilandelayo:

• Plate-tailed umndeni - omunye eziningi kakhulu isakhiwo ngezigaba, okuhlanganisa izizukulwane mayelana 130 futhi ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane zilwane. Sabalalisa cishe emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle Antarctica. Bahlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, nakuba kukhona kude yenkabazwe. I ezinabantu abaningi owakhiwe yile umndeni ka eziQhingini zasePacific, eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia nase-Afrika. izibankwa Plate-tailed beze lobehlukene, izinhlobo ezahlukene ziyehluka uhla 8-70 cm.
• Umkhaya lacertidae latsertidy noma has 42 izizukulwane futhi 307 zilwane. Ingashintshwa ukuze abahlala izinhlobo ezahlukene esishintshashintshayo yemvelo: emaqeleni, amahlathi, izingwadule, izintaba ngisho ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi. Zasakazekela kulo lonke i-Eurasia yayigcwele nase-Afrika (ngaphandle nje kwemibhoshongo. Madagascar). Latsertidy - izibankwa ezincane ikakhulukazi kanye naphakathi, kodwa kukhona kwezinhlobo ezinkulu, efana pearl isibankwa. Ukudla - okungcono esidla inyama (izinambuzane, ezingenamgogodla elincane).
• Teiidae umndeni (11 izizukulwane, 129 zinhlobo) uhlala kuleli zwekazi South American futhi engxenyeni eseningizimu-Nyakatfo Melika. Ubukhulu izibankwa isukela 8 cm 1.5 m Sici sici nolimi olunjengemfoloko efana izibankwa, zona wathola ukuthi igama lesibili -. Izibankwa American. Eqinisweni Enelukuluku ukuthi imiphakathi kwezinye zezinhlobo afakiwe kuphela nabesifazane, balala amaqanda unfertilized, okuyinto yilabo abake a kuphela besifazane.
• Cordylidae umndeni (mayelana 70 zinhlobo) abahlala Ezindaweni ezinesomiso Afrika. Bona ingatholakala kwi izikali ekhethekile ezinkulu, kukhona ngaphansi okuyinto ithambo amapuleti. izikali Major ribbed ihlanganisa wonke emuva futhi sekuqalile ukuba esifundeni umsila emasongweni ezibanzi, ihlanganisa umsila. Lizard-Cordylidae eside afinyelela 40 cm.
• Gerrhosauridae umndeni abahlala ezindaweni ezomile futhi ephuma kabili omile Afrika. Bobabili yokuphila eliwumhlaba kanye lulwimi yasemanzini. ngezidladla olukhuni uvumele gerrhosauridae deftly ukukhuphuka emadwaleni. Sinenkosi isakhiwo esifana esikalini izibankwa ipuleti-tailed omkhaya kanye izici ezivamile isakhiwo sangaphakathi izibankwa evamile.
• Gimnoftalmidy umndeni kuwo wonke yeNingizimu Melika eningizimu yeMelika. Ingabe phakathi izibankwa ezincane, abantu abadala abenza akhule 6 cm. Gimnoftalmidy bahlala ehlathini, ngisho ezintabeni, abe zifana teiidae futhi ucasha cishe amahlanu ukubeletha izinhlobo anamakhulu mabini.
• Ebusuku Lizard umndeni lethiwa ngenxa yendlela yokuphila emini izibankwa ukufihla, phuma ebusuku ukuzingela izinambuzane futhi izicabucabu. Umkhaya ezimbalwa (18 zinhlobo) abahlala ezindaweni ezomile ku elamadwala, ubude omdala akuvamile idlula 15 cm.

Veretenitseobraznye isibankwa

Infraorder veretenitseobraznyh izibankwa libhekene izikali ezincane nge unjoint phakathi phansi ithambo amapuleti. Phakathi veretenitseobraznyh izibankwa zenzeka njengoba zinhlobo legless futhi isibankwa nge isakhiwo ezivamile umzimba nge nemilenze emihlanu kwabonakala. Infraorder kuhlanganisa imindeni emithathu:

