Izikhombo iphuzu - kuyini? Yiziphi amaphuzu isithenjwa ukwakhiwa, wezokwakha, ibhizinisi noma isayensi?

Ngezinye izikhathi, ezesayensi noma ezinye imiqondo ethile esetshenziswayo, kodwa ezindaweni angahambisani yasekuqaleni. Lokhu kwenzeke ethemini geodesic "reference iphuzu." Ngu definition, uzimele geodesic - uphawu noma uphawu enamathiselwe iphuzu elithile ku komhlaba. Izixhumanisi kanye ukuphakama lesi sikhala kubalwa maqondana nenani yokululama-siyaziwa futhi samukelwa.

Angabekwa eziphakeme uhlelo

ERussia futhi kwamanye amazwe ezwe elaliyi-USSR, zero yisigcibisholo ezingeni inkomba ebusweni kubhekwa Kronstadt tide geji. Zonke izinkambu ekhonjiswe amabalazwe lala mazwe emamaki geodetic ibalwa yokutholwa ngo-1977, i-Baltic uhlelo wokukhulekela izindawo eziphakeme. EliseMpumalanga Ekude, izibalo zenziwa ezindaweni eziphakemeyo Okhotsk uhlelo. Ukunemba kuqhathaniswa yayo BSV lingaphansi kuka imitha elilodwa.

Dipstick - yokubeka ukwehlukana ukunquma izinga lamanzi emfuleni noma ezinye emanzini amaningi. Ngezinye izikhathi efakwe unaphakade dipstick njenge amaphuzu kanye inkomba amaphuzu e-wezokwakha, ososayensi esetshenziselwa ababona izinguquko ezingeni amanzi enlwandle, nokuhamba zokwakheka komhlaba kanye ebusweni mpo.

Mayelana Kronstadt tide gauge futhi ekunqumeni izinga kolwandle

Ekuqaleni, ushintsho ezingeni Gulf amanzi ukuphakama kuboniswa namantombazane ovundlile ezindongeni iziteshi nemicengezi, izingidi ezindaweni. Lapho 1777 e Kronstadt lalihlelekile isevisi ekhethekile, ukuqapha amanzi eyalo emamaki tide gauge ku phansi Dula Canal.

Yesikhathi eside (kusuka 1731), kanye namanothi njalo, ogcina ekushintshashintsheni amazinga amanzi eGulf of Finland ziye zaphathwa hydrographer M. F. uReyneke ngo-1840 kwi ekubalweni ekufundeni kwabo isilinganiso phezu isinyathelo itshe elilodwa amabhuloho phezu isiteshi dlula ezibaziweyo umugqa ovundlile. Ngo emashumini eminyaka ambalwa alolu elihlanganisiwe ipuleti lensimbi elinezinhlangothi uphawu ovundlile, cishe coinciding ngeqanda ebonisa ukujula geji.

Kudluliswa kolwandle kusezweni

Ezwekazini ezingeni inkomba ihanjiswe ngumuntu yokululama we wesitimela "Petersburg - Oranienbaum" futhi 'nakanjani "brand-umshudo ukuze sezakhiwo phezu aseBaltic Station. Kuyinto lokhu umshudo kusukela 1892 kuye kwaba ezinkulu ebhentshini mark zonke izilinganiso yokululama kuleli zwe.

Ngo-1946, uhlelo esinobunye izixhumanisi kanye emachibini laqanjwa eSoviet Union. Phakathi ezingeni kokuqala oLwandle iBaltic sebelithathile nge uphawu elihambisana zero phezu Kronstadt tide geji. Lona ukulawula reference iphuzu yokululama simiso isimo. Kusukela iphuzu of ngokuphelele zero olwenziwa izibalo eziphakeme, nezinzulu ngoba wonke amashadi yasekhaya futhi ngomkhumbi izinkomba, kunqunywa orbit for mkhathi imisebenzi.

