UPeter Mstislavets: indlela yokuphila yomqambi omkhulu

U-Ivan Fedorov ubhekwa ngokufanelekile umsunguli wokunyathelisa incwadi yaseRussia. Nokho, abaningi abazi ukuthi unomsizi oqotho uPeter Mstislavets. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungenxa yemizamo yakhe ukuthi inkosi enhle yakwazi ukuqedela umsebenzi wakhe endlini entsha yokunyathelisa.

Ngakho-ke, kuyoba kuhle ukukhuluma ngokuthi ngubani uPetru Mstislavets? Yiziphi izimpumelelo azenzile? Futhi yiluphi ulwazi lomlando olugcinwe ngaye?

Ukuzalwa kwekhono elikhulu

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi yiziphi izindawo uPerr Mstislavets ayekuzo. I-biography yalowo muntu ngenxa yezimo eziningana ayilondoloziwe kahle. Kuyaziwa ukuthi wazalwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 eduze kwaseMstislav. Namuhla leli dolobha likhona ensimini yaseBelarus, futhi ezikhathini zangaphambili kwakuyiGrand Duchy yaseLithuania.

Uma ukholelwa le mibhalo, uthisha wesitabane uPetru ngokwakhe waba uFrancis Skaryna. Wayengumasosayensi owaziwayo nefilosofi, owaba ngumlobi wemisebenzi eminingi yesayense. Ngisho nanamuhla, abaningi baseBelarusiya bayamkhumbula njengengqondo enkulu, ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe. Wayengumfundisi owafundisa umfundi wakhe ubuciko bokunyathelisa, okwakushintsha phakade.

Umhlangano ongalindelekile

Abalando-mlando namanje abakwazi ukuvuma ukuthi kungani uPetru Mstislavets eya eMoscow. Kodwa lapha uhlangana no-Ivan Fedorov, udononi owaziwayo waseMoscow kanye nomlobi wencwadi. Ngaleso sikhathi uFedorov usevele wayenePrinta House, kodwa wayedinga ukuphuthuma ngokushesha.

UPetru wavuma ukusiza umngane omusha, ngoba lo msebenzi wawuwuthanda. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kuka-1563, baqala ukuthuthukisa indlela entsha yokunyathelisa. Le nqubo yahlala unyaka wonke, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ibuyisele ngokugcwele yonke imizamo eyayiyenzile.

Indlu yokuqala yokunyathelisa yaseMoscow

Umsebenzi wabo wokuqala kwakuyi-Orthodox ethi "The Apostle", eyanyatheliswa ngo-March 1, 1564. Kwakuyikhophi yenguqulo eyaziwa ngokomoya, eyayisetshenziswa ngalezo zinsuku zokufundisa abapristi. Ukukhetha okunjalo kwakusobala, njengoba uPeter Mstislavets no-Ivan Fedorov babekholelwa ngempela.

Ngo-1565, amakhosi akhulula enye incwadi yama-Orthodox ebizwa ngokuthi i-Chapel. Incwadi yabo yahlakazeka masinyane ezifundeni, okwakucasula kakhulu abakhophi bendawo bezincwadi. Indlu entsha yokunyathelisa yasongela "ibhizinisi" labo, futhi banquma ukuqeda abalobi bezinsizi.

Ukusuka eMoscow kanye nesisekelo sendlu yayo yokunyathelisa

Iziphathimandla ezigqoke izibhamu zitshela uFerorov noMstislavec wokuhlubuka nokuziqhenya, ngenxa yokuthi kwakudingeka baphume emzini wabo. Inhlanhla enhle yabasungula yamukelwa yi-Lithuanian hetman G.A. Hadkevich. Lapha, amakhosi akha indlu entsha yokushicilela futhi aphrinta incwadi eyodwa ehlangene ebizwa ngokuthi "I-Gospel Teaching" (unyaka wokushicilela - 1569).

Maye, indaba ayithuli, kungani izindlela zabahlobo zakudala ziye zahlukanisa izindlela. Nokho, kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi uPeter Mstislavets ngokwakhe washiya indlu yokunyathelisa eZabludovo futhi wathuthela eVilna. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uPetru akazange achithe isikhathi futhi ngokushesha wavula i-workshop yakhe. Abafowethu u-Ivan noZinovia Zaretski bamsiza kulokhu, njengoba kwenza abathengisi uVuka noLuka Mamonichi.

Bonke baveza izincwadi ezintathu: "IVangeli" (1575), "The Psalter" (1576) ne "The Chapel" (cishe ngo-1576). Lezi zincwadi zabhalwa ngesitayela esisha esakhiwe nguPeter Mstislavets ngokwakhe. Ngendlela, esikhathini esizayo indalo yakhe iyoba yisibonelo samafonti amaningi evangeli futhi imkhazimulise phakathi kwabafundisi.

Ukuphela kwendaba

Ngokudabukisayo, ubuhlobo bomshado obusha abuzange buhlale isikhathi eside. Ngo-March 1576, inkantolo yenzeke, eyayihlola ilungelo lokuthola indlu yokunyathelisa. Ngesinqumo sejaji, abafowethu Mamonichi bathatha zonke izincwadi ababezishicilele, futhi uPeter Mstislavets washiya imishini kanye nelungelo kumafonti. Ngemuva kwalesi sigameko, imidwebo yenkosi enkulu ilahlekile emlandweni.

Futhi nanoma kunjalo nanamuhla kukhona labo abakhumbula ukuthi ngubani uPetros Mstislavets. Izithombe zezincwadi zakhe zivame ukuvela ezihlokweni zesayithi le-National Library yaseBelarus, njengoba liqukethe amakhophi amaningana emisebenzi yakhe. Futhi ngenxa yabo inkazimulo yenkosi yencwadi ikhanya ngokukhazimulayo njengasezinsukwini zakudala, inika ugqozi kubanikazi bokuqala abasha.