Ukunyakaza kwezombusazwe kwezombusazwe nezombangazwe ka-1800 kuya ku-1900

Ukunyakaza kwezombusazwe nezombusazwe eRussia ngekhulu le-19 kwahlukaniswa ububanzi bokuqukethwe kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokwenza. Lokhu kunqume ngokuyinhloko isiphetho sezwe esikhathini esizayo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, njengomkhuba wezenhlalo nezombusazwe, i-conservatism yakhiwa. UCaramzin (i-theorist yakhe) wathi umbuso ngaleso sikhathi ngokugcwele uhambelana nezinga elikhona ekuthuthukiseni ukukhanya kwabantu nokuziphatha.

Phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngo-1830 kuya ku-1840, imibuthano yezenhlalakahle iphikisana kakhulu ngokungafani kwendlela yomlando waseRussia. Ngakho-ke, ukunyakaza kwezombusazwe nezombusazwe "baseNtshonalanga" kanye "namaSlavophile" kuvela.

Izibalo eziyinhloko zamaWesterner kwakuyiqembu lama-professors, abalobi, izisebenzi zomphakathi ePetersburg (iKavelin, Botkin, Granovsky). Bathi mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwephethini jikelele kuwo wonke amazwe asethuthukile. I-Russia yabona ukuthi ivela emuva kwamanye amazwe, kokubili ezombusazwe nakwezomnotho. Abantu baseNtshonalanga babheka umbono wezinhlobo eziphambili ezenziwe ngokuphila komphakathi nezomnotho njengomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu obhekene nomphakathi namandla. Ngalokhu, okokuqala, kwakusho ukuqedwa kwe-serfdom, ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba ezingeni lezomthetho, ukuhlinzekwa kwenkululeko yokuhweba, ukuthuthukiswa kokubusa kwendawo, nokudemokhrasiza kwezomthetho.

Ama-Westernizers aseSlavophiles. Phakathi kwezibalo eziholela kulo mkhuba kukhona abazalwane baka- Aksakovs, abazalwane bakaKyrovakov uKireevskys. Babekholelwa ukuthi ukunyakaza komlando waseRussia kuhluke ngokuphelele endleleni emazweni aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, benqaba inkolelo yokubuyela emuva kwezombusazwe nezomnotho wezwe, ethi isimo sezwe sibhekene nokungafani kwezindlela zaseYurophu.

Ukunyakaza kwezombusazwe kanye nezombusazwe kwa-1840 kwakubandakanya ikakhulukazi insizakalo kanye nentsha yomfundi. U-Butashevich-Petrashevsky wabumbana naye . Abahlanganyeli bamanje benza umsebenzi wokufundisa osebenzayo, behlela ukushicilelwa kwesichazamazwi se-encyclopaedic senqubomgomo yentando yeningi kanye nomphakathi.

Ukunyakaza kwezombusazwe nezombangazwe zango-1860 kwasiza ekwakheni isimo esinjalo sokuzimela njengokwenkululeko. Isekelwe emaphephandabeni amasha, amaphephandaba, imizimba yezemstvo, amaprofesa enyuvesi. Ukukhululeka kwakunezinto eziningi. Iphiko lakhe lesokunxele lalixhunywe phansi komhlaba, futhi iphiko elifanele nekamu lokulinda.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1860 ukunyakaza kwe "Land and Freedom" okwakhiwa nguSleptsov, uChersheshevsky kanye nezinye izibalo zazinamandla okwanele ukuba zikhule zibe yinhlangano yonke yaseRussia. Nokho, kamuva wahlukaniswa waba amakamu amabili. Ukunyakaza okwenziwe emphakathini nakwezombangazwe, okuthiwa yi "Black Redistribution" nokuthi "Intando Yabantu." Okwesibili, empeleni, waba ngumlandeli we "Earth and Will".

Ukunyakaza kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe zaseRashiya zekhulu le-19 leminyaka ye-1870 kancane kancane kwaqhubekela phambili emisebenzini emisha yomsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-1874, ukuphuma okukhulu kakhulu kubantu kwaqala, lapho izinkulungwane zamadoda nabesifazane abasha abahlanganyela khona.

Phakathi kwama-1870 no-1880, inhlangano yabasebenzi baseRashiya yaqina. Izinhlangano zokuqala ze-proletariat ezavela e-Odessa naseSt. Petersburg, naphezu kwenani labo elincanyana, zanikele ekubuyiselweni kwezikhundla zabo ngabaguquli.

Ukwakhiwa kwe "Emancipation of Labour", eholwa uPlekhanov, kwaqala ngokuhumusha nokusabalalisa eRussia ngezinhlelo ze-Engels noMarx. AbakwaMarxist bokuqala bathi inkohlakalo yayisivele iqalile kuleli zwe, kanti iqembu labasebenzi lizobamba umzabalazo kazwelonke ngokumelene ne-tsarism, yezenhlalakahle kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle.

Ngo-1895, uPlekhanov kanye nabangane bakhe basebenzela inhlangano enhle kakhulu, eyabamba iqhaza ekuhlaselweni kwabasebenzi ngabanye.