Theory kwenqondo Yomthetho. ithiyori kwenqondo imithetho Lokudabuka

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba uhulumeni? Kuyini essence yayo? Kuyini ilungelo? eziningi ezihlukahlukene eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma sizalwe ukuze bathole izimpendulo zale mibuzo kanye neminye eminingi. ububanzi elikhulu izimfundiso uxhumeke sebuningini nemibono yososayensi ngalolu daba, kanye sikwazi ukwenza izinto ezihlukahlukene lo mkhuba. Incazelo eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi main echaza ukuvela isimo, kuzomele sifake zenkolo, lapho indoda iyikhanda lomndeni, organic, kwezomnotho, izivumelwano, nezinye ngokwengqondo.

Ngokuphathelene nomqondo umthetho, umbono ngemvelaphi yayo atehlukaniseki nomqondo ekubeni isizwe. Kukhona imfundiso yenkolo, imfundiso yokuziphendukela ngamalungelo angokwemvelo, umthetho wemvelo imfundiso normativistkaya ithiyori, yebo, kwengqondo. Usosayensi sefilosofi Lev Iosifovich Petrazhitsky ithuthukiswe imfundiso zokugcina. Kwenqondo imfundiso yokuziphendukela isimo kanye nomthetho iwukuba ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi kwamiswa isimo ngesikhathi division of umphakathi phezu kuwukubonakaliswa izici ezimbili ngamunye: kwakuwukuthi nokulawula.

Ingqikithi yale theory

Abantu banesidingo ngokwengqondo ukuze khona emphakathini, uyazithanda nokuxhumana ngokuhlanganyela. Baleli umbono silondoloze lwesintu futhi sibalule yi kokusebenzisana siqu, abantu, kanye nezinyunyana ahlukahlukene, baqamba. Ezomphakathi muzi zibangelwa ukuqaliswa kwe-yemvelo nezidingo ngabanye inhlangano ethile.

Theory kwenqondo Yomthetho. abamele

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-usosayensi Russian zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili L. I. Petrazhitsky bahlakulele imfundiso ngemvelaphi isimo. Anyathelisiwe, it is utshele emsebenzini "Theory zekhethelo umthetho mayelana nemfundiso yokuziphendukela isimilo." Zingabalandeli izimfundiso A. Ross, M. Reisner, G. Gurvich. Umbhali inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ngokwengqondo umthetho wazalwa ngo-1867 emkhayeni yizicukuthwane Polish. L. I. Petrazhitsky iziqu University of Kiev, futhi ngemva kokutadisha ngesikhathi Roman Seminary eJalimane. Ngemva kokuqeqeshwa, wabuyela eRussia, lapho afundela khona imfundiso yokuziphendukela jikelele umthetho. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ososayensi baye banyathelisa umsebenzi ezimbili ezinyathelisiwe, okuyinto kuhlelwe umqondo we-Psychology inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela amandla.

ithiyori kwenqondo komthetho lutfutfukiswa ngekuhamba nezikhathi eziningana:

1. Kusukela 1897 kuze 1900. Umbhali ngemfundiso wabhala umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ngokwesayensi. Umsebenzi kulandele izicelo eziningana. Izinhlinzeko main kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela L. I. Petrazhitsky kubonakala encwadini 1900 "Tindzaba phezu Philosophy of Law."

2. Kusukela 1900 kuze kube ngo-1905. Ososayensi baye usuqalile ukuzakhela indlela enemininingwane ngokufundisa kwabo esizayo. Umsebenzi onzima sabonakala umsebenzi "Isingeniso ekutadisheni umthetho kanye nokuziphatha. Psychology Ngokomzwelo. "

3. Kusukela ngo-1905 kuya ku-1909. L. I. Petrazhitsky wasiphakamisa kudivayisi uhlelo esinobunye ulwazi lomthetho esekelwe indlela ngaphambilini athuthukile. Umsebenzi wakhe uye anezinhlaka embhalweni wesandla yemiqulu emibili ye "Theory zekhethelo umthetho mayelana nemfundiso yokuziphendukela isimilo." Ukuphrinta incwadi yokugcina laliyisenzakalo yangempela izincwadi emhlabeni.

