Umhlaba we-Nishtadt ngenxa yemizamo kaPeter the Great

Umlando wezwe lakithi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 nelekuqala kwekhulu le-18 ligcwele imicimbi eminingi eyathinte ngqo ekuthuthukiseni phambili kweRussia. Ubuntu bukaPeter Omkhulu, amandla akhe, umsebenzi wakhe ongahlakaniphile kwaholela ekuveleni kombuso omusha, futhi izwe laseNystadt lalingenye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zalesi sikhathi.

"Iminyaka yokulahlekelwa"

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVII, iRussia yayiyizwe elikhulu kakhulu, kodwa alizange libe nomthelela omkhulu ezindabeni zaseYurophu. Lokhu kwakungenxa yemicimbi yomlando yangaphambili kanye ne-inertia yabaphathi. Kulo lonke leli khulu leminyaka, izwe lethu liye labhekana nezinkinga eziningi. Isikhathi Senkathazo, ukungenelela kukaRzecz Pospolita neSweden, ukulahlekelwa kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga, ukuvuswa okuvame kakhulu, okwakungukuthi u-Stepan Razin wayephikisana. Ngenxa yalokho konke okwenzekayo, iRussia yalahlekelwa ukuphuma kwayo olwandle, okwenziwa ngalo ukuhweba okusebenzayo, futhi yayihlukanisiwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima ebalulekile idlalwe yiqiniso lokuthi ababusi bale nkathi: Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexei Mikhailovich, Fyodor Alekseyevich, Ivan Alekseevich - babenobuthakathaka empilweni futhi behluke ekucabangeni kwezwe. Ngaphandle kwalolu chungechunge kwakunguSophia Alekseevna.

Ukuqala kwezinto ezinkulu

Wayeyinkathi encane yokubambisana nabafowethu abancane - u-Ivan, owayesengqondweni yakhe, noPetra, owayengakwazi ukubusa eyedwa ngenxa yobuntwana. Kuye, inqubomgomo yangaphandle yaqala ukusebenza . I-Russia yenze imikhankaso emibili yaseCrimea, eyenzelwe ukunciphisa le Khanate, futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukuthola i-Black Sea. Nokho, zombili imikhankaso yempi yaphela ngokuphumelelayo kakhulu eRussia, okuyinto enye yezizathu zokuwa kukaSophia.

UPetru okwamanje, kubonakala sengathi wayebandakanyeka ebuntwaneni. Wahlela imidlalo yempi, wafunda amaqhinga, imikhumbi eminingana yakhiwa echibini lomzana waseKolomenskoye, okwakubizwa ngokuthi uPetru ngokuziqhenya ngokuthi yilo mkhumbi. Njengoba ekhula, wayeqonda ngokucacile ukuthi iRussia imane nje idinga ukuphuma ukuze kufike ukufudumala kolwandle. Kulo mbono, waqala ngokwengeziwe, ehambela i- White Sea ne-Arkhangelsk - ichweba elilodwa elingenaqhwa elaseRussia.

Intelligence nokubambisana neYurophu

Umzabalazo phakathi kukaPeter noSophia wagcina ngokunqoba kweyokuqala. Kusukela ngo-1689, uthathe amandla aphelele ezandleni zakhe. Inkosi yayinenkinga, ilwandle - Black noma iBaltic - ukuzama ukuphuma. Ngo-1695 no-1696 wanquma ukulwa ukuze athole amandla okuphikisa izwe lethu eningizimu. Imikhankaso ye-Azov ibonise ukuthi amabutho atholakale eRussia akwanele neze ukunqoba uMbuso wase-Ottoman onamandla kanye ne-vassal yayo ethembekile - i- Crimean Khanate.

