Ukuhlaziywa kwe-FMEA: isibonelo nesicelo

ukukhubazeka izikhathi kuvela ekuklanyweni nokukhiqiza of imishini ehlukahlukene. Uyini umphumela? Umkhiqizi ithwala balahlekelwa kakhulu ezihlobene ne ukuhlolwa eyengeziwe, ukuhlolwa kanye nezinguquko design. Nokho, kuyinto - akuyona inqubo engalawuliwe. Hlaziya izinsongo kunokwenzeka kanye nezintuba kanye ukuhlaziya izici ezingaba ukuthi ingase iphazamise ukusebenza kwe-imishini, ungasebenzisa FMEA ukuhlaziywa.

Ngokokuqala ngqá le ndlela sokuhlaziya isetshenzisiwe e-US ngo-1949. Kwase isetshenziswa umkhakha lempi design izikhali ezintsha. Nokho, ngo-70 FMEA imibono ezazisemizini emkhakheni wezinkampane ezinkulu. Omunye yethulwa inkampani ubuchwepheshe Ford (ngaleso sikhathi - kekulu nomkhiqizi imoto).

Namuhla FMEA-ukuhlaziywa indlela isetshenziswa cishe wonke amabhizinisi umshini wokwakha. Izimiso eziyisisekelo kwezinhlekelele futhi ukwehluleka ukuhlaziywa izizathu ezichazwe GOST R 51901.12-2007.

Incazelo futhi ngokuyisisekelo indlela

FMEA - i segama Mode Ukwehluleka Kanye Nomphumela Ukuhlaziywa. Lena - ubuchwepheshe sokuhlaziya ezinhlobo nemiphumela sokwehluleka kungenzeka (ukukhubazeka, ngenxa okuyinto into ulahlekelwa ikhono layo ekwenzeni imisebenzi yawo). Kunanzuzoni le ndlela? Inikeza inkampani ithuba kusengaphambili izinkinga ezingaba khona futhi eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa ngisho at esigabeni design. Ekuhlaziyeni nomkhiqizi ithola ulwazi olulandelayo:

• uhlu ukukhubazeka zivele futhi eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa;
• ukuhlaziywa izimbangela nesenzakalo yabo, kobukhulu kanye nemiphumela;
• izincomo zokunciphisa izingozi okumele kuqalwe;
• ukuhlolwa jikelele ukuphepha nokwethembeka kwemikhiqizo neenkambiso bebonke.

Idatha etholwe kusuka ukuhlaziywa zibhalwa. Zonke amaphutha sitholakale wafunda ihlukaniswa by kobukhulu, kalula ukuthola, maintainability kanye nokuvama nesenzakalo. Umsebenzi main - ukuhlonza izinkinga ngaphambi kokuthi zivele futhi sizothinta amakhasimende yenkampani.

Ububanzi FMEA-ukuhlaziywa

Le ndlela yocwaningo kabanzi lisetshenziswe cishe yonke imikhakha yemisebenzi ethile, njengokuthi:

• yezimoto kanye shipbuilding;
• umkhakha Aerospace;
• wamakhemikhali nezibulala-petroleum;
• ukwakhiwa;
• ukukhiqizwa imishini industrial kanye nemishini.

Eminyakeni yamuva, namasu okuhlola ingozi ngokwethukela isicelo emkhakheni okungezona yokukhiqiza - ngokwesibonelo e ukuphathwa nokumaketha.

FMEA kungaba kwenziwe kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wokuphila komkhiqizo. Nokho, iningi ukuhlaziywa wenziwa phezu komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane kanye umkhiqizo ukulungiswa, kanye besebenzisa izakhiwo ezikhona kule ndawo entsha.

izinhlobo

Ngosizo ubuchwepheshe FMEA cwaningo hhayi kuphela izindlela ezehlukene zokwenza lokhu kanye namadivayisi, kodwa futhi ukuphathwa izinqubo yenkampani, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo. Esimweni ngasinye, indlela inezici ayo ethize. Uhlaziyo kuncike kungaba:

• izinhlelo lobuchwepheshe;
• izakhiwo kanye nemikhiqizo;
• izinqubo zokukhiqiza, imishini, ukufakwa kanye nokugcinwa imikhiqizo.

