Iyini i-OVR kumakhemikhali anamuhla?

Masikhulume ngalokho okushiwo i-OVR ekuhlanganisweni okungavamile nokuphilayo.

Inqubo Incazelo

Ukucubungula-ukunciphisa ukucutshungulwa kuyaqondakala ukuthi kusho izinqubo ezinjalo, ngenxa yalokho isimo se-oxidation samakhemikhali amabili noma ngaphezulu amakhemikhali ezinkimbinkimbi noma ezilula ezizoshintsha.

Iyini i-oxidation?

Ngokwe-oxydation kusho ukuphendulwa kwamakhemikhali lapho i-athomu noma i-ion ethile ikhulula ama-electron, ngenkathi yehlisa isimo sayo sokuqala se-oxidation. Le nqubo ifaneka ngezinsimbi.

Kuyini Ukubuyisela?

Ngenqubo yokunciphisa kusho ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali, ngenxa yalokho isimo se-oxidation se-ion noma into elula eyokwehlisa, ngokufaka ama-electron. Lokhu kusabela kuyisici sezinsimbi ezingezona zensimbi nama-asidi.

Izici ze-agent yokunciphisa

Uma sicabangela umbuzo wokuthi i-OVR iyini, umuntu akanakunaki umqondo onjengokuthi "uhlaziye".

Kusho i-molecule engathathi hlangothi noma i-ion, eyokwenza i-elektron enye i-ion noma i-athomu, ngenxa yokwenyuka kwamakhemikhali, ngenkathi ikhulisa isimo sayo se-oxidation.

Ukunqunywa kwe-oxidant

Ukuphikisana ngalokho okushiwo i-OVR, kubalulekile futhi ukubiza igama elithi "oxidizer". Ngalokhu, kuyisiko ukuchaza i-ion enjalo noma ama-athomu angathathi hlangothi, okuyokwenzeka lapho kuhlangana khona amakhemikhali kuzothatha ama-electron angamanye ama-athomu noma izinhlayiyana ezingathathi hlangothi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimo sayo sokuqala se-oxidation sizokwehla.

Izinhlobo ze-OBR

Ukuphikisana ngalokho okushiwo i-OVR, kubalulekile ukuphawula ngalezo zinhlobonhlobo zalezi zinqubo, okuvame ukucatshangwa ngokuhlanganiswa okungahleliwe kanye nokwenyama.

Ukusebenzisana kwe-intermolecular presuppose izinqubo lapho i-athomu yomshini wokunciphisa kanye ne-oxidizer itholakala ezintweni ezahlukene zokuqala ezifaka ukuxhumana. Isibonelo salolu hlobo lokuguqulwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-manganese oxide (4) kanye ne-hydrochloric acid, okuphumela eklorini enamandla, i-divalent manganese chloride, namanzi.

Esikhathini senqubo yamakhemikhali okucatshangelwayo, i-chlorine anions ivela njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa, i-oxidizing njengenzuzo yokuxhumana. I-cation yama-manganese (ngesimo se- oxidation +4) ibonisa ikhono le-oxidative ekuphenduleni, ithatha ama-electron amabili, libuyiselwa.

Ukuxhumana kwe-intramolecular ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali, lapho kokubili ama-athomu we-ejenti ekunciphiseni kanye nama-athomu omoya aqala umthombo owodwa, futhi emva kokuqedwa kwezinguquko ekukhiqizweni okuhlukahlukene.
Isibonelo salolu hlobo lokusabela kungukubola kwe -potassium chlorate. Uma ishisa, lesi sici sizophenduka i-potassium chloride ne-oxygen. Izakhiwo ze-oxidizing zizoba yisici se-anion chlorate, okuyinto, ukuthatha ama-electron amahlanu ekuphenduleni, izokwehliselwa ku-chloride.

Kulesi simo, i-anion oksijeni izobonisa izakhiwo zokunciphisa, okwenziwe i-oxidized oksijeni yomoya. Ngakho-ke yini i-OVR kulokhu? Lena inqubo yokudluliswa kwama-electron phakathi kwe-ions, okuholela ekusungulweni kwemikhiqizo emibili yokusabela.

Futhi, kulolu hlobo lwezinguquko zamakhemikhali, ezenzeka ngenguquko ezikhulwini ze-oxidation ezakhiwe ekuqaleni ezitholakala kwifomula elilodwa, kuyinkqubo yokuchithwa kwe-ammonium nitrite. I-nitrojeni, emi i-ammonium cation, ene-degree of oxidation -3, ngenkathi inqubo inikeza ama-electron ayisithupha futhi ihlanganiswa ne-nitrogen yamangqamuzana. Futhi leyo nitrogen, engxenyeni ye-nitrite, ithatha ama-electron ayisithupha, kuyilapho i-ejenti yokuncipha, kanti ngesikhathi sokuphendula i-oxidized.

Iyini i-OVR ekhemistry? Incazelo ekhonjisiwe ngenhla ibonisa ukuthi lezi zinguquko ezihambisana nezinguquko ezinhlangothini eziningana zezizinda zokuxuba.

Ukuzikhohlisa nokunciphisa (ukungahloniphi) kuveza izinqubo ezinjalo, lapho kuthiwa, njenge-agent yokunciphisa kanye ne-oxyidizer, kubonakala i-athomu eyodwa yokuqala ezokwandisa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iyanciphisa isimo sayo se-oxidation ngemuva kokuqedwa kokuxhumana. Ukuphikisana ngokuthi yini i-OVR ekhemistry, izibonelo zokuguqulwa okunjalo zingatholakala ngisho nasesikhathini samakhemikhali esikoleni samabanga aphansi. Ukuwohloka kwe-potassium sulfite lapho kushisa kuholela ekubunjweni kwamassala amabili ale nsimbi: i-sulphide ne-sulfate. Isibabule nesimo se-oxidation se-+4 sibonisa kokubili ukunciphisa nokukhipha izakhi, ukukhula nokunciphisa isimo se-oxidation.

Ukuqonda ukuthi i-OVI isho ukuthini emakhemikhali, ake sithi igama elithile lalezi zinguquko zamakhemikhali. Ukwehlukanisa okubandakanya izinqubo ezinjalo, ngenxa yalokho ama-athomu we-ejenti yokunciphisa kanye ne-oxidizer akhona ekubunjweni kwezingxenye ezehlukene zokuqala, kodwa ngakwesokudla benza isenzo esisodwa sokuphendula. Isibonelo, ekusebenzisaneni kwe-sulfur oxide (4) ne-hydrogen sulphide, isulfure namanzi kuzokwakha. Ion sulfur ene-oxydation state of +4 izothatha ama-electron amane, futhi ion i-sulfur ene-exponent -2 inqatshelwe ama-electron amabili. Ngenxa yalokho, bobabili baba yinto elula, lapho izinga le-oxidation liyi-zero.

Isiphetho

Uma sicabanga ngombuzo walokho i-OVR emakhemikhali, siyaqaphela ukuthi lezi yizinguquko eziningi ezisebenza kuzo izinto eziphilayo, izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo nezenzakalo ezikhona. Ukuze uhlele ama-coefficients kulezo zilinganiso, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa ibhalansi ye-elekthronikhi.