• Ksenozavry umndeni ihluke kwezinye imikhaya yentuthuko esitho, futhi okungezona iyunifomu izikali. Siqokomisa khona nezinkophe nezinqe ukuzwa ukuvuleka. Umndeni kuhlanganisa ezimbili kuphela izinhlobo kwendawo eMelika Ephakathi futhi China.
• Veretenitsievye umndeni possesses emihlathini eqinile, eline namazinyo blunt. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu izibankwa ezidla, landa ezizalwa ziphila. Umndeni kuhlanganisa izizukulwane mayelana 10 futhi 80 zinhlobo zitholakala ngokuyinhloko emazweni aseMelika. Usayizi abadala emhlabeni 50-60 cm.
• umndeni Legless has ezimbili kuphela zinhlobo nge izindawo eMexico naseCalifornia. Kuhambisana nokuntuleka kwamalungu omzimba, izimbobo kokuzwa netindishi bony.

varanoidea isibankwa

Varanoidea infraorder kuhlanganisa omunye uhlobo lwe - Gada izibankwa - futhi abangaba ngu-70 kwezinhlobo. Izibankwa ahlala e-Afrika, kwasinda o.Madagaskar, Australia neNew Guinea. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke izibankwa zilwane, Komodo qapha yirekhodi yangempela phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo izibankwa ngobukhulu, nobude bawo 3 metres, nesisindo 120 kg. kwakusihlwa Angase kahle lonke ingulube. Lezi zilwane ezincane kunazo zonke qapha isibankwa (Varan iDemo-tailed) ingeqi 28 cm ubude.

Varan isibankwa Incazelo: umzimba side, intamo side, esitho poluvypravlennom isikhundla, nolimi olunjengemfoloko. Izibankwa - kuphela uhlobo lwe of izibankwa, ogama skull kuyinto ossified ngokugcwele, ezinhlangothini bavezwa izimbobo indlebe. Amehlo achazwayo kahle, enikezwe round umfundi kanye ijwabu leso ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla. Izikali ngemuva siqukethe amapuleti elincane okusaqanda noma round on esiswini ipuleti ukuthatha simise elingunxande kwi ikhanda zikanhlangothiningi. Inamandla umzimba ukuphela imisila hhayi kangako ukuthi izibankwa bayakwazi bazivikele, ukukusingatha amagalelo esindayo kwesitha. Ngo izibankwa, okuholela endleleni zasemanzini wokuphila, umsila isetshenziswa ukuba silinganisele ngesikhathi zibhukuda zinhlobo bok, kunzima kakhulu nezimo futhi bayaphikelela, ekusizeni ukukhuphuka amagatsha. Izibankwa zihluke kakhulu ezinye izibankwa inhliziyo isakhiwo (Four-chamber), efana ezincelisayo, ngenkathi inhliziyo izibankwa kusuka kwamanye infraorders has amakhamera amathathu.

Ngu indlela yokuphila phakathi izibankwa ubuswa zinhlobo eliwumhlaba, kodwa kukhona labo chitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini kanye nezihlahla. Umzimba izibankwa ngiyijwayele impilo ezindaweni ezahlukene, lapho betholakala khona ehlane, futhi kakhulu emahlathini emvula, futhi ogwini. Eziningi zalezi izilwane ezidla ezinye abakhuthele emini, zinhlobo ezimbili kuphela izibankwa herbivorous. Prey izibankwa ezidla ezihlukahlukene mollusk izinambuzane, inhlanzi, izinyoka (ngisho ezinesihlungu!), Izinyoni, ezihuquzelayo, amaqanda, ezinye izibankwa izibankwa esikhulu ngokuvamile cannibalistic, ukudla omakhelwane babo abancane ethambile. Zonke uhlobo qapha izibankwa libhekisela izibankwa amaqanda-laying.

Gada izibankwa ibalulekile hhayi kuphela njengoba isixhumanisi eziwukudla lebanga kwendawo yazo, kodwa futhi ngoba imisebenzi anthropological. Ngakho, lezi isikhumba isibankwa obusetshenziswa embonini yendwangu njengoba material for izicathulo ezihlukahlukene ngisho athole izinto zokuthunga. Kwezinye izifundazwe, abantu balapha isebenzisa inyama yalezi zilwane ukuze zithole ukudla. Kwezokwelapha, isibankwa igazi isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa antiseptics. Futhi-ke, lezi izibankwa ngokuvamile abakhileyo terrariums.

dibamidae

Ingqalasizinda yezimbungulu ezinjenge-worm iqukethe umndeni owodwa, abameleli babo abancane, abangenamthetho, abafana nezimpethu. Bahlala emhlabathini bese behola indlela yokuphila yokugubha. Isakazwa endaweni yehlathi e-Indonesia, ePhilippines, eNdiya, e-China naseNew Guinea.