UPeter akazange aphelelwe ithemba futhi waphendukela enyakatho, eBaltic. Lapha iSweden ilawulwa, kepha ukulwa nomunye wamazwe ahamba phambili aseYurophu angaleso sikhathi ngaphandle kokubambisana kwakuzibulala, ngakho-ke ngenkathi ngo-1697-1698, Inkosi yahlela i-Embassy Great emazweni aseYurophu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, wavakashela amazwe asethuthukile kakhulu kuleli zwekazi, wamema ochwepheshe emnyangweni wezempi, wobunjiniyela kanye nokwakha umkhumbi eRussia. Ngokudlulela, abadibanisisi baqaphela ukulinganisa kwamandla eYurophu. Ngalesi sikhathi ukwahlukana kwefa laseSpain kwakunjengokuvuthwa, futhi enyakatho yeYurophu yayingenasithakazelo emandleni amakhulu.

Ukuthula kukaNystadt ka-1721: ukuqala kokunqoba

Ukusebenzisa lokhu, i-ambassy yafeza izinyathelo eziningana ne-Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, iSaxony neDenmark. Le nhlangano ibizwe ngamagama emlandweni weNorthern Alliance futhi ihloswe ekunciphiseni ukubusa kukaSweden esifundeni saseBaltic. Impi iqala ngo-1700.

Inkosi yaseSweden yenze isinyathelo ngokushesha futhi ngokuqinile. Ngonyaka ofanayo, amasosha aseSweden afika eduze kwaseCopenhagen futhi ukuhlasela okunamandla kwaphoqa inkosi yaseDenmark ukwenza ukuthula. Isisulu esilandelayo sikaKarl Twelfth sakhetha iRussia. Ngenxa yomyalo ongenayo nezinye izimo, amabutho aseRussia ahlukunyezwa eduze kwaseNarva. Inkosi yaseSweden yanquma ukuthi uPeter wayengasekho umphikisi wakhe, futhi wagxila ekusebenzeni kwezempi eSaxony, lapho aphumelela khona ngo-1706.

Nokho, uPetru akazange adikibale. Ngezinyathelo ezisheshayo, ezinamandla, empeleni, udala ibutho elisha elisuselwa kumakhikithi okuqasha, futhi livuselela ngokugcwele i-park of artillery. Ngokufanayo, ukwakhiwa kwezimoto kwakuqhubeka. Ngemva kuka-1706, iRussia yalwa neSweden yedwa. Futhi izenzo ezisebenzayo zenkosi zanikeza umphumela. Kancane kancane, lesi sinyathelo kanye nokuziphendulela kwangena emaceleni amabutho aseRussia, okwakunqotshwa ukunqoba e -Battle of Poltava, okwaholela ekuphethweni kokuthi ukuthula kukaNystadt kwapheliswa neSweden.

I-Russia iba umbuso

Kodwa-ke, impi yaqhubeka iminyaka engu-12, ukunqoba ezweni laseRussia kwanezela olwandle olwandle. I-Battle of Gangut ngo-1714 ne-Grengam ngo-1720 yayihlanganisa indima ebaluleke kakhulu yemikhumbi yaseRussia emagqeni aseBaltic. Ngenxa yezinzuzo ezicacile zaseRussia, uhulumeni waseSweden wacela ukuzivikela. Ukuthula kukaNystadt kwaphethwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, kwabonisa ukunqoba okuphelele kwezwe lethu.

INgilandi neFrance ebamangalisa ukuthi lapho behlanganyela ezindabeni zaseSpain, kwakunamandla amakhulu-ezombusazwe-empumalanga yezwekazi. Kodwa baphoqeleka ukuthi bavumelane nalokhu. Izimo zezwe laseNystadt zisho ushintsho emingceleni phakathi kwezizwe ezimbili. E-Russia, izindawo zaseLibonia, e-Estland, e-Ingermanlandia, kanye nasezindaweni ezithile zikaKarelia, ziye zahlala zihlala njalo. Kula mazwe, iRussia ithembise ukukhokhela isinxephezelo seSweden esingu-2 million rubles futhi ibuyele eFinland. I-Senate yamemezela uPetru uMbusi, neRussia - umbuso. Kusukela kulo mzuzu umbuso wethu uba omunye wamazwe abusa ababusi bezwe laseYurophu kanye nezwe.