Ocwaningweni etindlela ekutholeni amathuba sokungalandeli umthetho, inkinga kwenzeka ngesikhathi ukusebenza, kanye umonakalo futhi yehlise ukuphila service. Lokhu kuthatha zibe izindawo akhawunti ezibonakalayo, i-geometry isakhiwo, izici zayo, i-interface ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlelo.

FMEA-ukuhlaziya inqubo lembula nokushintshashintsha ezithinta izinga nokuphepha imikhiqizo. Futhi kuthatha ku ukwaneliseka akhawunti amakhasimende kanye nendawo ezungezile. Lapha, izinkinga kungenzeka ku ingxenye umuntu (isib abasebenzi inkampani), ubuchwepheshe lokukhiqiza, izinto zokusetshenziswa kusetshenziswe futhi imishini, ukulinganisa izinhlelo, umthelela emvelweni.

Lolu cwaningo kusetshenziswe izindlela ezahlukene:

• "Phezulu phansi" (kusuka kumasistimu omkhulu imininingwane amancane izakhi);
• A "ezinqala" (kusukela imikhiqizo ngabanye kanye izingxenye zayo ohlelweni ukukhiqiza).

Kukhethwa incike ngenhloso ukuhlaziywa. Kungaba elaliyingxenye yocwaningo olunzulu, ngaphezu kwezinye izindlela, noma isetshenziswe njengekhubalo ithuluzi ezimele.

izigaba

Kungakhathaliseki imisebenzi ethize, FMEA-ukuhlaziya kwezimbangela kanye imiphumela ukwehluleka nesenzakalo esiqhutshwa algorithm jikelele. Ake sihlole kabanzi kule nqubo.

Ukulungiselela leqembu uchwepheshe

Okokuqala, kudingeka unqume ukuthi ubani ngeke isifundo. Ukubambisana - omunye Izimiso eziyinhloko FMEA. Kuphela le format inikeza ikhwalithi umnqopho luhlolo, kanye udale isikhala imibono ezingahambisani nezivamile. Njengomthetho, iqembu kunabantu 5-9. Kuhlanganisa:

• Umphathi wephrojekthi;
• unjiniyela, enza inqubo ukuthuthukiswa;
• design engineer;
• ummeleli we zokukhiqiza noma ukulawula izinga amasevisi;
• uMnyango usebenza nge abathengi.

Uma kunesidingo sokuba ukuhlaziywa izinhlaka kanjalo nezindlela zokwenza ezingase zibhekwe ngochwepheshe afanelekayo izinhlangano ngaphandle. Ingxoxo zezinkinga kunokwenzeka nezisombululo kwenzeke ochungechungeni amaseshini ithatha 1.5 amahora. Abakwazi kwenziwe ngokugcwele, futhi isakhiwo aziphelele (uma khona izazi ezithile akudingeki ukuxazulula izinkinga zamanje).

Lolu cwaningo yephrojekthi

Ukuze afeze FMEA ukuhlaziywa kuyadingeka ukuze kuchazeke kahle into cwaningo futhi imingcele yayo. Uma sikhuluma inqubo, kufanele aqoke isiqalo isenzakalo sokugcina. Ukuze imishini kanye nezinhlaka zonke kulula - ukwazi ukuwabuka izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ukugxila izindlela eziqondile futhi izingxenye. Mismatches angabhekwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo esigabeni yabathengi yokujikelezisa umkhiqizo, geography, ukusetshenziswa njalo njalo. D.

Kulesi sigaba, amalungu eqembu uchwepheshe kufanele abe incazelo eningiliziwe into, ukwenza imisebenzi yayo kanye nezimiso ukusebenza. Izincazelo kumele ifinyeleleke futhi liqondwe yibo bonke abantu namalungu eqembu. nezethulo Ngokuvamile esimisweni sokuqala sanikeza, ochwepheshe basafunda imiyalelo womshini kanye nokusebenza izakhiwo, ukuhlela imingcele, imibhalo ejwayelekile, imidwebo.

# 3: Ukudweba uhlu ukukhubazeka ezingaba

Emva ingxenye theory leqembu wabe kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda ukwehluleka kungenzeka. A yokusungula oluphelele lwazo zonke nokushintshashintsha kungenzeka amaphutha ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kube senkundleni. Zingase ne-ukuhlukaniswa izakhi ezithile noma umsebenzi wabo ayilungile (enganele amandla AMANGA umkhiqizo ongaphakeme). Esikhathini ukuhlaziya izinqubo ezidingekayo ukuze uhlu imisebenzi ethize zobuchwepheshe, kukhona ingozi amaphutha ngaphansi kwazo - ezifana non-ukusebenza noma ukusebenza okungafanele.