Okunhlobonhlobo ozimele e Geodesy

Izikhombo iphuzu phansi luchazwa ngegama ukwakhiwa ngesimo Cairns, amabhodi noma zensimbi amashubhu. Kuye isicelo, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana ozimele:

• Eminyaka ubudala basakaza ngokuhambisana scheme ekhethekile kulo lonke leli zwe. Basuke efakwe ngokuvumelana neziyalezo ezindaweni ezindawo inikezwe. Zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ngezinhloso ngokwesayensi.
• Esiyinhloko ifakwe yokululama imigqa kuwo wonke ekilasini lokuqala (phakathi wokuziphilisa) nemigqa wemfanelo iningi nekilasi lesibili. Ibanga phakathi kwezindawo - kusuka km 50 kuya ku-80. Balala kuphela phansi efomini zezinsika eziphathekako pylons. Kusukela Datum eliyisisekelo ingasetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni ezithile, isethwe eduze ezivamile Uhlaka-olunembile satellite ngedatha adlulisiwe. Isetshenziselwa njengoba usekelo lwe yokululama amakilasi 3 no-4.
• zokubekisa abavamile odongeni, idwala kanye komhlaba. Usufikile ibanga phakathi 3.5 futhi 7 km kusuka komunye nomunye, lezi zibonakaliso kungenziwa wabeka kuwo wonke imigqa yokululama.

Uhlelo oxhumene inkomba lokubalulekile ezivamile amaphuzu bese lwakha GHS - isimo geodesic inethiwekhi.

ukuqokwa Cartographic inhlolovo nakomaka

On the control amabalazwe iphuzu ephawulwe imifanekiso ekhethekile. Basuke zihlukaniswa kanje:

• amaphuzu yezinkanyezi;
• I-GGS amaphuzu;
• ngokuba amaphuzu emaphakathi ebekwe endaweni;
• ukhomba ahlolisise amanethiwekhi;
• amaphuzu yokululama isimo senethiwekhi geodetic.

Zonke lezi amaphuzu ibhalwe ebusweni wangempela Umhlaba zensimbi imibhoshongo noma abavamile inkomba amaphuzu. izikhungo Geodetic, ekhombisa indawo nto, lisetshenziswa izixhumanisi kumephu, okungukuthi ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka, ne amamaki ukuphakama.

Uyini reference iphuzu? Afakwe Imininingwane inethiwekhi geodetic amagquma ezindundumeni, amagquma noma yama yodwa izakhiwo kanye nemibhoshongo, imibhoshongo noma imibhoshongo uqoke kunemibandela yamukelwe izithonjana kuhlanganiswe. Ikhomba amakhadi GGS nge ngezinga elikhulu abonisa konke. imigomo yezinkanyezi, iyona lokuma, luchazwa kuphela ezimweni bakuphi esizoqala endaweni.

Triangulation (fiducials) izinto, ukufakwa

Faka unomphela izimpawu amadili nge isimo yokululama geodetic inethiwekhi. Terrestrial Okusizayo ebonakalayo ohlangothini ozimele oxhumene kude kusengaphambili. Umklamo futhi ukuphakama izinhlamvu incike uya khona, izimo zendawo, phansi kanye nebanga elivela kwelinye iphuzu eya kwelinye.

amaphuzu Geodetic zingenziwa ngesimo metal noma imibhoshongo ngokhuni, itshe noma ezinsikeni ukhonkolo. Ukuphakama isakhiwo ngasinye kuncike indawo esibophezelayo. Uhlaka ngalunye tripod noma usekelo insimbi wokulinganisa obuka.

ingxenye Underground lokhu ukwakhiwa usebenza ngendlela wathela ukhonkolo isisekelo dwala. At phuzu lapho iphuzu isikhungo, fixed ku ilebula ababunjiwe. Umbhalo yokugcina ibonisa inombolo kanye nohlobo kwento. Igama lenhlangano okuyinto eyenziwa umsebenzi kanye unyaka ukufakwa baphonswa kanye ilebula (ngokuvamile ezenziwe cast iron).