Kubukeka E. N. Trubetskogo futhi M. A. Reysnera

Sefilosofi sezomthetho E. Trubetskoy uveza ukuthi ubumbano - lena isici esiyinhloko umuntu. Abantu kuhluke yabo izici ezingokwengqondo futhi zokubonisa amandla ento edaliwe. At inhliziyo ukwazi abanye abantu ukuthini ngempela inkulumo ngokuvumelana elite, ukuba semthethweni kohlelo ezahlukeneyo ezithile izimo zengqondo nezenzo ezingase kunomthelela umphefumulo wabo umuzwa ukuzinza nokuzola. Ingxenye yesibili abantu ezahlukene abafisa ukuba anqotshwe abanye intando yakhe. Abantu abanjalo babe abaholi bomphakathi.

indlela Socio-ngokwengqondo umbuzo umsuka amandla wavulwa Reisner. Ngokubona kwakhe, isici main kwetinhlavu imibono yombuso, okuyinto uhlela ukuphila emphakathini. Isazi sefilosofi babekholelwa ukuthi umsuka ngqangi umbono womphakathi kuyinto psyche sabantu. Ucwaningo we kumiswa ulwazi wezwe elilinganiselwe nakho ngokwengqondo, okuyinto uyayenza amafilosofi zezombusazwe, kanye nokuhlaziywa ekuziphatheni kwabantu. Isimo, ngokososayensi, kufakwe imiphakathi, indawo kanye namandla. It komculo imibono lonke zezombusazwe, okungukuthi ithonya uhlanga, ubuphekula, isidingo kwezomnotho kanye inkolo, eholwa kwesokudla-wing yekuphila. Isimo iwumkhiqizo ukugcwaliseka izinkolelo yomphakathi, izinkambiso kanye nemigomo, okuyinto athembele izinhlobo ezahlukene amandla.

Izinhlinzeko main inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umthetho

Theory kwenqondo Yomthetho L. Petrazhitsky iqukethe la maphuzu alandelayo:

1. Kuhlanganise nososayensi ilungelo omuhle, futhi enembile. Isenzo sokuqala olusemthethweni esimweni, lapho yesibili siwumgogodla psyche zabantu, futhi isamba nakho yamaqembu izinhlangano.
2. umthetho Positive - isethwe ngumbuso, sivumele isishaya-mthetho iziqondiso ekhona.
3. Kuzo zonke izifunda ngokwengqondo kukhona imizwa main womuntu ukuthi kusishukumisele esenzweni. Lapho ukwakha ubudlelwano nabanye abantu umuntu kusekelwe ilungelo enembile. Lolu hlobo lwe-theory, abalobi kubhekwe ukuba kungaba yiqiniso, njengoba ukhuthaza izenzo ezimele kanye namandla-willed.

Igebe phakathi ezimbili izinhlobo izimbangela izinxushunxushu emphakathini. Kulokhu, ilungelo ukudlala indima njengoba omunye izenzakalo zokuphila ngemilingo emphakathini, okuyinto ayimpoqo, nakho afune izinto ngenkani kwabanye abantu.

Theory kwenqondo Yomthetho. ukugxekwa

Kunoma theory has kokubili abasekeli kanye nezitha. Le mfundiso liye wagxeka ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Ngakho, ukukhuluma indima ukubonakaliswa ngokwengqondo ngesikhathi kumiswa isimo ayikazeki incazelo egcwele endaweni ingqondo ekuthuthukiseni kwamandla. Zonke izinga efanayo babebhekwa njengabantu futhi wabhekisela emizwelweni noma amaza. Theory kwenqondo Yomthetho akubandakanyi ngokwazi ukuthi psyche ngabanye ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezintathu: ngokwengqondo, ngokomzwelo, nginenhliziyo. Ngesisekelo ubudlelwano zakamuva osungulwe futhi yakha mbhoshongo kwezenhlalo, okuyinto ngesisekelo kumiswa isimo. Abantu ngamandla namandla intando babe abaholi bomphakathi.

ithiyori kwenqondo ngemvelaphi umthetho lihlanganisa ukuzibophelela womfelandawonye ngabanye. Kodwa empeleni, lo mbono azinasisekelo. Sikhishwe amacala ngokwanele ngokunganaki ephelele abantu abaseduze. Abalobi Ukunikeza imfundiso zibaluleke kakhulu kwetinhlavu isimo nokusebenza kwengqondo, alwanele banikezwe nezinye izimo.