Incazelo izimbangela nemiphumela

Isinyathelo esilandelayo - ngokujulile ukuhlaziya izimo ezinjalo. Umsebenzi main - ukuba siqonde lokho kungabangela lokhu noma amanye amaphutha, futhi indlela ukukhubazeka Kutholwe kungathinta abasebenzi, abathengi kanye inkampani uwonke.

Ukuze sithole izimbangela cishe ukukhubazeka ithimba ukutadisha izincazelo zemisebenzi, evunyiwe izimfuneko ekusetshenzisweni kwazo, kanye nemibiko kwezibalo. Amaminithi FMEA-ukuhlaziywa Ungase futhi akhombise engcupheni ukuthi inkampani ungalungisa.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ithimba ucabangela yini okungenziwa ukuze kuqedwe amathuba okuvela ukukhubazeka, inikeza izindlela zokuvimbela futhi imvamisa elikhulu ukuhlolwa.

ukuhlolwa uchwepheshe

Yini okulandelayo? amalungu FMEA-ithimba ukuqala ukuhlaziya ukwehluleka ngasinye ngemibandela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. S - Ubucayi / Okushiwo. It kunquma ukuthi ezinzima kuyoba nemiphumela yokuphambana kumthengi. Ayephila ngesikhathi ngezinga 10-iphuzu (1 - cishe akukho nomphumela, 10 - oyinhlekelele, ngawo kubakhi noma kumdayisi lingafaka engozini izinhlawulo lobugebengu).
2. O - Izehlo / okungenzeka. Ibonisa kangaki ukuhlukumeza ethize, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungaba liphindwe isimo (1 - Mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba 10 - ukwehluleka ebonwe ngaphezulu kuka-10% amacala).
3. D - Ukuthola / ukuthola. Umngcele wabo kuhlolwa izindlela ukulawula: Ingabe zisiza ngokushesha ukukhomba iphutha (1 - Cishe yibhange ukuthola, 10 - isici ezifihliwe ayikwazi ukutholwa ngaphambi ukuqala imiphumela).

Ngokusekelwe kulezi ukuhlolwa ukucacisa inombolo kuqala ingozi (HRR) for uhlobo ukwehluleka ngasinye. Lena inkomba ejwayelekile elikuvumela ukuba uthole ukuthi yini umonakalo futhi ukuphulwa pose usongo olukhulu kule nkampani futhi amakhasimende akhe. Ibalwa ngokusebenzisa ifomula:

HRR = S × O × D

I HRR ephakeme - ukuhlukumeza yingozi kakhulu futhi okubhubhisa nemiphumela yaso. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuqeda noma ukunciphisa ingozi yokulimala ekwakhiweni kanye eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa lapho lingaphezulu 100-125. Kusukela amaphuzu 40 kuya ku-100 sithole iziyaluyalu nokuba ezingeni isilinganiso usongo, futhi HRR ngezansi 40 kusikisela ukuthi ukuhluleka ongabalulekile, akuvamile futhi kungatholakala ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Kutfutfukiswa iziphakamiso kanye nezincomo

Ngemva kokuhlaziya lokuchezuka nemiphumela yako, iqembu ukusebenza FMEA ikhomba nezindawo eziseqhulwini umsebenzi. Umsebenzi sokuqala ukuba amphuzise uhlelo izinyathelo zokulungisa isimo ukuze "netivimba" - izakhi kanye nokusebenza nge HRR eliphakeme. Ukuze wehlise izinga usongo ukuba zithonywe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu nemingcele:

• imbangela eyinhloko ukwehluleka, noma ukushintsha inqubo design (kokuhlaziywa O);
• ukuvimbela okuvela kuyo isici by izindlela ukulawula kwezibalo (kokuhlaziywa O);
• ukukwehlisela emibi abathengi kanye namakhasimende - ezifana amanani aphansi imikhiqizo onesici (bala S);
• ukwethula amathuluzi amasha kusenesikhathi amaphutha kanye ukulungisa okwalandela (isilinganiso D).

