Subcomandante Marcos: Biography nesithombe

Subcomandante Marcos - sezombusazwe futhi izinguquko Mexican, omunye wabaphostoli we Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), ibutho elihlomile ezavukela uhulumeni wase-Mexico e Chiapas ngo-January 1994.

biography

Isithombe, okuyinto efihla inhloko yabangamashumi EZLN, bekulokhu kuncike nokuqagela okuningi, njengoba ngesikhathi bevela wakhe njalo ngaphambi abezindaba ezweni noma emhlabeni jikelele, wayehlale wafihla ubuso bakhe ngaphansi Balaklava. Naphezu kwalokhu, ngo-February 1995, Subcomandante Marcos Ukhumula imaski: uhulumeni Mexican likhombe kuye njengoba Rafael Sebastian Gilena Visente. Ngokusho kwemithombo, uMongameli yaseMexico, u-Ernesto Zedillo, Guillén wazalwa ngoJulayi 10, 1957 ku Tampico (Tamaulipas), umkhaya omkhulu ukwenza ukuhweba ifenisha. Waqala izifundo zakhe edolobheni lakubo, Guillén baqhubeka ke Guadalajara futhi Monterrey, bese wabhalisa e-National Autonomous University of Mexico, lapho amukelwa khona degree ifilosofi nezincwadi. Imithombo efanayo atjho bona engu 24 wanquma ukushiya sobuhle bayo umsebenzi wayo oholela imali yokufundisa, wahambela Chiapas, futhi baba inxusa amalungelo abantu bomdabu isimo.

Lesi sici kungenzeka usekelwe Zapatista kuvukela, njengoba ukunyakaza uzama embule nomnyombo anqwabelene emakhulwini amaningi backwardness lwebantfu bemdzabu zonke ukuthi zifune ukuqondiswa ukuthuthukiswa yabo emphakathini. Iqiniso lokuthi Subcomandante Marcos (isithombe kuboniswe esihlokweni) okuye kwaziwa ngokuthi umuntu ingeyona yimiphi amasiko endawo, hhayi ngisho umhlali State of Chiapas, Zedillo kwaba agumenti soMthetho woHulumeni ngomzamo ukuliveza lingamanga ukunyakaza. Ngokusho ubuholi yaseMexico, mbumbulu ukuze inhloso ezifihliwe kwezombusazwe abazinze ye kwesokunxele ongaswele amaNdiya Mexican esetshenziswa ukuliveza lingamanga national executive.

Iqhaza labezindaba

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, omunye wemithombo ukuthandwa ukunyakaza Zapatista yaphumelela, owasetshenziswa Subcomandante Marcos we imibono yomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba. Walifunda izinkondlo, bayazidlalela futhi bamemezela izigijimi ezibucayi zezombusazwe esisayinwe ngasese amakomiti-mbuso ka-abantu bomdabu, ogama umholi. Embikweni owakhishwa abezindaba ishicilelwe inethiwekhi (ngaphandle kokungabaza, okungesinye isihluthulelo ukuthandwa inguquko ngaphandle kwezwe), izimfuno babenzelwa ukuguquka eMexico ku republic lezizwe ezihlukahlukene kanye nokwamukelwa amalungelo amakomiti kwemithombo yomdabu yemvelo kuhlanganyela ekuphatfweni kamasipala, eqinisekisa kubo wobulungisa, nokungakhethi, ezihlinzeka ngosizo kanye isiqinisekiso ilungelo ukuqhuba amasiko futhi amasiko abo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo Mexican okwakufanele babhekwe njengabezinye sokuthi omasipala Abantu Bomdabu izophathwa amaNdiya ngokwabo, nokuthi abantu bomdabu kufanele banelungelo ngokwabo yokuxazulula ezinye civil, lobugebengu, abasebenzi kanye izimpikiswano bezentengiselwano ngendlela yokuthi umthetho kazwelonke uyakucabangela amasiko abo.