isithunzi sokufundisa

ithiyori kwenqondo komthetho buhlobene eduze siqu ukwakheka indlela yokuziphatha semthethweni. Lapho ngokudlulisela eziningi neziqondiso zomthetho izinga ukuziphatha langempela nakho ngabanye inkanuko ngokwengqondo abe isixhumanisi zokugcina, ngokuqondile nabo ekuziphatheni okuthize. Umthetho ungakwazi ukulawula ukuziphatha kuphela ngokusebenzisa sphere engqondo nezingokwengqondo. Ngakho, imfundiso ngokwengqondo umsuka ilungelo acabangele izici siqu zabantu, indima ubulungisa ukulawulwa nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana.

izisekelo zefilosofi methodological

Umbhali we theory uhlobo ukukhanya ilungelo ulandela izimfundiso zezinkolo nefilosofi omuhle. Ukuthatha izisekelo Yiqiniso, L. I. Petrazhitsky engeza imicabango kwakho koqobo. ukwesekwa Scientific umbono ovulekile kwamalungelo esuka ukuzimela isimo sika Nokho, akazange aphike ukubaluleka nakumasiko. Wafuna ukwakha ithiyori kwamandla, okungase laba isisekelo methodological emphakathini Russian wobulungisa umthetho okhokhelwayo.

Ithonya imizwa

A indima enkulu njengoba uhlobo mkhuba nakho zokulawula esabela L. I. Petrazhitsky ekufundiseni kwakhe. ithiyori kwenqondo komthetho Kwehlukanisa ezimbili izinhlobo imizwa: yobuhle zokuziphatha. Esokuqala kaningi njengempendulo nezenzo zomuntu ezenzakalweni ezahlukene zisenzeka, noma mayelana izinto zobujamo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka imibono ehlukene nale mizwelo zivela izindinganiso zokuziphatha evunywe umphakathi.

imizwa Ethical, ezifana nje komuzwa wesibopho, isibopho ukulawula ukuziphatha ngamunye. Basuke izimpawu ezifana authoritarianism, ukubonakaliswa unembeza, isithiyo nokuzikhethela ngenkululeko kanye nokucindezela kokuthola okungathiwa "efanele" ukuziphatha. L. I. Petrazhitsky ihlukanisa ezimbili izinhlobo izibopho - zokuziphatha nezomthetho. Eyokuqala amahhala mayelana nezinye. Legal - umbono we imisebenzi ezibhekwa ezizofakwa omunye.

izimiso zokuhle

Ngaphezu imisebenzi ukuthi umuntu wenza, isazi sefilosofi futhi acabangele izimiso zokuhle. Wabatholisa ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana. I wokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi "izimiso zokuziphatha". Balindeleke ukuba bakwazi unilaterally bagomela ezimele maqondana nezinye imisebenzi, adinga ukuziphatha umuntu ezaziwayo. Izibonelo zamazinga zinjalo imithetho mayelana nokuziphatha kobuKristu ezichaza imisebenzi maqondana kumakhelwane womuntu ngaphandle izimangalo ukuba abantu babulawelwe kuzo kwabo. Uhlobo lwesibili kuhlanganisa saziso oqondayo okulindele kwezinkambiso ukuthi ukusungula indima kwabanye amalungu omphakathi, befuna ukuqaliswa kanye kwabanye. Uyini umthwalo wemfanelo kuphela, kunenkolelo nezinye kalula, tona.

isiphetho

Isakhiwo senhlangano ye isimo uvele isigaba oluthile ekukhuleni komphakathi. Izimbangela ukwehluleka yizici ezihlukene, ezifana begazi, kwezomnotho, kwezenkolo futhi ngokwengqondo, kazwelonke. Imibono wakuchaza kanjani ukwakheka isimo, abaningi, ngamunye adalule esinye sezici kungenzeka yenqubo. Kodwa abakwazi abathi ukunemba okuphelele. Khumbula ukuthi izimfanelo ngokwengqondo nangokwengqondo abantu akhiwa isenzo sezombusazwe, sezempi izici somnotho, senhlalakahle, ngokomoya futhi zenkolo.