Inkampani uqhubeke ngokushesha ukusebenzisa izincomo, FMEA ithimba ngenkathi neqhinga lokubhekelela eyisebenzisa nge inkomba wokulandelana kanye isikhathi umsebenzi ngamunye. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we esifanayo inikeza ulwazi mayelana abaculi nalabo obhekene ekufezeni izinyathelo zokulungisa isimo, imithombo ngokulungiswa kwemigwaqo imali.

Efingqa

Isigaba sokugcina - ukulungiswa umbiko abaphathi enkampani. Yikuphi izigaba ke kufanele ibe?

1. amanothi Uhlolojikelele futhi mayelana cwaningo.
2. izinto ezingabangela ukukhubazeka ekukhiqizeni / ukusebenza kwe-imishini kanye nemisebenzi zobuchwepheshe.
3. Uhlu engaba abasebenzi futhi abathengi - ngokwephulwa ngamunye.
4. Ukuhlola izinga lobungozi (kuze kufike ingozi ukwephulwa kunokwenzeka, yimuphi kubo kungaholela emiphumeleni engathí sina).
5. Uhlu izincomo inkonzo yesondlo, abaklami ongoti emkhakheni bekuhlela.
6. Luhlelo kanye nemibiko ekufezeni izenzo zokulungisa esekelwe imiphumela ukuhlaziywa.
7. Uhlu nobungozi nemiphumela ukuthi iqhubeka ngenxa yezinguquko iphrojekthi.

Ukuze umbiko wonke amatafula, amagrafu nemidwebo, ezisetshenziswa for ngeso kolwazi ezindabeni ezinkulu. Iqembu ukusebenza kumele uhlinzeke nokushintshashintsha kokuhlaziywa wesifunda elisetshenziswa ukubaluleka, imvamisa futhi Amathuba ukuthola nge emagama eningiliziwe isikali (okusho ethile amaphuzu).

Indlela ukuqeda FMEA olandelwayo?

Ocwaningweni, yonke idatha kufanele kuqoshwe idokhumenti ekhethekile. Lokhu "Uhlelo Olulawula ukuhlaziya kwezimbangela kanye imiphumela FMEA». He is itafula isebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi, okuyinto langena lonke ulwazi mayelana ukukhubazeka kungenzeka. Leli fomu kufanelekile kakhulu kwisifundo sanoma imuphi izinto ohlelweni nezinqubo kuzo zonke izimboni.

Ingxenye yokuqala ugcwele okusekelwe ababecabanga siqu wamalungu eqembu, ukutadisha izibalo ibhizinisi, imiyalelo umsebenzi namanye amadokhumenti. Umsebenzi main - ukuqaphela ukuthi Zingaphazamisa imishini, noma enza noma yimuphi umsebenzi. Emihlanganweni iqembu ukusebenza ukuhlola imiphumela lokho kwephula, ukuthi uphendule kanjani, ayingozi kubasebenzi futhi abathengi, futhi yini ematfuba ukuthi isici iyoba ukutholwa ngisho at esiteji ekukhiqizeni.

Ukuhlaziya izingozi ezingaba khona
Elementi / Process	ukukhubazeka / izinkinga ukusebenza ezingenzeka	cishe izimbangela	Imiphumela ibe nonconformity	S	O	D	HRR

Engxenyeni protocol wesibili uchaza zokukhonjiswa zokuvikela kanye nokususa nokushintshashintsha, uhlu izinyathelo yakhelwe FMEA-team. Igrafu ahlukene inikezwa ukuqokwa lababukene nekwetfulwa imisebenzi ethile, futhi ngemva izinguquko esakhiweni noma inqubo ibhizinisi, inhlangano ikhanda amaphuzu e-protocol uhlu imisebenzi ababulawa. Isigaba sokugcina - kabusha lokulinganisa, ikhumbula zonke izinguquko. Ngokuqhathanisa izibalo kokuqala nokokugcina, singaphetha ngokuthi mayelana ukuphumelela isu abakhethiwe.

Imiphumela
izindlela ukulungiswa	Igama eliphelele umculi	imisebenzi eyenziwa	нов S entsha	нов O entsha	нов D entsha	нов HRR entsha

Ukuze into ngayinye, lomgomo ehlukile. Phezulu yigama idokhumenti - ". Ukuhlaziya izinhlobo nemiphumela izici ezingaba" ngezansi nje imodeli elicacisiwe imishini noma inqubo igama, usuku we eyandulele noma elandelayo (okuhleliwe) ukuhlolwa, idethi yamanje, kanye nesignesha wonke amalungu eqembu ukusebenza kanye nomholi walo.