Ukwakhiwa kanye namamaki fiducial

Zokubekisa ngesimo disc eyenziwe cast iron, setha ku ezindongeni zezakhiwo zezimboni, kuphuma, amabhuloho futhi izisekelo ekusekeleni. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuqapha isimo kazibuthe izakhiwo ezinkulu. On the izimpawu disc ngaphandle kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe kukhona projection lokukhuphula induku yokululama. Ukuqokwa inhlolovo nakomaka zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezilandelayo:

• ukwesekwa noma ukulawulwa nguye, okuyizinto isisekelo sokunquma isikhundla lemikhiqizo esungulwe, kucatshangelwa ukuphepha nokuzinza isikhathi eside;
• Yokusiza - lokhu emamaki Lesisemkhatsini kuhlelembisa ukuwudlulisa ukusonteka amagugu kanye phakathi inkomba izimpawu;
• ukunwetshwa sha, lapho benzelwe ngqo kwi izindonga izakhiwo waphawula noma izakhiwo (isikhundla kwezendawo into eshintsha la nakomaka ukuhambisa kanye nalo).

Izikhombo amaphuzu e ukwakhiwa ayisiqinisekiso we ukuthola ngesikhathi esifanele ukuhamba noma ukuntengantenga sento enkulu, ezifana edamini emifula noma isakhiwo eliphezulu liphumele.

Lokhu yikho konke okudingayo

izinto Ngenxa oxhumene uhlelo esiqokiwe kwakhiwa Isimo senethiwekhi geodetic. Izincwajana Special aqukethe uhlu izixhumanisi ecacisiwe zonke lezi amaphuzu. Lolu lwazi esetshenziswa abahloli ukufunda surface iplanethi sika, ku-engineering kanye geodetic survey izidingo ezahlukene emnothweni kazwelonke.

Izinhlu ne Ukudidiyela amagugu zidluliselwa zikhulu impi, kanye amabalazwe kwendawo. The Gunners futhi wazi kahle ukuthi isithenjwa iphuzu - uphawu olukhombisa ukuphakama ethile, uhlobo usekelo zeroing e phansi.

Izikhombo amaphuzu kwi-Celsius lokushisa isikali ubhekwa ukubaluleka abilayo umnkantsha iphuzu yamanzi ezingeni ulwandle.

Kwezamabhizinisi, lo mqondo isetshenziselwa ukuchaza isimo esithile, uma izenzo ezithile kungaholela noma ukuqedela ukwehluleka noma impumelelo.

Impilo, ibhizinisi

Kusukela reference iphuzu - it is a sibalo reference, a "hook", lo mqondo singasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi izenzo zabantu.

Kuyaphenywa izimbangela ukucindezeleka njalo kubantu, njalo abahlala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ososayensi batholé ukuthi isizathu akuyona into engokwemvelo imvelo ezibukwayo. Ukusabalala engeli nemigqa, izakhiwo umbala okuyisidina, inani elikhulu lezinto static Uphatha kabi isimo esingokomzwelo umuntu. isiqondiso Psychophysiological kwezesayensi, ngokuthi imvelo ezibukwayo, uthi angenazo izici izakhi yezakhiwo zokuhlobisa overloads emsipheni optic.

Iso kumelwe ukwaba ukulungisa esithile, imininingwane, le okubonakalayo isikhala, ukuze ubuchopho beqonda imvelo njengoba ukhululekile, eduze zemvelo nobunye. Kuphela uma umuntu has a umqondo ukwaneliseka ngenxa yobuhle nokusikwa ngokomzwelo.

amaphuzu Izikhombo ebhizinisini - uhlobo airbag. Zingasetshenziswa ukwandisa ikhono ukuncintisana emkhakheni ibhizinisi. Uma sithatha njengesisekelo amanye amaqhinga ukumaketha noma eziyimbangela esikhathini samanje, kungenzeka ukuhlonza izinyathelo oluphelele ukuze uyiswe ukushintsha isimo sibe ngcono.