Zapatista kuvukela

Subcomandante Marcos oholwa Zapatista National Liberation Army ngosuku lokuqala luka-January 1994 wathatha amadolobha ayisithupha e Chiapas, kuhlanganise San Cristobal de las Casas. Ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi nambili zakwa-izibhelu futhi abalimala eziningi womuntu futhi ukulimala, waqala izingxoxo nohulumeni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Marcos (Rafael Sebastian Guillén Vicente) nengxenye ezingxoxweni ezinjalo, futhi wahlala sibalo izifanekiselo kakhulu ukunyakaza Zapatista.

Ngo-February 1996, izithunywa uhulumeni kanye abashokobezi wasayina iSan Andrés sivumelwano amalungelo kwemithombo yomdabu yemvelo, kodwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva EZLN osolwa uMongameli Zedillo esephule inkontileka baphule inkhulumomphendvulwano phakathi kwezinhlangano. I inhlanganiso ubeka ububanzi ezibanzi lokuzibusa of amashumi ezigidi amaNdiya Mexican, waqinisekisa ukuqashelwa bokuba khona isimo abantu bomdabu, mafomu lokulawula, amasiko nemikhuba, kodwa uMongameli Zedillo ezihlongozwayo edition ezahlukene umbhalo yenqatshwe izihlubuki, futhi ngo-January 1997, i-EZLN wasuka inqubo yezingxoxo.

resumption of inkhulumomphendvulwano

Ngemva ushintsho amandla kuleli zwe ngokuvumelana imiphumela yokhetho e-July 2000, umongameli omusha Visente Foks esimisiwe wangaphambili Senator Luis Alvarez uKhomishana Ukuthula e Chiapas. Alvarez kwakheka iKhomishana Concord nokuthula (Cocopa), unesibopho ukuthuthukiswa umthetho okusalungiswa, wafingqa izivumelwano ufinyelelwe, edinga kuhambisana Zapatistas.

Elisanda kuqokwa Mexican uMongameli Fox ahlinzekwa ukuze uqhube izingxoxo abashokobezi, futhi Marcos uye wavuma, ngisho ngokuvuma ukuya dolobha yombuso. Ngakusasa ngemva kokwethulwa umholi we EZLN ngesikhathi ophithizelayo press conference, izintatheli wathi okufunwa sihlubuki ukubuyisela inkhulumomphendvulwano ngombana wasuka ibutho kusukela esifundeni, ukuqala kwesivumelwane iSan Andrés futhi ukudedela iziboshwa izishoshovu.

Kuhlanganiswa ezikhundleni ezibanikeza kahulumeni namavukelambuso wasiza behluliwe Chiapas PRI party futhi yakha umfelandawonye elisha elibusayo. Pablo Salazar Governor wathatha ihhovisi mhlaka 8 Disemba 2000 futhi wathembisa ukugqugquzela ukubuyisana umehluko eziyinkimbinkimbi zenhlalo, ezombusazwe, ezolimo kanye zenkolo. Umbusi wathembisa ukuqala izinqubo zomthetho ukuba kukhululwe iziboshwa Zapatistas, okwakuyigama omunye izimo Marcos esiyinhloko inkhulumomphendvulwano kuvuselelwe.

Zapatista mashi

Ezinsukwini zokuqala we bakhe, Fox ngaphambilini ukukhululwa kwe-40 iziboshwa Zapatista futhi kancane ukuhoxisa amasosha ayo kusukela isimo sokuvukela. Wabuye wathumela ukuba Congress bill amalungelo abantu bomdabu, njengoba kuvunyelwene ku 1996. Marcos waphendula zasenhla isimemezelo imashi enhlokodolobha i-isimemezelo izimfuno zabo Congress. It ifinyelele osenyameni encane ingxabano, esahlanganisa lutho ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. EZLN bacela ukumasha Mexico City, ephelezelwa abameleli iKomidi Esibomvu International, kodwa uhulumeni ucindezelwa umphakathi wezamabhizinisi kanye lempi ukuvimbele lokhu kungenzeka. Fox osolwa abashokobezi iwukuthi abazange onginike impendulo omuhle esabelweni kwenziwa yesula ukuhoxiswa amabutho eyayikhokhelwa ukudedela iziboshwa, futhi Marcos wasolwa umongameli lokuthi wayeseholela sengathi unesithakazelo ekuxazululeni ingxabano ngaphandle kokuthatha izinqumo zangempela ukuthula.