ISIBONELO FMEA-ukuhlaziywa ( "Tulinovsky wensimbi Ukwenza Isitshalo")

Cabanga indlela inqubo yokuhlaziya izingozi ezingaba khona ku ngendaba izinkampani ezinkulu Russian ezimbonini. Ngesinye isikhathi, ubuholi "Tulinovskogo ithuluzi ukwenza imboni" (JSC "TVES") ebhekene inkinga ka Samandla esikalini ngogesi. I ibhizinisi ukhiqiza ingxenye enkulu imishini ngokungalungile ezisebenza ukuthi umnyango lobuchwepheshe ukulawula waphoqeleka ukuba NIBABUYISELA.

Ngemva kokutadisha ukulandelana izenzo kanye nezidingo inqubo Samandla FMEA ithimba ezikhonjwe amane ase-nqubo, abe nethonya elikhulu kakhulu izinga nokunemba Samandla.

• ezihambayo ukufakwa kudivayisi etafuleni;
• kokuhlola isikhundla ezingeni (kufanele kusetshenziswe ukulinganisela kahle nendawo 100%);
• nokubekwa impahla inkomba amaphuzu platform;
• Ukurekhodwa amasignali imvamisa.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ukwehluleka futhi eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa alotshwa ukusebenza le misebenzi? Working Group ezikhonjwe izingozi esemqoka, bacubungula izimbangela nemiphumela kungenzeka. Ngesisekelo uchwepheshe ukuhlolwa izinkomba HRR kwabalwa, okwenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi inkinga main - ukuntuleka control eqondile phezu ukusebenza umsebenzi kanye isimo imishini (ebhentshini, izinsimbi).

esigabeni	ukuhluleka simo	izizathu	imiphumela	S	O	D	HRR
Ukuhambisa nokusetha izinsimbi kwi ukuma.	Ingozi izinsimbi falling ngenxa isisindo esikhulu isakhiwo.	Ayikho ezokuthutha ekhethekile.	Ukulimala noma zokugwema ukuphuka zedivayisi.	8	2	1	16
Ihlola evundlile ezingeni (kudivayisi kumelwe baqiniseke ngqo).	esingaphezu kwesinqunywe esingalungile.	Ithebula ukuma phezulu ayiqinisekisiwe ezingeni.	umshado OTC izokudla lokungafani metrological.	6	3	1	18
		Abasebenzi musa ukulandela imiyalelo umsebenzi.		6	4	3	72
Lapho umgwaqo impahla emikhunjini e bakuphi platform.	Ukusebenzisa okungalungile usayizi wezimpahla.	izinsimbi akusebenzi Old.	umshado OTC izokudla lokungafani metrological.	9	2	3	54
		Ukuntuleka phezu inqubo ukubekwa.		6	7	7	252
	Mechanism noma ukuma izinzwa awahlelanga.	Combs Uhlaka ezithathekayo angahluleli ngendlela eqondile.	Kusukela njalo ukuhilizisana isisindo ngokushesha zingagugi.	6	2	8	96
		Ensimbi alenga intambo.	Ukumiswa zokukhiqiza.	10	1	1	10
		gearmotor engesiyo.		2	1	1	2
		Musa ukulandela isimiso ukuhlolwa okuhleliwe kanye nokulungisa.		6	1	2	12
Bhalisa amasignali inzwa imvamisa. Programming.	Ukulahleka kwedatha eziye zenziwa kwimemori.	Sabangela ukunqamuka kukagesi.	Kuyadingeka ukuba afeze Samandla futhi.	4	2	3	24

Ukuqeda izincomo ingozi ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe abasebenzi zenzelwe, usule Ushintshe asukume ukuthenga umqulu esitsheni akhethekile kokuthutha ibhalansi. Ukuthengwa uninterruptible ugesi axazulula inkinga ye ukulahleka kwedatha. Futhi ukuze kuvinjelwe okuvela nezinkinga lokulinganisa esikhathini esizayo, iqembu ukusebenza okuhlongozwayo izimiso ezintsha ukugcinwa kanye Samandla isimiso sezisindo - waqala Ihlola kaningi, kanjalo umonakalo nokuhluleka kungatholakala ngisemncane kakhulu.