KumiswaIndaba

The Battle of the Somme: igagasi lempi futhi umphumela wayo

Ngo-1916, impi ye-isikhundla enkundleni yemidlalo isiFulentshi impi yayiqhubeka isikhathi eside kakhulu phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi. Kwaphela izinyanga amasosha wamabutho eziphikisanayo ayikwazanga kuthuthukiswe ngisho ikhilomitha.

ukuqeqeshwa

Umbimbi ubuso British nesiFulentshi bavumelana bodwa mayelana okuhlaselayo athishela. Iqhaza main olungiselwe ohlangothini republic kanti British waqala ukwenza imisebenzi. Kwaba impi Somme, egcwele enye yezimpi zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho yempi.

Ngokwe-plan, umbimbi Entente yayihlasela nayo etincenyeni letintsatfu: Russian, isiNtaliyane nesiFulentshi. Imibiko Evelele Yonyaka ingxoxo ngo-December 1915 edolobheni Chantilly e Picardie. Italian futhi Russian babekhuphukela ukuqala ukusebenza ngo-June, lapho ama-Somme okuhlaselayo belihlelelwe 1 July.

Abahlanganyeli wamabutho abahlanu, bebathathu French futhi esiNgisi amabili. Nokho, impi ye-Somme akazange uya njengoba kwakuhleliwe, lapho inombolo enkulu amasosha babhubha oLwandle Verdun (acishe abe yizinkulungwane 160). Front, okuyinto lahlelwa okuhlaselayo kwadingeka ububanzi kwamakhilomitha angu-40. Kuleli sayithi elaliholwa okuvamile Fayolle futhi Rawlinson. ukuphathwa Ubude ukuze uFerdinand Foch. ukuzivikela German wahlanganyela Fritz von Ngezansi.

Ngisho ezingeni lokuhlela kwacaca ukuthi impi ye Somme Kuyoba impi uyibanga elide futhi uyakhandla ukuthi kudinga ukusetshenziswa zonke izinsiza ezikhona. Kule ndawo kwakuhlala pitted kunothile imigqa imisele. Umyalo kulindeleke ukuthi wezikhali lokuqala kuyokuphatha kabuhlungu njalo umugqa ke kuzothatha njengesosha elihamba phansi. It kwakumelwe kuphindaphindwe kwaze kwaba yilapho kuwa redoubt zokugcina.

ecasula

Ekuqaleni, izikhundla German baxoshwa ngu wezikhali. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa eqalwe ngaphambi emikhulu okuhlaselayo ngoJuni 24. Lonke ngesonto redoubts kanye nokuqiniswa ka ibutho lamaJalimane ehlelekile ziqedwa ukuze kwenziwe indlela elihamba ukuzilwela izikhundla isitha. Wahlupheka nezibhamu. Down cishe isigamu sezindela amayunithi combat-ngomumo wona ahoxiswa.

Njengoba yayihloselwe, elihamba waqhubekela 1 July. Ngosuku lokuqala abulala okungenani eziyinkulungwane 20 amasosha aseBrithani, kuhlanganise ukukhonza amabutho expeditionary kusukela amakoloni umbuso. On the flank kwesokudla kuhlulekile ukuthatha isikhundla lesitha, kuyilapho ngakwesokunxele kuyinto umzamo ofanayo kuhlulekile futhi yaphela inqwaba ukulahlekelwa irrecoverable. Ezinye French kule isizinda isihambile kakhulu futhi abangu imvelo futhi ukubonakala 'imbiza' kusongelwa. Ngakho-ke Fayolle waselaya amasosha akhe isinyathelo kancane emuva futhi uzivumele qhebeza phezulu nga amabutho oMfelandawonye.

impi positional

I okuhlaselayo kwaba kakhulu slow, okuyinto ngokuvamile isici lonke neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Njalo ikhilomitha wanikezwa intengo inqwaba izisulu. Kwesinye isikhathi amasosha sebebuyela indawo lapho ngonyaka odlule, babebulewe futhi kwesokunxele kuya ababengaphambi zabo. imingcele eyandulela impi ka eFrance, eBelgium naseJalimane yaphenduka emathuneni.

Ngo-July, noyedwa amaqembu awukwazanga impumelelo zamasu. Ngakho-ke, i-Battle of the Somme bangena ophikweni olunamandla konke entsha, budluliselwe kusuka izici zomdlavuza. Ngokushesha amaJalimane wazizwa ukushoda amabutho, njengoba parallel izenzakalo eNtshonalanga Yurophu athuthukile Brusilovski okuhlaselayo yebutho Russian empumalanga. Kwakukhona kuhlasela Austria naseJalimane kwadingeka ukumtshela ukusiza eziningi amasosha futhi imishini, hhayi ukuthola ukuthula esigabeni sakhe ezingemuva uNicholas II.

Ukuwohloka amaJalimane

Ngo-September, empini ye-ukuzithumela kwezinye izindawo nokufa waphendukela amaJalimane ukuthi baphoqeleka ukumisa zonke izenzo zalo empini nema-British kanye French. Lokhu kwaba isikhathi soshintsho esibalulekile ezenzakalweni nomthelela Battle of the Somme. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi isinqumo esinjalo yayisobala: amabutho oMfelandawonye wanquma ukuphinda Julayi emikhulu okuhlaselayo.

Izibalo, la maqembu amabili kuya ingxabano abangu emelelwa 58 no-40 ukwehlukana akuzona esivuna amaJalimane. Ukuze ukukhulisa isimo salo amasosha zikhathale, le sebutho seza indlalifa umbuso Bavaria Rupprecht. wathi AmaNgisi ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni amathangi esetshenziswa ukulwa. Kwakuyisikhathi imodeli Mark V, wawuhlutha izibhamu izibhamu (kuye ngokuthi ukumiswa). Imoto kwaba sidle, ethambile futhi ukungasebenzi kahle. Nokho, it is demoralized ngokuphelele amaJalimane, ngubani babengazi nokuthi besalungisa empini Somme. Usuku impi eyathatha izinyanga ezine (1 Julayi - 18 Novemba).

Imiphumela

Ekupheleni kwekwindla-British kanye nema-French wayeseyindoda 37 amakhilomitha, bese yaphela impi ye Somme. Kafushane uphinde skirmishes babeyivakashela ngankathi baqhubeka. metering Front ku sokulinda esilandelayo. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa sophe eJalimane futhi wanika oMfelandawonye isinyathelo amasu esigabeni lokugcina impi. isipiliyoni Sibalulekile wokubambisana uye wavumela endlunkulu iBrithani neFrance kuhlelembisa izenzo zabo ngempumelelo ngaphezulu imisebenzi esizayo.

I oMfelandawonye elahlekile phezu okuvela abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-146 babulawa futhi 450.000 kwabonayo. Zicwiywa ahlale ekhubazekile ukuphila, futhi zonke ngenxa izikhali ezintsha, ezifana izigqulo. AmaJalimane kwesokunxele empini 164.000 efile futhi 300,000 yawela izibhedlela.

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