February 24, 2001 Zapatista Imashi iqale kwi round esisha ngxabano. izinsuku ezingu-15 ngemuva kokuqala wadlula kuka 3000 km ezindaweni telive letiphuyile, eholwa Subcomandante kulandelana bafike endaweni indawo El Zocalo eMexico City. umholi wamavukela mbuso yamemezela inhloso bakhe ukuba bahlale inhlokodolobha kuze ukwamukelwa ephalamende umthetho okusalungiswa ukunikeza babekwazi ukuthatha amashumi ezigidi amaNdiya. Mashi 12 EZLN abameleli kwadingeka kokuhlangana kwabo kokuqala ne Cocopa Commission ezandulela umhlangano ezishoshovu zezwe lase-namalungu Mexican Congress iSigele. Marcos uhulumeni ezihlongozwayo ukuhlela umhlangano phakathi abamele lezi zihlubuki 10 no-10 senators, kodwa Subcomandante awavumelani futhi waphoqelela ithimba uvele ngaphambi komhlangano ephalamende emakamelweni. Esikhathini engekho esivumelwaneni, futhi, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene yibhange bill isitatimende, uMarcos kungalindelekile ikhipha isinqumo sakhe bayishiye inhloko-dolobha bese ubuyela ezintabeni zakwa Chiapas.

Ingcindezi kwadingeka nomphumela waso, futhi uMongameli Visente Foks banquma ukuvuma abashokobezi futhi uvimbele ukubuya we Zapatistas, okungasenza a stalemate entsha enqubeni ukuthula. Inhloko isimo samemezela ukukhululwa kwencwadi zonke abashokobezi ababoshiwe ukuhoxisa amasosha akuleli lezisekelo ezintathu lempi esifundeni lamahlubuka futhi uthembise ukwenza umzamo ithimba sihlubuki sabizwa etholwe Congress.

Phakathi mhlangano oyingqopha-mlando ezokuba ngoMashi 22, 2001, nePhalamende (amavoti 218 ngoba, 210 ngokumelene, 7 abstentions) iqhaza EZLN kuthumela. 28 Mashi 23 Abashokobezi isihambeli wathatha ezinhlwini wokuqala kuleli ephalamende waseMexico ekhuluma ngisesiteji ka 'umyali "Esteri, ilungu buholi betepolitiki EZLN. Ngemva kwenkulumo yakhe evikela amalungelo abantu bomdabu, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi Miss Marsh wenza. Inqubo ukuthula kuqaliswa futhi Ungowokuqala okuxhunyanwa naye phakathi abashokobezi futhi uhulumeni. Subcomandante Marcos kanye Zapatistas, ngokusobala wanelisekile, Mashi 30 wabuyela Chiapas.

Umzabalazo uyaqhubeka

Naphezu abezindaba ukunqoba, abaholi bomdabu funa ayitholanga ukusekelwa kulindeleke. Ngo-April, Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye neCongress yokutholwa idokhumenti ohlinzekela ukwethulwa izinguquko kuMthethosisekelo ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abantu bomdabu, kodwa Ukuchitshiyelwa the Iphrojekthi yokuqala kakhulu kungagcini San andresskie sivumelwano futhi yabangela ukusabela okungekuhle. amaqembu Bomdabu, ekugcineni, benqaba umthetho amalungelo kanye nesiko abantu bomdabu, ayinikeli izindlela ukuthi siqalise lezi zinhlelo amalungelo. Futhi, Zapatistas baye bazwakalisa ukuphikiswa okuqondile nombhalo, evunywe Chamber, njengoba ayivumeli "akukho self, akukho ukuzimela bangempela." Subcomandante Marcos yamemezela ukuthi EZLN ngeke ziqhubeke izingxoxo uhulumeni, okwesikhashana ngo-1996, futhi uzoqhubeka ukulwa.

abantu bomdabu, amaqembu nabanengqondo futhi Party leftist we Democratic Revolution, bafaka kumangala ezingaphezu kuka-300 kuphambene nomthetho ophasiswe Congress, kodwa ngo-September 2002 wasenqaba eNkantolo Ephakeme.

