Ukuthengwa - umuntu engaphansi eRussia

Umlando Kievan Rus Kuyathakazelisa futhi eyingqayizivele. Ikakhulu, i-izingxenye labantu bakhona babengebona abantu abaqaphile efana European. Kulesi sihloko sizobona ukuthi uphendula lo mbuzo: "? Thenga - Ingubani le" Ngenxa yalokhu, lonke labantu Russia wasendulo izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: mahhala futhi engaphansi abantu. Isigaba sokuqala sasihlanganisa phezulu Umphakathi ahlukile (Dukes, izicukuthwane), isevisi (zamasosha) kanye nokuhweba (abathengisi). Isigaba sesibili kwaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezulu oyiyo, futhi kukhona amaqembu amabili ayinhloko yezenhlalakahle bungabonakala: lichnozavisimye noma izigqila. Lezi zigqila ifakiwe, ngubani, ngokungafani kuya endulo, kwakungafanele classical, nezinceku zezinzalamizi, nangokwezimali engaphansi abantu - kuthengwa futhi ryadovichi futhi smerdy.

Ikhodi Imithetho "Russian Nangeqiniso"

Lezi zigaba ezimbili labantu abuke ukhuluma eyodwa, kodwa umthombo kubaluleke kakhulu zomlando - "Russian Iqiniso". Kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi yamazinga womthetho ulotshiwe elenziwe ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka, kusukela ekhulwini XI lasendulo. Iphinde yilona impendulo yombuzo othi: "? Thenga - Ingubani le" Eyokuqala yalezi imithetho elotshiwe Yaroslav Mudry owayeyilungu isikhulu Novgorod. Wabe esenezela emva umsebenzi Grand Buffet eKiev. Khona-ke abantwana bakhe, nezikhulu Yaroslav, nomzukulu, uVladimir Monomakh, waba negalelo elikhulu "Russian Iqiniso".

iqoqo imithetho amalungiselelo zokulawula enemininingwane kakhulu ukuthenga, ngezinga elincane kakhulu - ryadovichey. Uyena onqumayo ukuthi ukuthengwa - isigaba ebucayi sabantu. I isimo social labo nabanye kokubili letifanako kanye netintfo letehlukile.

Jikelele isikhundla ryadovichey futhi zakups

Inani wukuthi ukwencika nesirili ryadovichey kwadingeka njalo kwezomnotho. indoda Mahhala noma Lyudin (e amagama wesikhathi), wayesengaba ryadovichem uma inkontileka - inombolo, futhi baye wathenga - .. Uma uthatha Kupu, okusho izikweletu. It kweso devalued ukuphila kwabantu nasekuthengeni. Uma lokubulala Lyudin eRussia lasendulo lalithembele ahlawuliswe 40 hryvnia, futhi ukuthengwa ukuphila ryadovicha akhiwa ekuphileni Lackey futhi smerd futhi i-hryvnia 5 kuphela. Lona inani ayiso ugcizelela engcono ukwencika idatha namaqembu ukungalingani. Yiqiniso, siye sabhekana ukuthenga ngaphezulu. Ukuchaza kubo njengoba abantu engaphansi lokucabanga kungenzeka ukuthengisa ebugqilini, nokunye.

Umahluko phakathi kokuthengwa ryadovichami

Phakathi ukuthenga futhi ryadovichami kunomehluko obalulekile. Ryadovich iyinombolo inkontileka, isikhathi esithile, futhi uthi "Iqiniso Russian" futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ayikwazanga wathengiswa ebugqileni, isb. E. Do lichnozavisimym.

Nge Ukuthengwa isimo more xaka. Ukuthatha Kupu, lo muntu umsebenzi wakhe endlini yenkosi yakhe. Bona zákupy ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa emsebenzini wezolimo noma ukunakekelwa izinkomo. Mr wabavumela ukusebenzisa impahla yabo futhi isitokwe, kodwa uma ukuthengwa nezimbobo zawo, wazithwala sithembele umthwalo. Uma spoilt noma ukweba ezinye impahla zabantu, umthwalo wabelwa kakade uMnu Lokhu kungenye isici isimo kwezenhlalo zokuthenga, egcizelela yokuntuleka amalungelo egcwele kulesi sigaba sabantu.

Kodwa, ngokungafani ryadovicha, ukuthenga kungenzeka poholopit, t. E. Ukuze ukukhokha ebugqilini. It wavunyelwa kuphela ezimweni ezimbili:

• uma uthenga okuthile ohlangothini ukweba;
• uma sibaleka enkosini yaso, futhi ngaleyo ndlela enqaba ngempumelelo ukubuyisela isikweletu Kupu.

Uma inkosi yaso wazama poholopit ukuthenga ngaphandle kwezizathu ezingokomthetho eyanele, afike Ukuvikelwa egcekeni kwesikhulu.

Legal Ukuvikelwa zokuthenga, ngokungafani ryadovicha, bababonisa kwezinye ngokuningiliziwe "Russian Iqiniso". Ikakhulukazi:

• ukuthenga ayikwazanga wathengiswa abe yisigqila;
• kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthatha impahla efeni lakhe;
• akakwazanga asinikwe ukukhetha Kupu;
• ukuthenga ababenukiwe iyiphi iqashwe;
• ngeke kube sokuhlushwa ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Okungukuthi ukuthenga - ke okungenani engaphansi umuntu, kodwa ecacile izincwadi ezingokomthetho zokuhlala umphakathi.

Ukuvikela amalungelo ukuthenga

Uma noma iyiphi imithetho eshaywe, wayezokuza egijima enkantolo kwesikhulu futhi simemezele non-ukuhambisana nomthetho. Lokhu Ukuvikelwa ilungelo egcekeni kwesikhulu wagcizelela ukuthi ukuthengwa - bangaphambili man khulula ubani okuthi ngemva kokuba wasebenza Kupu, wakwazi ukuphinde alungise isimo sabo sangaphambili nomphakathi. Naye wanikelwa anikezwe ilungelo enkantolo ukuba unikeze ubufakazi by the okuthiwa suit encane, t. E. Hhayi ezimweni ezibucayi kakhulu. Ayikho enye isigaba engakwazanga benze labantu nasekuthengeni.