Ukufunda Ulwazi Izinhlobo zayo

Ukufunda theory - kuyingxenye esizimele isayensi pedagogy. Iphinde ngokuthi didactics (kusukela lesiGreki "didaktikos" - ukufundisa, ibayala). Othisha ezikoleni Greece yasendulo okuthiwa Didascalia, njengoba ayenjalo ngaphansi komsebenzi nje kuphela ukunikeza intsha ulwazi oluthile, kodwa futhi ngibalethe izakhamuzi kweqiniso. Kancane kancane, ngolimi olukhulunywa kulo mqondo isibe incazelo ngendelelo: "isifiso sawo wonke ukufundisa, moralizatorstvovat kakhulu".

Kodwa uthisha German B. Rathke wabuya leli gama value ezilahlekile - art imfundo noma umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa yokufunda. Umsebenzi Yana Amosa Comenius "didactics Omkhulu" ibonisa ukuthi lo mbono awasebenzi kuphela izingane esikoleni, "ofundisa nxazonke," kodwa ngoba jikelele. Ngempela, indlela yezimpilo zethu, nsuku zonke senza ukufunda okuthile okusha, futhi safunda indlela ulwazi kuncike indlela wokufaka yayo. Izindlela, amasu kanye nezinhlobo didactics ithuthukiswe esikhathini esizayo lezo ososayensi abaqavile njengoba VI Zagvyazinsky, IJ Lerner, IP Podlas futhi JK Babanskii.

Ngakho, imfundiso yesimanje yokufundisa iveze ukuxhumana nobudlelwano "wabafundisa" efundisa kuya umsebenzi engqondweni yethu lezingane zesikole. It ihlose ukwenza ngcono inqubo yemfundo, ukuthuthukiswa entsha ngempumelelo imfundiso nobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ichaza futhi uchaza inqubo nendlela abakhule ngayo nemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, didactics emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko yenqubo yokufunda ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa amafomu ahlukahlukene kanye nezindlela umsebenzi engqondweni yethu: uthisha - abafundi; umfundi - incwadi; ingane - ekilasini kanye nabanye.

Ngakho, ukufunda ithiyori uthi ulwazi asizange ugxile ngokwabo, hhayi todvwa kodwa ngobunye izimiso yokudla yabo futhi izicelo zabo esisebenzayo. isayensi ngayine inezidingo zayo okuphakelayo yayo eqondile: i-physics, i-chemistry, kanye nezinye osetshenziswayo zihluke inqubo yokufunda umculo noma ifilosofi. Kulesi sisekelo, didactics kuncike inike amasu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthiwa lokhu lo isayensi wenza imisebenzi emikhulu emibili: i-theory (ukunikeza abafundi imiqondo jikelele) kanye nama-practical (instils nabo namakhono athile).

Kodwa futhi akufanele indiva umsebenzi obaluleke kunayo yonke pedagogy - imfundo ngamunye ezimele. Umuntu akumelwe kuphela ukufunda ulwazi theory futhi uzisebenzise njengoba wachazela uthisha, kodwa futhi indlela yokudala nokusetshenziswa zalezi zinkolelo-mbono yasekuqaleni nemikhuba ukuze udale into entsha. Lendawo pedagogy wabizwa ngokuthi "inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela imfundo zentuthuko." izisekelo zayo phambili esikhathini Pestalozzi XVIII leminyaka, saveza ukuthi indoda kusukela ekuzalweni wabeka Aspire ukuthuthukiswa. Umsebenzi we uthisha - ukusiza ukuthuthukisa la makhono kuya ngokugcwele.

pedagogy Soviet yayisekelwe isimiso ukuthi imfundo nolwazi kufanele kube phambili, ukuba ahole ama-ukuthuthukiswa kwe-kwazo kanye neziphiwo abafundi. Ngakho-ke, ezifuywayo yokufunda Inkolelo-mbono esekelwe ngulemigomo lelandzelako: ezingeni lelisetulu nobunzima ngoba lonke ikilasi (ibalwa izingane onamakhono kunabo); Primate impahla theory; okusheshayo kuhambisane nesivinini sokufunda komfundi yokufuna impahla; ukuqwashisa abafundi yenqubo yokufunda uqobo. ukuqeqeshwa Ukuthuthukisa igxile bezikhali umfundi ukuba "isiswebhu" yabo usuvulekile.