Okunye imikhankaso

Ngo-August 2005, enkulumweni yakhe yeningi yokuqala ngqa kusukela Ngentwasahlobo yango-2001 Marcos e Chiapas wamemezela inhloso yayo hhayi ukusekela yimiphi abafundela kungena ehhovisi ngo-2006 futhi ngokucijile yabagxeka, ikakhulukazi wangaphambili Mexico City Imeya Manuel Lopez Obrador. Subcomandante wabuye wathi ukuhlanganiswa oluzayo ukunyakaza Zapatista sezombangazwe Mexican kuyokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukusungulwa kwesiGungu phambi ezibanzi ngakwesokunxele. Ngosuku lokuqala 2006 Marcos waqala uhambo isithuthuthu ezweni lonkana ekusekeleni lo okuthiwa "nezinye umkhankaso" kwakhiwe umzabalazo esihlanganisa abantu bomdabu wezwe namaqembu ukumelana ushintsho ngaphesheya uhlanga. Ngemuva kokhetho, ngezinye izikhathi uvele ngesitatimende esilandelayo.

Comandante neze kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni noma waphika ukuthi Guillén.

Subcomandante Marcos: lokusungula

Umholi Zapatistas utlole Tindzaba ezingaphezu kuka-200 futhi izindaba futhi ishicilele amabhuku 21, lapho echaza nemibono yakhe yezombusazwe nefilosofi. Imisebenzi eshicilelwe ngaphansi kwegama Subcomandante Marcos - "The Other Revolution" (2008), «¡Ya Basta! Eminyakeni eyishumi we Zapatista Uprising "(2004)," Izinkinga kanye izinkemba :. Tales of the Zapatista Revolution "(2001), njll kubo umlobi ukhetha ukukhuluma hhayi ngqo ngesimo inganekwane.

umsebenzi avamile, okuyinto enyatheliswa Subcomandante Marcos - "Wesine neMpi Yezwe waqala" (2001). Umbhali ezintweni ezithinta neo-liberalism kwembulunga yonke. A impi yezwe yesithathu, acabanga iMpi Yomshoshaphansi phakathi ne-capitalism ne-ndawonye, futhi uyalilandela - phakathi izikhungo ezinkulu zezimali.

Subcomandante Marcos, ogama izincwadi ezilotshiwe ngendlela engokomfanekiso, kuyindida futhi yothando, kungenzeka ngakho wazama ungasuki isimo esibuhlungu azichazayo. Kunoma ikuphi, ngamunye imisebenzi yakhe iphila inhloso ethize, okufakazela igama incwadi "izwi lethu - isikhali sethu" (2002), iqoqo izihloko, izinkondlo, izinkulumo kanye namagama.

Subcomandante Marcos: izingcaphuno

Omunye izihloko ema-eseyi 1992 simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

"Lesi sahluko ulandisa indlela uhulumeni ophakeme ikhathazekile ukuthi iyona ebangela ubumpofu abantu bomdabu Chiapas, futhi uye wakha amahhotela, emajele, ibhalekisi kanye sezindiza wezempi. Liphindze lisitjele kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi isilo odla igazi kwabantu, kanye nezinye izingozi kanye nezigameko ngeshwa ... Idlanzana izinkampani, enye yazo isimo Mexican of Chiapas esabela wonke umnotho esenana kokushiya umzila ezesabekayo futhi enobuthi. "

Ingcaphuno incwadi ethi "The Okwesine neMpi Yezwe waqala":

"Ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, capitalism wadala horror lempi - ibhomu neutron, isikhali esibhubhisa ukuphila lapho ephuma isakhiwo njengoba yayinjalo. Nokho, phakathi Okwesine neMpi Yezwe, wathola entsha isimangaliso isikhali - ibhomu zezimali. Ngokuphambene, eHiroshima futhi Nagasaki, it nje kuphela lichitha umuzi, ukuthumela ukufa, horror kanye nokuhlupheka kwalabo abahlala kuzo, kodwa futhi uphendulela umgomo walo kwenye ingxenye iphazili ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwezomnotho. "